ABSTRACT
Introduction: Variation in the branching pattern of axillary artery is quite common. Accurate knowledge of thenormal and variant arterial anatomy of the axillary artery is important for clinical procedures in axillary andpectoral region. The aim of this study is to find out the incidence and types of variation in the branching patternof axillary artery.Materials and Methods: Dissection of axillary and pectoral region was done on both sides in 25 cadavers in thedepartment of Anatomy, K.P.C. Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata to study the branching pattern of axillaryartery.Results: Variation was present in 16% cases. Among these, 6% variation was present in the second part and 10%variation was present in the third part of axillary artery. Most common variation found was the origin ofsubscapular artery from the second part of axillary artery.Conclusion: Proper knowledge of variations of branching pattern of axillary artery is important for orthopaedic,reconstructive and vascular surgeons to avoid complications during various surgical procedures in axillaryregions and angiographies.
ABSTRACT
The Axillary artery is the continuation of the subclavian artery and is a major artery of the upper limb. During theroutine dissection for undergraduate Ayurvedic medical students of SDM Trust’s Ayurvedic Medical College,Terdal, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India, in the department of anatomy we come across a variation in branchingpattern of third part of left axillary artery in male cadaver approximately 55 years of age. The first part and thesecond part of left axillary artery branches were found to be normal but third part of left axillary artery presentingonly one common trunk. This common trunk running posteriorly and dividing into subscapular artery, Anteriorcircumflex Humeral Artery, Posterior circumflex Humeral Artery and profunda brachii artery.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Lateral thoracic artery is one of the branches of second part of axillary artery which arises near thelateral border of pectoralis minor.Aim and Objectives: To study the variations in the origin of Lateral thoracic artery and note its pattern.Materials and methods: 54 axillae from embalmed cadavers allotted for dissection were used for the study.There were 22 male and 5 female cadavers, with ages ranging from 60 to 80 years, specimens of both sides wereused.Results: The commonest variation was common trunk for Lateral thoracic artery and Thoracodorsal Artery(9.5%).Conclusion: The study was carried out to show important variations in the branching pattern of lateral thoracicartery, in order to orient the surgeons performing reconstructive plastic surgery and modified radial mastectomy.
ABSTRACT
The axillary artery (AA) is often referred to as having three parts, with these divisions based on its location relative to the pectoralis minor muscle. In third part, AA gives off the subscapular (SSA), anterior circumflex humeral, and posterior circumflex humeral arteries (PCHA). However, variations in these arteries were extremely diverse. So, we observed actually some branching patterns of these arteries in this study. METHOD: We studied the pattern of SSA in 128 upper limbs from donated cadavers. RESULT: SSA was originated directly from the third and second parts of AA in 37.5% (48/128) and 4.7% (6/128), respectively. A PCHA made a common trunk with SSA in 25.8% (33/128), and these trunks arose from the third and second parts of AA in 21.1% (27/128) and 4.7% (6/128), respectively. A lateral thoracic artery (LTA) arose from SSA in 12.5% (16/128), and these were originated from the third and second parts of AA in 4.7% (6/128) and 7.8% (10/128), respectively. In 19.5% (25/128) of upper limbs, LTA, SSA, and PCHA have a common trunk, and these arose from the third and second parts of AA in 12.5% (16/128) and 7.0% (9/128), respectively. According to the branching pattern of the SSA, its origin was significantly different.
Subject(s)
Arteries , Axillary Artery , Cadaver , Methods , Thoracic Arteries , Upper ExtremityABSTRACT
A large range of variability marks the branching pattern of the axillary artery. The knowledge of the anatomical variations and this pattern is essential to diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, including surgery, of the axillary region. The aim of this study was to observe the different possible origins of circumflex humeral arteries and to measure the length and diameter of each vessel. In our study, 24 armpits from adult cadavers (fixed in tamponed formalin 10%) were dissected. The data were analyzed with a digital caliper and the results expressed as Mean ± SD. In majority of specimens, posterior circumflex humeral artery (PCHA) arose from subscapular artery (SSA) (54.16%) and had an average diameter of 3.92±0.41 mm. The anterior circumflex humeral artery was a branch from axillary artery (AA) in the majority of the specimens (62.5%) with an average diameter of 1.83±0.68 mm. Circumflex humeral arteries can arise from SSA, deep brachial artery and AA. The result of this study is an interesting data for origin, length and diameter of these vessels, contributing to the knowledge of these variations occurrence.
