Value of peripheral blood T-lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To analyze the value of peripheral blood T-lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia(MPP)in children.Methods A total of 120 children with MPP who were admitted to the hospital from January 2020 to January 2023 were selected as the observation group,80 children with pulmonary tuberculosis(TB)were selected as the control group.During the same pe-riod,120 healthy children who were examined at the hospital check-up center were selected as the health group.The clinical data from each group were retrospective analyzed,and fasting venous blood from subjects was collected.The levels of T-lymphocyte subsets CD3+,CD4+and CD8+were detected by flow cytometry in each group,and the CD4+/CD8+was calculated.The levels of interferon(IFN)-y,interleukin-8(IL-8),inter-leukin-10(IL-10)and interleukin-13(IL-13)were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,and the levels of peripheral blood T-lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in each group were compared.The receiver op-erating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to assess the value of peripheral blood T-lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in the diagnosis of MPP in children.Results The levels of CD3+,CD4+,CD4+/CD8+,IL-13,and IL-10 in the observation group and control group were significantly lower than those in the health group(P＜0.05),while CD8+,IL-8,and IFN-γ levels were significantly higher than those in the health group(P＜0.05).Compared with the control group,the observation group had higher levels of CD3+,CD8+,IL-8,IFN-γand lower levels of CD4+,CD4+/CD8+(P＜0.05),and there were no statistically significant differences in IL-8 and IL-13 levels between the two groups(P＞0.05).The ROC curve results showed that the area under the curve(AUC)or CD3+,CD4+,CD8+,CD4+/CD8+,IL-8,IFN-γ,IL-13,and IL-10 for the diagnosis of MPP in children were 0.751,0.687,0.784,0.864,0.798,0.672,0.650,and 0.811,and AUC of the combined detection was 0.924.Conclusion Children with TB and MPP have significantly decreased immune function in the early stages of the disease,and abnormal expression of peripheral blood T-lymphocyte subsets and cytokines.Com-pared with TB children,MPP children have lower levels of CD4+,CD4+/CD8+,and higher levels of CD3+,CD8+,IL-10 and IFN-γ,and the T-lymphocyte subsets and cytokine levels are closely related to the changes in the patients'condition.The combined detection of CD3+,CD4+,CD8+,CD4+/CD8+,IL-8,IFN-γ,IL-13 and IL-10 provides a theoretical basis for identifying and diagnosing early MPP in children.

Effects of five-element acupuncture on clinical symptoms, brain metabolism and immunoglobulin levels in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect of five-element acupuncture on clinical symptoms, brain metabolism and immunoglobulin level in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.Methods:It was a randomized controlled trial. A total of 94 patients with chronic fatigue syndrome in our hospital from January 2021 to January 2022 were selected and divided into two groups according to the random number table method, with 47 in each group. The conventional western medicine group was treated with conventional western medicine, and the five-element acupuncture group was treated with five-element acupuncture on the basis of the conventional western medicine group. Both groups were treated for 4 weeks. Before and after treatment, the serum levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), corticosterone (CORT), IL-2 and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were detected by ELISA; the levels of natural killer (NK) cells, CD4 +, CD8 +, IgG and IgM were detected by flow cytometry; the whole body superconducting MRI scanner was used to scan T2 Flair, T2WI and TlWI sequences of the hippocampus, and the spectral curves and the areas under the peak of N-acetylaspartic acid (NAA), creatine (Cr) and choline (Cho) were obtained, and the ratios of Cho/Cr and NAA/Cr were calculated. the fatigue Scale-14 (FS-14) and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) were used to evaluate the fatigue state of the patients, and the Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were used to evaluate the anxiety state of the patients. Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) and Somatic and Mental Health Report Score (SPHERE) were used to evaluate the quality of life of patients. And the clinical efficacy was evaluated. Results:After treatment, the levels of IgG, CD4 + and NK in the five-element acupuncture group were significantly higher than those in the conventional western medicine group ( t values were 4.76, 3.65, 6.42, respectively, P<0.01), and the level of IgM, CD8 + was significantly lower than that in the conventional western medicine group ( t values were 7.30, 4.79, P<0.01); the levels of IFN-γ, IL-2 and 5-HT in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the conventional western medicine group ( t values were 7.60, 4.05, 2.79, respectively, respectively, P<0.01), and the level of CORT was significantly lower than that in the conventional western medicine group ( t=6.72, P<0.01); the NAA/Cr levels in the left [(1.10±0.04) vs. (1.05±0.03), t=6.86] and right [(1.18±0.02) vs. (1.21±0.03), t=8.23] hippocampus of the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the conventional western medicine group ( P<0.01), and the Cho/Cr levels in the left [(1.08±0.04) vs. (1.03±0.03), t=5.70] and right [(1.17±0.02) vs. (1.20±0.03), t=5.71] hippocampus of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the conventional western medicine group ( P<0.01). After treatment, the scores of physical fatigue, mental fatigue and FSS in the five-element acupuncture group were significantly lower than those in the conventional western medicine group ( t values were 8.08, 9.08 and 7.07, respectively, P<0.01). The scores of DASS-21, BAI, SCL-90 and SPHERE in the conventional western medicine group were significantly lower than those in the conventional western medicine group ( t values were 3.63, 5.77, 8.74, 5.92, respectively, P<0.01).The total effective rate was 95.74% (45/47) in the five-element acupuncture group and 82.98% (39/47) in the conventional western medicine group, and there was no significant difference between the two groups ( χ2=2.80, P=0.094). Conclusion:Five-elements acupuncture can improve the expression of T lymphocytes, increase the levels of immunoglobulin and NK, reduce the level of CORT, regulate the brain metabolism of NAA in the left and right hippocampus, improve the clinical symptoms and negative emotions, and improve the clinical efficacy and quality of life in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.

