Relationship between gut microbiota and substance addiction and its research progress / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Microbiota is the entire collection of microorganisms in a specific niche, such as the human gut. It impacts almost all organ systems and is related to disease resistance and susceptibility of the host. The microbiome refers to all of the genetic material within a microbiota. Microbiota is studied by means of sequencing specific genes or metagenomes; analyzing the species and their abundance and function; and determining the structure, diversity, evolutionary relationships, biological and medical significance, and their interactions with the environment of the microbiota. Human gut microbiota refers to that living in the human intestinal tract, including bacteria, fungi and viruses (bacteriophages). Current studies show that gut microbiota is closely related to human health, and its influence scope is far beyond the digestive system, but also involves the immune system, cardiovascular system, nervous system and other aspects. Substance addiction, a chronic recurrent brain disease, is characterized by persistent craving for addictive substances and forced drug use, which can cause changes in gut microbiota. We intend to discuss the relationship of gut microbiota with alcohol, cocaine, opioids, methamphetamine and other addictive substances, indicating that intervention in gut microbiota, which affects the structure and function of the brain, may become a new way to treat substance addiction.

Functional magnetic resonance study on static and dynamic amplitude of low frequency fluctuation in male smoking addicts / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the differences of static and dynamic spontaneous brain activity between male smoking addicts and healthy controls, and analyze the mechanism of smoking addiction.Methods:Based on static amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (sALFF) and dynamic amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (dALFF), the differences of static and dynamic spontaneous brain activity were compared between male smoking addicts ( n=63) and healthy controls ( n=30) by independent sample t-test. Pearson correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationships between the altered dALFF values and score of Fagerstr?m test for nicotine dependence(FTND) and pack-years of smoking addicted males. Results:Compared with healthy controls, the values of sALFF in the left superior/middle/inferior orbitofrontal gyrus ( t=5.17, clusters≥108) were increased and the variation of dALFF in the right superior temporal/middle gyrus, left orbitofrontal region, left orbital superior/middle/inferior frontal gyrus, right orbitofrontal gyrus/middle/inferior frontal gyrus and right putamen ( t=4.90, 4.37, 4.91, 4.62, 4.59, clusters≥96) were also increased in the smoking addicted group. It was noteworthy that the dALFF values of the right superior temporal/middle gyrus( r=0.252, P=0.047), left orbital region superior frontal gyrus( r=0.281, P=0.026) and right putamen( r=0.313, P=0.012) were positively correlated with pack-years of male smoking addicts. Conclusion:Male smoking addicts may have abnormal static and dynamics spontaneous neural activity in prefrontal cortex (including orbital frontal lobe), putamen and superior temporal/middle gyrus, which are correlated with pack-years.

The Role of MeCP2 in Substance Addiction / 中国生物化学与分子生物学报

Substance addiction is considered to be a chronic recurrent encephalopathy. The neural adap-tation changes induced by addictive substances are partly mediated by epigenetic mechanism. The perma￣nent changes of gene expression in tissues or brain can be affected by DNA methylation, histone modifica-tion and chromatin remodeling, these changes eventually lead to behavioral abnormalities of individual. Methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2), an important transcription inhibitor, contains characteristic do-mains that regulated chromosome conformation, transcription and RNA splicing. It has also been identified that MeCP2 plays an important role in regulating neuronal plasticity and related target gene transcription during brain development, which add more attention about the importance of epigenetic mechanism in neuronal function. Studies have showed that DNA methylation, histone acetylation and phosphorylation regulate MeCP2 gene expression, affect gene and protein transcription, translation and cell regulation in learning, memory and substance addiction. Addictive substances induce psychological and mental dependence, which are related to the changes of neuronal plasticity and gene expression in addictive neural circuits. MeCP2 plays an important role in regulating synaptic transmission and neuronal plasticity in central nervous system. Therefore, it is of great scientific significance to explore the role of MeCP2 in regulating neuronal plasticity in the central nervous system. In this review we summarized the structure and function of MeCP2, the relationship between MeCP2 and epigenetics, and the role of MeCP2 epigenetic modifications induced by different addictive substances in substance addiction, which may provide further understanding of the molecular mechanism of substance addiction and provide new in￣sight for clinical intervention.