Una amplia gama de variabilidad marca el patrón de ramificación de la arteria axilar. El conocimiento de las variaciones anatómicas de este patrón es esencial para enfoques de diagnóstico y terapéuticos, incluyendo la cirugía de la región axilar. El objetivo fue observar los diferentes orígenes posibles de arterias circunflejas humerales y medir la longitud y el diámetro de cada vaso. En el estudio se disecaron 24 axilas de cadáveres adultos (fijados en formalina tamponada al 10%). Los datos se analizaron con un calibrador digital y los resultados se expresaron como Media ± DS. En la mayoría de los especímenes, la arteria circunfleja humeral posterior surgió de la arteria subescapular (ASE) (54,16%) con un diámetro medio de 0,41±3,92 mm. En la mayoría de los especímenes (62,5%), la arteria circunfleja humeral anterior era una rama de la arteria axilar (AA) con un diámetro medio de 0,68±1,83 mm. Las arterias circunflejas humerales pueden surgir de la ASE, de la arteria braquial profunda y AA. El resultado de este estudio es un dato interesante para el origen, la longitud y el diámetro de los vasos, lo que contribuye al conocimiento de la ocurrencia de estas variaciones.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Anatomic Variation , Arteries/anatomy & histology , Humerus/blood supply , Axillary Artery/anatomy & histology , CadaverABSTRACT
During routine dissection of upper extremity in a 55-year-old male cadaver we noted a rare variation in the branching pattern of the axillary artery on the left side. The second part of the axillary artery was the source of all the branches of the axillary artery which arise normally from second and third part. The third part of axillary artery was related to the branches of brachial plexus and without giving any branches continued as brachial artery at the lower border of teres major. This finding has an embryological basis and clinical relevance. These variations in the branching pattern of axillary artery may be due to deviation in the development of the vascular plexus of the limb bud. Awareness of variation of axillary artery may serve as a guide for both radiologists and vascular surgeons. During surgeries for lymph nodes in the axilla and pectoral region, presence of such variations must be kept in mind.
ABSTRACT
An unusual anomalous branching pattern of axillary artery was observed in the middle aged male cadaver during routine cadaveric dissection. The lateral thoracic artery was found to emerge from third part of axillary artery forming a common trunk with subscapular artery and posterior circumflex humeral on left side. It was also noted that, the long thoracic nerve was passing between the two branches of lateral thoracic artery. Such course of long thoracic nerve makes it highly vulnerable to compression and injury, which may manifest as winging scapula. Sound knowledge of such neurovascular variations is important for surgeons, anesthesiologists and orthopedic surgeons, which may prevent diagnostic errors.
ABSTRACT
In routine dissection of upper extremity, in a 70yrs old male cadaver, we found the abnormal branching pattern of the third part of axillary artery on the right side. The third part of axillary artery divided into medial and lateral trunks. The medial trunk is referred to as deep brachial artery and lateral trunk is referred to as superficial brachial artery. The superficial brachial artery continues as brachial artery in arm and finally in cubital fossa divides into radial and ulnar arteries. The deep brachial artery at its origin was trapped by two roots of median nerve and later divided in to Subscapular artery, Anterior circumflex humeral artery, Posterior circumflex humeral artery and profunda brachii artery. The branching pattern of the axillary artery was normal on left side. This variation is important for surgeons for lymphectomies, to anesthesiologist and orthopedic surgeons considering the frequency of procedures done in this region.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the value of a set of combined vascular anastomosed flap.Methods The 36 cases were injured,the site of injury in knee and leg or ankle and foot,upper limb.Skin defect with bone and joint,tendon exposure.Selection of anastomosis of blood vessel with large flap,wherein the subscapular vascular anastomosis scapular-lateral thoracic flap in 7 cases,the maximum was 70 cm × 10 cm; anastomosis of subscapular artery lateral thoracic-latissimus dorsi muscle flap in 9 cases,the maximum was 42 cm× 24 cm.Anastomosis of subscapular artery of the scapular-back the latissimus dorsi muscle flap in 2 cases; anastomotic lateral circumflex femoral vessels with lateral femoral cutaneous nerve thigh anterior medial-tensor fascia latae flap in 8 cases; anastomosis of anterior tibial artery and the superficial peroneal nerve in the anterior ankle-dorsal foot flap in 5 cases; anastomosis of dorsal vessels and superficial peroneal nerve of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle-dorsal foot joint flap in 5 cases.Results Following up 8 months to 25 years,twenty-three cases were 19 years.All flaps survived and all the wounds were covered,infection were cured,the skin have aesthesia,fracture healing.Five cases were performed muscle tendon and arthrosis solution for creating conditions for the functional recovery of limb.Conclusion Anastomosis of blood vessel anastomosis combined flap can replace multiple vascular flaps combination,saving,convenient,high success rate,widen the indications.
ABSTRACT
The change of arising site of branches from the axillary artery determines it's topographic relationship with the brachial plexus because of closeness between the artery and the plexus. Variation of the subscapular artery (SSA) should be concerned when it is used for the source artery of some flaps, especially focusing on the variation of branching pattern and site of origin and relationships with the brachial plexus. In some cases of absence of SSA, if the circumflex scapular and the thoracodorsal arteries arise from the variable portion of the axillary artery separately, they might change the relationships with the brachial plexus. This study was performed to clarify the relationships between the subscapular artery and the brachial plexus according to the variation of the origin of the SSA and its branch. Two hundred seventeen axillae from 110 Korean cadavers were used for this study. SSA was found in 87.1% of cases, while in 12.9%, the circumflex scapular and the thoracodorsal arteries arose from the axillary artery (AA) seperately. SSA arose most frequently from the third part of the AA (63.6%), and in 4/5 of these cases, it ran behind the radial and ulnar nerves. When it arose from the second part (18.9%) or from the first part (4.6%) of AA, it mostly ran over anterior to the medial cord or/and the ulnar nerve. In 41.9% of the cases, a posterior circumflex humeral artery made a common trunk with the SSA or came from the circumflex scapular artery. In 28.1% of the materials, the SSA made a common trunk with a lateral thoracic artery especially when it arose from the first or second part of AA. After running a mean distance of 2.2 cm from AA, SSA was divided into the circumflex scapular and the thoracodorsal arteies. The SSA gave off the branches to the subscapularis in 68.7% of the cases, and the branches to the serratus anterior in 76.0%.