Effects of Astragali Radix on T lymphocyte subsets expression in peripheral blood of Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients with normal thyroid function / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective·To investigate the effect of Astragali Radix on T lymphocyte subsets and cytokine expression in Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients with normal thyroid function.Methods·A total of 120 Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients with normal thyroid function and complete data were selected from January 2020 to December 2020 in Jinshan Branch of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital.The patients were randomly divided into intervention group(n=60)and control group(n=60)by the method of random number table.The treatment plan of the control group was iodine appropriate state diet,and the intervention group was combined with oral Astragali Radix solution(150 mL per time,twice/d)on the basis of the treatment of the control group.The two groups were treated for 6 months.The changes in peripheral blood serum T lymphocyte subsets(CD3+,CD4+,CD8+,and CD4+/CD8+),cytokines[interleukin-2(IL-2),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),and interleukin-10(IL-10)],hypersensitive C-reactive protein(hs-CRP),erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR),thyroid function,autoantibody,liver and kidney function,and other biochemical indexes were compared before and after treatment between the two groups.Adverse reactions were observed during the treatment.The factors influencing the change amplitude of thyroid peroxidase antibody(TPOAb)were analyzed by multifactor linear regression.Results·Finally,118 patients,with 59 cases in each group,were included in the study.After 6 months of treatment,the intervention group showed significant improvements in the proportions of CD4+ T cells,the ratio of CD4+/CD8+,and the levels of IL-2,TNF-α,IL-10,hs-CRP,ESR,TPOAb,and thyroglobulin antibody(TGAb)compared to the values before treatment and in the control group(P<0.05).There were no statistically significant differences on the above indicators before and after treatment in the control group(P>0.05).No serious adverse reactions were observed in the intervention group.Multiple linear regression analysis results showed that the use of Astragali Radix,increase of CD4+ level,increase of CD4+/CD8+ ratio,and decrease of hs-CRP level were influencing factors for the decrease of TPOAb level(β=-0.393,P=0.029;β=-0.513,P=0.010;β=-0.351,P= 0.035;β=0.434,P=0.023).Conclusion·Astragali Radix can improve the levels of CD4+ T cells,CD4+/CD8+ratio,IL-2,TNF-α,IL-6,and IL-10 in Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients with normal thyroid function,and it is safe to use.

Analysis and Clinical Value of Lymphocyte Subsets and Various Cytokines of Peripheral Blood in Elderly Patients with COVID-19 / 现代检验医学杂志

Objective To explore the application value of lymphocyte subsets combined with various cytokines in the disease progression of elderly patients with corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19).Methods From December 2022 to January 2023,146 elderly patients with COVID-19 diagnosed in the emergency ward of the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital were selected and divided into two groups according to the prognosis:127 cases in the COVID-19 survival group,19 cases in the COVID-19 death group.In addition,51 osteoporosis patients in geriatric medicine department were collected as control group.The proportion and absolute count of lymphocyte subsets(including T,B and NK cells),and 12 cytokines in plasma(including IL-1β,IL-2,IL-4,IL-5,IL-6,IL-8,IL-10,IL-12p70,IL-17,TNF-α and IFN-γ)were compared between the control group and COVID-19 group,survival group and death group.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to evaluate its prognostic value in elderly patients with COVID-19 infection.Results Compared with the control group:① The proportion of NK cells in COVID-19 group was decreased,while the proportion of B cells was increased,and the differences were statistically significant(Z=-3.386,-4.140,all P<0.01).There was no significant difference in the proportion of T,CD8+T and CD4+T cells,and the differences were not statistically significant(Z=-1.244,-1.770,-0.951,all P>0.05).② The absolute numbers of T,CD8+T,CD4+T,NK and B cells in COVID-19 group were decreased,and the differences were statistically significant(Z=-9.418～-6.539,all P<0.01).③ The concentrations of IL-2,IL-6,IL-1β,IFN-γ,IL-8,IL-17,IL-12P70 and IL-10 in COVID-19 group were all increased,and the differences were statistically significant(Z=-8.851～-1.986,all P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the concentrations of IL-5,IFN-α,TNF-α and IL-4,and the differences were not statistically significant(Z=-0.460～-0.217,all P>0.05).Compared with the survival group:① There was no significant difference in the proportion of T,CD8+T,CD4+T,NK and B cells in the death group(Z=-1.873～-0.422,all P>0.05).② The absolute numbers of T,CD8+T and CD4+T cells in the death group were all decreased,and the differences were statistically significant(Z=-2.667,-2.287,-2.556,all P<0.05),while there was no significant difference in absolute numbers of NK and B cellsm and the differences were not statistically significant(Z=-1.934,-0.532,all P>0.05).③ The concentrations of IL-6,IFN-γ,IL-8,IL-17 and IL-10 in the death group were all increased,and the differences were not statistically significant(Z=-4.211～-2.655,all P<0.05),and there was no significant difference in the concentrations of IL-5,IFN-α,IL-2,IL-1β,IL-12p70,TNF-α and IL-4 the differences were not statistically significant(Z=-1.329～-0.279,all P>0.05).ROC curve analysis for the prognostic value of lymphocyte subsets combined with cytokines in elderly patients with COVID-19 showed that:the areas of total T cells,B cells and NK cells under ROC curve for predicting the prognosis of COVID-19 infection were 0.94,0.80 and 0.93,respectively.The areas of CD4+T cells and CD8+T cells under ROC curve for predicting the prognosis of COVID-19 infection were 0.93 and 0.90,respectively.The areas of IL-6,IFN-γ,IL-8,IL-17 and IL-10 in cytokines under the ROC curve for predicting the prognosis of COVID-19 infection were 0.91,0.71,0.87,0.74 and 0.90,respectively.However,the area of combined lymphocyte subsets and cytokines under ROC curve for predicting the prognosis of COVID-19 infection reached 0.99.Conclusion The immune status of elderly patients with COVID-19 was generally low.Evaluation of immune status has important clinical guidance significance in disease diagnosis,disease observation and prognosis.