Resiliencia e inteligencia emocional en pacientes diagnosticados con trastorno por consumo de sustancias / Resilience and emotional intelligence in patients diagnosed with substance use disorder

RESUMEN El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas se ha relacionado con diversos factores de riesgo y protección en la búsqueda de optimizar la adherencia al tratamiento y prevenir recaídas. Objetivo : Determinar la relación entre resiliencia e inteligencia emocional en pacientes diagnosticados con trastorno por consumo de sustancias. Material y Métodos : Estudio cuantitativo, no experimental, correlacional y transversal. La muestra fue de 43 pacientes, 13 mujeres (30%) y 30 varones (70%), entre 15 y 53 años. Se utilizó la Escala de Resiliencia de Wagnild y Young (α 0,821), y el Inventario Emocional de BarOn ICE (α 0,833). Resultados : Las dimensiones de resiliencia (confianza en sí mismo y perseverancia) tienen influencia significativamente positiva en los factores de inteligencia emocional, i.e., intrapersonal y estado de ánimo general. Conclusiones : En personas con diagnóstico de adicción a sustancias, la capacidad de resiliencia se relaciona positivamente con su habilidad general para afrontar demandas y presiones.

SUMMARY The use of psychoactive substances has been related to various risk and protective factors in the search for optimization of treatment adherence and relapse prevention. Objective : To determine the relationship between resilience and emotional intelligence in patients diagnosed with addiction to psychoactive substances. Material and Methods : Quantitative, non-experimental, correlational and cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 43 patients, 13 women (30%) and 30 men (70%) between the ages of 15 and 53. The Wagnild and Young´s Resilience Scale (α 0.821) and the BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory (α 0.833), were used. Results : The dimensions of resilience (self-reliance and perseverance) have a very significant positive influence on the emotional intelligence factors. i.e,, intrapersonal and general mood. Conclusions: In individuals diagnosed with addiction to psychoactive substances, the resilience capability is positively related to their general ability to face demands and pressures.

Roles of G Protein-gated Inward Rectifier Potassium Channels in Substance Addiction / 中国医学科学院学报

G protein-gated inward rectifier potassium(GIRK)channels are widely distributed in the central nervous system and play important roles in maintaining the resting membrane potential of neurons,adjusting neuronal excitability,and regulating the release of neurotransmitter.Studies have shown that addictive behavior is closely related to the expression and activity of the GIRK channels in the brain reward system and the GIRK channels may be a potential target for addiction treatment.This article summarizes the recent research advances in GIRK channels in terms of structure,intracranial tissue distribution,and especially substance addiction.

Modulating neural circuits in substance addiction with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Substance addiction is a chronic and recurrent disorder and may be related to complex neural circuits. However, there is no optimally effective treatment for substance addiction currently. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive, safe and easy-to-operate neuro-electrophysiological technique, which is becoming an emerging therapeutic option for many mental disorders. The effect of rTMS on substance addiction is closely related to the stimulation of neural circuits. However, the mechanism is still unknown. The review summarizes recent research progress on the application of rTMS and its application combined with other therapies in substance addiction, as well as the regulation of rTMS on substance addiction-related neural circuits.

The disorder of emotional audiovisual integration of addiction / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

The drug cues of multi-sensory have higher reliability and ecological validity,and play a key role in the substance and behavioral addiction. However,the comprehensive discussion on the relation-ship of addiction and the disorder of emotional audiovisual integration was very limited so far. Reviewing re-cent studies on multi-sensory integration of substance and behavioral addictions,it had been found that both two addiction groups had disorders of audiovisual integration,especially the negative emotion. Neuroimaging studies found that the abnormal activation on prefrontal cortical during emotional audiovisual integration com-monly tended to live in substance and behavioral addictions,suggesting that the disorder of emotional audiovi-sual integration for addictions might be related to the weakening of cognitive control. Further improvements of the neural mechanism of emotional audiovisual integration disorder of addictions,as well as the more ecologi-cally predictive indicators and clinical diagnosis criteria are needed.

Classic Studies on the Interaction of Cocaine and the Dopamine Transporter

The dopamine transporter is responsible for recycling dopamine after release. Inhibitors of the dopamine transporter, such as cocaine, will stop the reuptake of dopamine and allow it to stay extracellularly, causing prominent changes at the molecular, cellular, and behavioral levels. There is much left to be known about the mechanism and site(s) of binding, as well as the effect that cocaine administration does to dopamine transporter-cocaine binding sites and gene expression which also plays a strong role in cocaine abusers and their behavioral characteristics. Thus, if more light is shed on the dopamine transporter-cocaine interaction, treatments for addiction and even other diseases of the dopaminergic system may not be too far ahead. As today's ongoing research expands on the shoulders of classic research done in the 1990s and 2000s, the foundation of core research done in that time period will be reviewed, which forms the basis of today's work and tomorrow's therapies.