Research progress on T lymphocyte subsets in immunosuppression of sepsis in children / 中国小儿急救医学

Although a great deal of research has been done on sepsis in children，its pathogenesis remains controversial and unresolved，one of which is immune dysfunction.Immunosuppression is the core part of immune dysfunction，and it is related to the disease progression，treatment options，and prognosis changes in patients with sepsis.Since T lymphocytes play a crucial role in immune function，they have been regarded as an important indicator for judging changes in immune function in clinical practice.This review explained the mechanism of immunosuppression caused by some T lymphocyte subsets and its clinical application value in the evaluation，prognosis and immune intervention of sepsis.

Lymphocyte subpopulations and interleukin-6 levels in patients with viral pneumonia and their relationship with prognosis / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To explore the relationship between peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets, interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, and prognosis in patients with viral pneumonia.Methods:A total of 100 patients with viral pneumonia admitted to the Emergency Department of the Chuiyangliu Hospital Affiliated to Tsinghua University from December 2021 to November 2023 were selected and divided into a survival group and a death group. 20 healthy individuals who underwent physical examinations during the same period were selected as the control group. General information of the patients was collected, and peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and related cytokine IL-6 were detected. Differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and IL-6 levels among different groups were analyzed, And multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of viral pneumonia disease and death.Results:The proportion of death group with diabetes was significantly higher than that of survival group ( P<0.05). The mortality of patients with diabetes was higher than that of patients without diabetes [60.7%(17/28) vs 12.5%(9/72), P<0.05]. The total number of peripheral blood T lymphocytes, helper/inducible T lymphocytes (Th), CD4 + /CD8 + ratio, B lymphocyte count, and natural killer (NK) cells in patients with viral pneumonia were significantly lower than those in the healthy control group (all P<0.05), and the level of IL-6 was significantly higher than that in the healthy control group ( P<0.05); The total number of peripheral blood T lymphocytes, Th cells, CD4 + /CD8 + ratio, B lymphocyte count, and NK cells in the death group were significantly lower than those in the survival group (all P<0.05), and the level of IL-6 was significantly higher than that in the survival group ( P<0.05). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that T lymphocyte subsets and IL-6 were all influencing factors for the disease and death of viral pneumonia (all P<0.05). Conclusions:The mortality of viral pneumonia patients with diabetes increased; The absolute number of lymphocyte subsets decreases and the level of IL6 increases in patients with viral pneumonia; The difference in changes between the death group and the survival group is more significant; Early detection of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and IL6 levels is beneficial for evaluating the prognosis of patients with viral pneumonia and has certain guiding value for clinical practice.

Analysis and Correlation between Peripheral Adiponectin and CD4+T Cell Subsets in Patients with Acute Gouty Arthritis / 医学研究杂志

Objective To compare the difference of peripheral blood adiponectin and CD4+T cell subsets between patients with a-cute gouty arthritis and healthy controls,to explore the correlation between adiponectin and serum uric acid,disease activity,CT4+T cell subsets and some cytokines in patients with gout.Methods The clinical data(including general data,neutrophils,erythrocyte sedimen-tation rate,C-reactive protein,blood uric acid,CT4+T cell subsets and some cytokines)of acute gout group(n=90)and healthy con-trol group(n=72)were collected.The level of adiponectin in peripheral blood of two groups were detected,and the differences of adi-ponectin and CD4+T cell subsets between the two groups were compared;the correlation between adiponectin and clinical data was ana-lyzed.Results The levels of serum adiponectin in the acute gout group were significantly lower than those in the healthy control group(P＜0.001),and the levels of Th2,Thl7,Th17/Treg were significantly higher than those in the healthy control group(P＜0.05),while the levels of Treg and Th1/Th2 were significantly lower than those in the healthy control group(P＜0.05).In the acute gout group,adiponectin was negatively correlated with neutrophil,erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive proten(r=-0.244,P＜0.05;r=-0.311,P＜0.05;r=-0.506,P＜0.001),there was no correlation with serum uric acid.In acute gout group,adiponectin was posi-tively correlated with Th1 and Th1/Th2(r=0.252,P＜0.05;r=0.218,P＜0.05).In acute gout group,adiponectin in peripheral blood was positively correlated with interleukin-2(IL-2),interleukin-4(IL-4)and interleukin-10(IL-10)(r=0.323,P＜0.05;r=0.377,P＜0.05;r=0.359,P＜0.05).There was a negative correlation between interleukin-6(IL-6)and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)(r=-0.265,P＜0.05;r=-0.299,P＜0.05).Multiple linear regression analysis showed that adiponectin in the acute gout group was negatively correlated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate,C-reactive protein,IL-6 and TNF-α(BESR=-12.541,P=0.003;BCRP=-8.256,P=0.024;BIL-6=-15.907,P=0.037;BTNF-α=-79.770,P=0.040),but positively correlated with Th1(BTh1=2.959,P=0.006).Conclusion The levels of adiponectin in the peripheral blood of patients with acute gouty arthritis were decreased,the levels of Th2 and Th17 were increased,and the levels of Treg were decreased.The decrease of adi-ponectin was related to the immunological disorder and inflammation in the patients with acute gouty arthritis.

Research progress of microRNA-mediated immune function of CD4+T cells subsets in immune thrombocytopenia / 中国免疫学杂志

MicroRNA(miRNA)is a kind of small non-coding single stranded RNA that can participate in multiple biological processes.It also plays an important role in regulating the immune function of the body.Immune thrombocytopenia(ITP)is an autoim-mune disease,whose cause and deterioration are closely related to miRNA regulates immune function of CD4+T cells subsets.In ITP patients,different expression of miRNA can affect the immune function of CD4+T cells subsets,which causes not only unbalanced ex-pression of Th1/Th2,Th17/Treg and excessive differentiation of TFH,but also abnormal cytokine secretion furthermore.This paper summarizes the unbalanced mechanism of miRNA regulating immune function of CD4+T cells subsets in ITP,so as to provide inspira-tion for exploring the immunology and immunotherapy of ITP.

Changes of lymphocyte subsets in smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis

Background and Aims: The host immune system plays an important role in the pathogenesis and defense mechanism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). This study aimed to explore the different changes in the immune system between smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and smear-positive PTB patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 85 active PTB patients and 50 healthy adults were enrolled. The participants were divided into smear-negative PTB, smear-positive PTB, and control groups. Chest computed tomography (CT) and lymphocyte subgroup counts in peripheral blood were measured in all participants. Results: There were higher numbers of CD4 + T-cells, NK cells, and pulmonary cavities in the smear-positive PTB group, whereas the numbers of B-ells were significantly increased in the smear-negative PTB group. Conclusions: Smear-negative PTB showed fewer pulmonary cavities, mild inflammatory response, lower numbers of immune cells, and higher numbers of B- cells.

Actualización en marcadores inmunológicos en el estudio de la infección por HIV: aportes desde el laboratorio clínico / Immunological markers in the study of HIV infection: contributions from the clinical laboratory. An update / Atualização em marcadores imunológicos no estudo da infecção pelo HIV: contribuições do laboratório clínico

Resumen Si bien la buena adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral en la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV por Human Immunodeficiency virus en inglés o VIH, por su sigla en español) demostró una sustancial mejoría clínica en las personas que viven con él, lograr el acceso al tratamiento continúa siendo un desafío en los tiempos que corren. Los estudios de laboratorio para diagnóstico y seguimiento de la infección por HIV se centran en estudios virológicos y recuento de linfocitos CD4+ y CD8+. Sin embargo, no se evalúa de forma detallada el perfil inmunológico de las personas que viven con HIV, ni la reconstitución inmune luego de recibido el tratamiento. Es por ello que el objetivo de esta revisión fue describir, por un lado, los diversos estudios realizados desde el laboratorio para el diagnóstico y seguimiento de la infección por HIV. Por otro lado, describir los aportes del laboratorio bioquímico en el estudio del perfil inmunológico de las personas que viven con HIV, el cual incluye desde determinaciones actualmente en uso, hasta nuevos biomarcadores inflamatorios solubles o de membrana celular, como así también las subpoblaciones linfocitarias. Dichos biomarcadores podrían ser herramientas valiosas como descriptores del estado inmunológico de las personas e, incluso, predictores de patologías asociadas a la infección por HIV.

Abstract Although a correct adherence rate to antiretroviral treatment in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection reveals a substantial clinical improvement in people living with HIV, achieving access to treatment is still challenging. Laboratory studies for diagnosis and follow-up are mainly focused on virological status, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells counts. However, the immunological profile of people living with HIV is not evaluated in detail, neither is the immune reconstitution after treatment. Consequently, the aim of this review was is to describe, on the one hand, the studies carried out in the laboratory for the diagnosis and monitoring of HIV infection, and on the other hand, is to describe the contributions of the biochemical laboratory in the study of the immunological profile of people living with HIV. This study includes determinations currently in use, and the determination of new soluble or cell membrane inflammatory biomarkers, as well as T cell subsets. These biomarkers could be valuable tools as descriptors of the impervious state of people, and even predictors of pathologies associated with HIV infection.

Resumo Embora a boa adesão ao tratamento antirretroviral na infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) tenha demonstrado melhora clínica substancial em pessoas que vivem com HIV, conseguir o acesso ao tratamento continua sendo um desafio nos momentos em que correm. Os estudos laboratoriais para diagnóstico e monitoramento da infecção pelo HIV concentram-se em estudos virológicos e contagem de linfócitos CD4+ e CD8+. No entanto, o perfil imunológico das pessoas que vivem com HIV não é avaliado detalhadamente, nem a reconstituição imunológica após o tratamento. É por isso que o objetivo desta revisão foi descrever, por um lado, os vários estudos realizados em laboratório para o diagnóstico e monitoramento da infecção pelo HIV. Por outro lado, descrever as contribuições do laboratório bioquímico no estudo do perfil imunológico de pessoas que vivem com HIV, que inclui desde determinações atualmente em uso, até novos biomarcadores inflamatórios solúveis ou de membrana celular, bem como subpopulações de linfócitos. Esses biomarcadores podem ser ferramentas valiosas como descritores do estado imunológico das pessoas e até mesmo como preditores de patologias associadas à infecção pelo HIV.

Effect of Bazi Bushen Capsules on Delaying Aging Process of Naturally Aging Mice Based on Immune-inflammation-aging / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo study the effect of Bazi Bushen capsules on delaying the aging process of naturally aging mice and its mechanism. MethodThe mice were randomly divided into four groups according to their body weight， namely， aging group， low-dose Bazi Bushen capsules group （1 g·kg-1）， high-dose Bazi Bushen capsules group （2 g·kg-1）， and rapamycin group （0.002 g·kg-1）. The debilitating signs were detected by behavioral tests and the weakness index was measured. The percentages of spleen T and B lymphocytes， effector T cells （TE）， memory T cells （TM）， naive T cells （TN）， helper T cells （Th）， cytotoxic T cells （Tc） ，Th1 cells， Th2 cells， and regulatory T cells （Treg） were determined by flow cytometry. Cell proliferation and the cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） assay was used to detect the proliferation of lymphocytes in mice. The hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the histopathological changes in the mouse spleen. The expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A （p16） and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A （p21） was detected by immunohistochemistry （IHC）. The mRNA expression of senescence-related proteins p16 and p21 was determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）， and the inflammatory cytokines， including tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， interferon-γ （IFN-γ）， interleukin （IL）-1β， IL-2， IL-4， IL-10， and IL-12 p70， in peripheral blood of mice were detected by Luminex. ResultAs compared with the aging group， mice in the Bazi Bushen capsules and rapamycin groups showed significantly improved debilitating signs and reduced weakness index scores （P<0.05， P<0.01）， increased proportions of T cells， TN cells， Tc cells， Th2 cells， and Treg cells in the spleen， decreased proportions of TE cells， TM cells， Th cells， Th1 cells （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and increased proliferation of splenic lymphocytes （P<0.05， P<0.01）. In the Bazi Bushen capsules and rapamycin groups， clear structure of the red and white marrow marginal zone was observed in the spleen of mice， the area of the white marrow was increased， and the area of the red marrow was correspondingly decreased. The protein and mRNA expression of aging-related proteins p16 and p21 in the spleen was decreased （P<0.01）， the levels of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β， IL-2， IL-12 p70， IFN-γ， and TNF-α levels were decreased， and the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 were increased （P<0.05， P<0.01） in the Bazi Bushen capsules and rapamycin groups as compared with the aging group. ConclusionBazi Bushen capsules have the effect of regulating the debilitating signs of natural aging mice， regulating the immune homeostasis and inflammation level of the body， and reducing cell aging.

Bamboo-based medicinal moxibustion for chronic fatigue syndrome: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the clinical efficacy of bamboo-based medicinal moxibustion for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), and to preliminarily explore its action mechanism.@*METHODS@#Sixty-four patients with CFS were randomly divided into a moxibustion group (32 cases, 1 case dropped off, 1 case excluded) and an acupuncture group (32 cases, 2 cases dropped off). The patients in the moxibustion group were treated with bamboo-based medicinal moxibustion, while the patients in the acupuncture group were treated with routine acupuncture. Both groups were treated once a day, 6 days as a course of treatment with 1 day interval, for a total of 2 courses of treatment. Before treatment, 1 and 2 courses into treatment and in the follow-up of 14 days after treatment, the fatigue scale-14 (FS-14) and somatic and psychological health report (SPHERE) scores were observed in the two groups. Before and after treatment, the contents of CD+3, CD+4, CD+8 of peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets were measured and CD+4/CD+8 ratio was calculated; the clinical efficacy of the two groups was compared.@*RESULTS@#Compared before treatment, the FS-14 and SPHERE scores in the two groups were decreased 1 and 2 courses into treatment and in the follow-up (P<0.01), and the FS-14 and SPHERE scores in the moxibustion group were lower than those in the acupuncture group (P<0.01, P<0.05). Compared before treatment, the contents of CD+3, CD+4 and CD+4/CD+8 ratio in the moxibustion group were increased after treatment (P<0.01). There was no significant difference of CD+3, CD+4, CD+8 and CD+4/CD+8 ratio between before and after treatment in the acupuncture group (P>0.05). After treatment, the contents of CD+3 and CD+4 in the moxibustion group were higher than those in the acupuncture group (P<0.05). The total effective rate was 93.3% (28/30) in the moxibustion group, which was higher than 73.3% (22/30) in the acupuncture group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Bamboo-based medicinal moxibustion could improve the physical and mental fatigue symptoms and psychological status in patients with CFS. Its effect may be related to regulating the contents of CD+3, CD+4 of peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets and CD+4/CD+8 ratio.

Mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine formulas and active ingredients in regulation of macrophage subsets involved in inflammation and repair of coronary heart disease / 中国中药杂志

Coronary artery disease(CAD) caused by atherosclerosis(AS) is a major contributor to the global burden of disease. The pathogenesis of CAD is complex, and the subset and function of cardiac macrophages are important factors affecting the occurrence and development of AS and the prognosis of CAD. Recent studies have shown that some traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) formulas and active ingredients can regulate macrophage subsets involved in the inflammation, injury, and repair process of CAD. This paper summarized the significant role of macrophages in AS and myocardial infarction. Based on the plasticity of macrophages, this paper elaborated that traditional Chinese medicine prevented and attenuated AS by regulating macrophage subsets, reducing the level of inflammatory factors, and promoting macrophage autophagy.Traditional Chinese medicine participated in the cardiac repair process after myocardial infarction by accelerating the recruitment of M2 macrophages, inhibiting the polarization of M1 macrophages mediated by glycolysis, inhibiting M1 macrophage-mediated cardiac nerve remodeling, and promoting M2 macrophage-mediated angiogenesis. In addition, in vitro studies on the regulation of macrophage subsets by the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine were also reviewed. It was pointed out that nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB), adenosine 5'-monophosphate(AMP)-activated protein kinase(AMPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/Akt), chemokine(C-C motif) ligand 2/C-C chemokine receptor type 2(CCL2/CCR2) were the key targets and pathways for the regulation of macrophages by TCM.

Tongxie Yaofang Regulates T Lymphocyte Subsets to Improve Immune Microenvironment of Colorectal Cancer Under Chronic Stress / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of Tongxie Yaofang on the immune microenvironment of colorectal cancer in mice under chronic stress and the underlying mechanism. MethodA total of 40 male SPF BABL/C mice were randomized into normal group， stress group， Tongxie Yaofang group （13.65 g·kg-1）， and Tongxie Yaofang-stress group （13.65 g·kg-1）， with 10 in each group. Chronic restraint stress was induced in mice and administration （ig） of Tongxie Yaofang began after 7 days of stress. On the 14th day， forced swim and tail suspension tests were used to examine the behavioral changes of mice after stress and the subcutaneous colorectal tumor was implanted in each group of mice. The effect of this prescription on the body mass and tumor volume of mice was observed. After the last administration， mouse serum and tumor samples were collected. The content of T lymphocytes （CD3+， CD4+， CD8+， and CD4+/CD8+） in tumor was detected by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry and levels of corticosterone （CORT） in peripheral blood， and interleukin （IL）-2， interferon-γ （IFN-γ）， IL-6， and IL-10 in the serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The protein expression of inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB（IκB） kinase α/β （IKKα/β）， nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB）α （IκBα）， NF-κB p65， and phosphorylated （p）-NF-κB p65 was measured by Western blot. ResultCompared with the normal group， the stress group had large tumor volume （P<0.05）， low content of CD3+， CD4+， and CD4+/CD8+ （P<0.05， P<0.01）， high content of CD8+， low content of T helper 1 （Th1）-secreted IFN-γ （P<0.05）， high content of T helper 2 （Th2）-secreted IL-10 （P<0.05） and CORT （P<0.05）， high protein expression of p-NF-κB p65， NF-κB p65， and IKKα/β （P<0.05）， and low protein expression of IκBα （P<0.05）. Compared with the normal group， the Tongxie Yaofang group showed slow tumor growth， high content of CD3+， CD4+， and CD4+/CD8+ （P<0.01）， low content of CD8+ （P<0.05）， high content of Th1-secreted IL-2 and IFN-γ （P<0.05）， low content of Th2-secreted IL-6 and IL-10 （P<0.05）， low content of CORT， low protein expression of p-NF-κB p65， NF-κB p65， and IKKα/β （P<0.05）， and high protein expression of IκBα （P<0.01）. Tongxie Yaofang-stress group demonstrated slower tumor growth， higher content of CD3+， CD4+， and CD4+/CD8+ （P<0.01）， smaller content of CD8+ （P<0.05）， higher content of IL-2 and IFN-γ （P<0.05）， lower content of IL-6， IL-10 （P<0.05）， and CORT （P<0.05）， lower protein expression of p-NF-κB p65， NF-κB p65， and IKKα/β （P<0.05，P<0.01）， and higher protein expression of IκBα （P<0.01） than the stress group. ConclusionTongxie Yaofang can delay the growth of colorectal cancer under chronic stress and alleviate the deterioration of the immune microenvironment， possibly by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway， regulating the function of T lymphocyte subsets， and thus suppressing the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors.

Changes of T lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and its clinical significance / 白血病·淋巴瘤

Objective:To investigate the changes of T lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and its clinical significance.Methods:The clinical data of 99 DLBCL patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University from January 2022 to January 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. T lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood before and after treatment were detected by using flow cytometry. According to the disease status at the time of blood collection and detection, the patients were divided into the newly-diagnosed DLBCL group (28 cases), and the newly-treated remission DLBCL group (71 cases); and 40 healthy volunteers undergoing the physical examination during the same period were selected as the healthy control group. The proportion and absolute count differences of T lymphocytes and the related subsets in 3 groups were compared. Besides, the correlation among T lymphocyte subsets, the correlation of each subset with international prognostic index (IPI) score and treatment response in newly-diagnosed DLBCL patients were further analyzed.Results:The proportion of CD3 + T cells in newly-diagnosed DLBCL group was decreased compared with that in the healthy control group [(58±14)% vs. (67±7)%, P < 0.05]. The absolute count of CD3 + T cells in both newly-diagnosed group and the newly-treated remission group was reduced compared with that in the healthy control group [(875±483) /μl and (808±553) /μl vs. (1 374±279) /μl, P < 0.001]. The absolute count of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in newly-diagnosed group was decreased compared with that in the healthy control group [(478±313) /μl vs. (695±154) /μl, (316±181) /μl vs. (525±193) /μl, all P < 0.001]. Both the proportion and absolute count of CD4 + T cells in the newly-treated remission DLBCL group were decreased compared with those in the newly-diagnosed DLBCL group and the healthy control group [(40±14)% vs. (53±14)% and (51±9)%, (313±247) /μl vs. (478±313) /μl and (695±154) /μl, all P < 0.05]. The porportion of CD8 + T cells was increased compared with that in the other two groups [(51±15)% vs. (37±12)% and (38±9)%, all P < 0.001]. Compared with the healthy control group, the effect/memory subsets proportion of regulatory T cell (Treg) and conventional T cell (Tcon) were increased in both newly-diagnosed DLBCL group and the newly-treated remission DLBCL group [(79±16)% and (84±12)% vs. (71±11)%,(72±16)% and (76±14)% vs. (62±13)%, all P < 0.05], and the proportion of CD127 + memory Tcon and CD8 + T cell subsets was reduced [(73±14)% and (66±20)% vs. (85±8)%,(39±15)% and (25±21)% vs. (62±16)%, all P < 0.05]. In newly-diagnosed DLBCL group, the absolute counts of CD3 + T and CD4 + T cells were negatively correlated with the proportion of effector Treg ( r = -0.379, P = 0.049; r = -0.384, P = 0.040, respectively). IPI score of DLBCL patients was correlated with the proportion of CD8 + T cells ( Eta2 = 0.15, P = 0.038). The proportion of CD127 + memory Tcon in patients with non-complete remission was increased compared with that in patients with complete remission after treatment ( P = 0.020). Conclusions:The proportion and absolute count of T lymphocyte cells in peripheral blood of newly-diagnosed DLBCL patients is decreased, and the differentiation state of T lymphocyte cells shows change trend, which is related to the clinical characteristics and treatment response of DLBCL patients. Even if DLBCL patients have achieved treatment remission, T lymphocyte cells are not completely return to the normal.

Correlation of peripheral blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 level with T cell subsets in multiple myeloma / 白血病·淋巴瘤

Objective:To investigate the correlation of peripheral blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25 (OH) D3] level with T cell subsets in multiple myeloma (MM).Methods:The clinical data of 11 newly diagnosed MM patients hospitalized in Heze Municipal Hospital and the First People's Hospital of Jining from June 2019 to June 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, and 8 healthy people were selected as the healthy control group. The patients achieved disease remission after 4 courses of BD (bortezomib + dexamethasone) regimen. High performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was used to measure the peripheral blood 25-(OH) D3 level in MM patients at initial diagnosis and after 4 courses of treatment, as well as people in the healthy control group. The proportion of peripheral blood helper T cell (Th) 1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory T cells (Treg cells) in CD3 + CD8 + T cells was measured by using flow cytometry. IgA, IgG, IgM, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), β 2-microglobulin (β 2-MG) levels were analyzed by using fully automatic biochemical analyser. Cytoanalyze was used to detect the hemoglobin level in the peripheral blood. The differences of all indicators in MM patients at initial diagnosis, remission after treatment and the healthy control group were compared. Pearson method was used to analyze the correlation of the peripheral blood 25-(OH) D3 level with T cell subsets and other biochemical indicators in MM patients at initial diagnosis and remission after treatment. Results:Compared with the healthy control group, the peripheral blood 25-(OH) D3 level, Th1-to-Th2 ratio (Th1/Th2), the proportion of Treg cells were all decreased (all P < 0.01), and Th17-to-Treg cells ratio (Th17/Treg) was increased ( P = 0.002). The proportion of Th17 and Th17/Treg in MM patients achieving remission after treatment was higher than that in the healthy control group (all P < 0.05); the proportion of Treg cells in MM patients achieving remission after treatment was lower than that in the healthy control group ( P = 0.010); 25-(OH) D3 level in MM patients achieving remission after treatment was lower than that in the healthy control group, while the difference was not statistically significant ( P = 0.060). The peripheral blood IgM in MM patients at initial diagnosis and those achieving remission after treatment was lower than that in the healthy control group (all P < 0.01); the levels of LDH and β 2-MG in MM patients at initial diagnosis and those achieving remission after treatment was higher than that in the healthy control group (all P < 0.05). The peripheral blood 25-(OH) D3 level in MM patients at initial diagnosis was positively correlated with the proportion of Th1, Th1/Th2 ( r values 0.89, 0.60, all P < 0.05), and negatively correlated with the proportion of Th17 and Th17/Treg ( r values -0.61, -0.75, all P < 0.05). After treatment, there was no correlation of the proportion of Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg, Th1/Th2, Th17/Treg with peripheral blood 25- (OH) D3 level for patients achieving remission ( r values were -0.36, -0.45, -0.10, 0.10, 0.19, 0.03, all P > 0.05). IgM, LDH, β 2-MG was negatively correlated with 25- (OH) D3 level in the peripheral blood of MM patients at initial diagnosis ( r values were -0.76, -0.71, -0.62, all P < 0.05); while there was no correlation of 25-(OH) D3 level with IgA, IgG, IgM, LDH, β 2-MG, hemoglobin for patients achieving remission after treatment ( r values were -0.36, 0.19, -0.09, 0.47, 0.47, -0.11, all P > 0.05). Conclusions:MM patients show the decreased peripheral blood 25-(OH) D3 level, the increased Th17 and the decreased Treg cells; 25-(OH) D3 level is related to the imbalance of Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg, which suggests that 25-(OH) D3 may be related to the development, progression, prognosis and abnormal immune responses in the body of MM.

Efficacy of whole course hyperthermia on cervical metastatic lymph nodes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and its effects on immune function / 重庆医学

Objective To study the short-term efficacy of combined cervical metastatic lymph nodes hy-perthermia during locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma induction chemotherapy and concurrent chemo-radiotherapy and its effect on peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets.Methods Sixty patients with pathological-ly diagnosed nasopharyngeal carcinoma in this hospital from July 2021 to July 2022 were collected as the study subjects and divided into the observation group(induction chemotherapy+concurrent chemoradiotherapy combined with hyperthermia)and control group(induction chemotherapy+concurrent chemoradiotherapy),30 cases in each group.The general information,short term efficacy,EB virus(EBV)DNA level,adverse reac-tions occurrence,peripheral blood lymph cell subsets and hot shock protein 90α(HSP90α)were recorded and compared between the two groups.Results Compared with the control group,the objective remission rate in the observation group was higher(100.0％vs.90.0％),the EBV positive rate after induction chemotherapy was lower(20.0％vs.46.7％),the occurrence rate of ≥3 grade radiation dermatitis was higher(30.0％vs.6.7％),the level of natural killer(NK)cells after radiotherapy was increased[(25.89±5.53)％vs.(19.18±6.41)％],the HSP90α level after treatment was increased[(91.19±9.18)ng/mL vs.(67.22± 11.02)ng/mL],and the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).Compared with before treatment,the levels of CD3+,CD4+,CD4+/CD8+after radiotherapy in the observation group were decreased,the levels of CD3+,CD4+,CD4+/CD8+in the control group were decreased,but the differences between the two groups were not statistically significant(P＜0.05),while the proportion of peripheral blood NK cells in the experi-mental group was significantly increased compared with the control group(P＜0.05).Conclusion Hyper-thermia canimprove the local control of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cervical lymph node metastasis and improve the immune function.

Study on Correlation between Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Subsets and Un-explained Repeated Implantation Failure / 实用妇产科杂志

Objective:To analyze the correlation between peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and unex-plained repeated implantation failure(URIF),and to investigate its predictive value for the diagnosis of URIF.Methods:A total of 156 patients with URIF who underwent treatment in the Department of Reproductive Medi-cine,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from October 1,2019 to December 1,2021 was selected as the URIF group.Meanwhile,age-matched 41 women with a history of healthy delivery in the past one year were selected as the control group.The percentages of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in the two groups were measured by flow cytometry,and the results were statistically analyzed.Receiver operating charac-teristic(ROC)curve was used to evaluate the predictive effect of lymphocyte subsets on URIF.Results:Com-pared with the control group,the percentage of CD3 + CD4 +[(34.03±7.26)%vs.(36.79±6.35)%,P = 0.017]、CD3 +HLA-DR +[(2.60±2.28)%vs.(3.60±2.39)%,P =0.017]、CD3 + CD16 + CD56 +[(1.24±1.04)%vs.(2.62±2.57)%,P<0.000]and CD4 +/CD8 +(1.37±0.48 vs.1.57±0.51,P =0.023)were sig-nificantly increased in URIF group,and were related to the increase of previous failure times to a certain extent.ROC analysis showed that CD3 + CD4 +>35.35%(AUC 0.624),CD3 + HLA-DR +>2.35%(AUC 0.669),CD3 +CD16 +CD56 +>1.86%(AUC 0.660)and CD4 +/CD8 +>1.26(AUC 0.628)could be used as an inde-pendent predictor for the diagnosis of URIF.Among the pair-wise combined indexes,CD3 + HLA-DR + combined with CD3 + CD16 + CD56 + had the highest prediction accuracy(AUC 0.739,Sensitivity 73.3%,Specificity 68.3%).The combination of the four indicators had the highest accuracy(AUC0.767,Sensitivity 68.6%,Specifici-ty 73.2%).Conclusions:There is immune dysfunction in patients with URIF,and the imbalance of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets may be an important factor leading to embryo implantation failure.CD3 +CD4 +、CD4 +/CD8 +、CD3 +HLA-DR +and CD3 +CD16 +CD56 +could be used as independent indicators for the diagnosis of abnormal peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in patients with URIF.The combination of them improves the accuracy of prediction,and it has a positive reference significance for dynamic monitoring and early intervention of URIF pa-tients in the process of assisted reproduction technology.

The characteristics and clinical significance of ascites and peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations in decompensated liver cirrhosis patients with alcoholic liver disease / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To analyze the characteristics and clinical significance of ascites, peripheral blood lymph nodes, and cell subpopulations in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis caused by alcoholic liver disease.Methods:Sixty decompensated liver cirrhosis patients with alcoholic liver disease admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical Unversity from July 2020 to July 2022 were selected as the observation group, and 40 healthy volunteers who underwent physical examinations in our hospital were randomly selected as the control group. The observation group was divided into A, B, and C grades based on the severity of the condition, according to the Child-Pugh grading of liver function. The differences in clinical data, peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulation indicators, and ascites lymphocyte subpopulation indicators (CD3 + , CD4 + , CD8 + , CD20 + ) under different disease grades were analyzed, and the differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulation indicators between the two groups of people were compared. Resultsl:The levels of CD3 + , CD4 + , CD8 + , CD4 + /CD8 + , and CD20 + in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (all P<0.05). Compared with Child-Pugh A grade patients, the expression of CD3 + , CD4 + , CD8 + , CD4 + /CD8 + , and CD20 + in peripheral blood of Child-Pugh B and C grade patients decreased significantly (all P<0.05); Compared with Child-Pugh B grade patients, the expression of CD3 + , CD4 + , CD8 + , CD4 + /CD8 + , and CD20 + in peripheral blood of Child-Pugh C grade patients decreased significantly (all P<0.05). Compared with Child-Pugh A grade patients, the expression of CD3 + , CD4 + , CD8 + , CD4 + /CD8 + , and CD20 + in ascites of Child-Pugh B and C grade patients decreased significantly (all P<0.05); Compared with Child-Pugh B grade patients, the expression of CD3 + , CD4 + , CD8 + , CD4 + /CD8 + , and CD20 + in ascites of Child-Pugh C grade patients decreased significantly (all P<0.05). The peripheral blood and ascites lymphocyte subsets were negatively correlated with the Child-Pugh grading of decompensated liver cirrhosis in alcoholic liver disease (all P<0.05). Conclusions:Patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis caused by alcoholic liver disease are accompanied by varying degrees of immune dysfunction. Detection of lymphocyte subsets in the patient′s peripheral blood and ascites has significant clinical significance for the diagnosis and prognosis of this disease.

Preliminary study on the effects of belimumab combined with classic therapy on peripheral blood NK cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus / 中华风湿病学杂志

Objective:To assess the changes of peripheral blood NK cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) following belimumab and classic therapy.Methods:From January 2020 to March 2022, peripheral lymphocyte subsets were detected by flow cytometry in SLE patients treated with Belimumab and classic therapy. The duration of treatment was 24 weeks. A total of 40 treated SLE patients were enrolled. The lymphocyte subsets in healthy donors were used as normal control group. Paired sample t-test, rank-sum test, Spearman correlation and generalized linear mixed model were used for statistical analysis. Results:In contrast to healthy subjects, the numbers of NK cells in SLE patients before treatment were significantly decreased [276.0 (179.8, 384.0) cells/μl vs. 61.4 (43.0, 105.1) cells/μl; Z=-7.32, P<0.001], although that after treatment was higher than that before treatment [61.4 (43.0, 105.1) cells/μl vs. 107.7 (72.5, 186.5) cells/μl; Z= -3.22, P<0.001]. Generalized linear mixed model results showed that the increase in serum levels of C3 ( t= -2.94, P=0.006) and NK cells ( t=-2.25, P=0.031) were associated with a decrease of anti-dsDNA antibody titers. The cutoff value of elevated counts of NK cells after treatment was equal or more than 38.5 cells/μl with a sensitivity of 61.9% and a specificity of 81.2%. Compared with those with elevated counts of NK cells ≤38.5 cells/μl, patients with elevated counts of NK cells >38.5 cells/μl had a bigger difference anti-dsDNA antibody [49.2 (0.2, 207.2) vs. 156.2 (19.8, 260.7); Z=-1.55, P=0.120] and a bigger difference of SLEDAI-2000[4.5 (0.0, 10.0) vs. 13.0 (4.5, 18.0); Z=-2.52, P=0.012]. Conclusion:The change in the numbers of NK cells may serve as biomarkers for evaluating the therapeutic responses of SLE. Combinatory approaches employing belimumab and classic therapy may control SLE disease by increasing the number of NK cells