Consequências da dependência de substâncias: um contributo para a validação do resultado NOC / Consequences of substance addiction: a contribution to the validation of NOC outcomes / Consecuencias de la dependencia de sustancias: una contribución a la validación de los resultados de la NOC

Realizou-se estudo quantitativo para validar o conteúdo do resultado da Nursing Outcome Classification (NOC), Consequências da dependência de substâncias. Foram seguidas as recomendações dos pesquisadores da NOC e do modelo de Fehring, consultando peritos. O resultado tinha 16 indicadores, acrescentados 12 com base na literatura. Foram eliminados quatro, ficando o questionário final com 24 indicadores, 10 com valores > 0,80 (principais) e 14 com valores > 0,50 e < 0,80 (secundários). Os indicadores acrescentados tiveram concordância dos peritos, oito como principais e quatro como secundários. Dos indicadores inicias da NOC, foram excluídos quatro (< 0,50) e dois classificados como principais. O conteúdo validado nesta pesquisa inclui uma visão multidimensional do fenômeno do consumo de drogas e alerta os enfermeiros para intervenções no domínio físico, psíquico, social e espiritual. O estudo precede a validação clínica. Recomenda-se a aplicação numa extensa amostra de usuários de múltiplas drogas com o objetivo de conseguir-se um instrumento que ajude numa prática de cuidados mais sistematizados e que atenda às necessidades em saúde.

The present research is a quantitative study that aims at validating the content result of the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) Consequences of substance addiction. NOC research teams and Fehring model recommendations were observed. Results presented 16 indicators; 12 were added according to literature; four were discarded. Final questionnaire proposed 24 indicators; 10 with values > 0.80 (primary) and 14 with values > 0.50 and < 0.80 (secondary). Experts agreed upon indicators added: eight primary and four secondary. Four NOC original indicators were excluded (< 0.50) and two were classified as primary. Current research includes a content-validated multidimensional view of the drug abuse phenomenon; it informs nurses about physical, psychological, social and spiritual interventions. The study precedes clinical validation. Researchers recommend it to be used in a broad sample of poly drug users, in order to obtain a new tool that contributes to a more systematic care and meets those specific health needs.

Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo para validar el contenido del resultado de la Clasificación de Resultados de Enfermería - NOC (Nursing Outcome Classification) "Consecuencias de la dependencia de sustancias." Se siguieron las recomendaciones de los investigadores de la NOC y del modelo Fehring, siempre en contacto con expertos. El resultado indicó 16 indicadores; luego se agregaron otros 12 en base a la literatura. Se eliminaros 4 y, en el cuestionario final, quedaron 24 indicadores, 10 con valores > 0,80 (principales) y 14 con valores > 0,50 y 0,80 < (secundarios). Según los expertos 8 de los indicadores agregados eran principales y 4 secundarias. De los indicadores iniciales de la NOC se excluyeron 4 (< 0,50) y 2 fueron clasificados como principales. El contenido validado en esta investigación parte de la visión multidimensional del fenómeno del consumo de drogas y alerta enfermeros para que intervengan en el dominio físico, psicológico, social y espiritual. El estudio antecede la validación clínica. Se recomienda emplearlo en una amplia muestra de usuarios de múltiples fármacos con miras a obtener una herramienta que contribuya a la práctica sistemática de la atención y que responda a las necesidades de salud de estas personas.

Neurobiology of Addiction Based on Neuroimaging Evidence

Substance addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder that has been characterized by a vicious cycle composed of intoxication, craving/anticipation, withdrawal, and response inhibition/bingeing. Here we summarize the findings from neuroimaging studies in addiction according to these behavioral components and suggest the integrated neurobiological model of drug addiction and related brain correlates. The roles of various prefrontal regions, thalamus, memory circuit, anterior cingulated, and insula were also suggested in addition to those of classical mesolimbic dopaminergic system and its responsivity. Limited studies of behavioral addiction demonstrated a similarity with substance addiction on the neurobiological basis. Based on the current understanding of neurobiology of addiction, further researches on interactions of behavioral components and their brain correlates, behavioral addiction, and therapeutic applications will be desired.

Insecure Attachment and Impulsivity-Inattention Problem in Adolescent with a High Risk of Substance or Internet Addiction / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: This study was done in adolescents with a high risk of substance or internet addiction in order to confirm the assumption that insecure attachment formation and impulsivity-inattention problems are major risk factors in adolescent addictive behavior. METHODS: 2,188 middle and high school students including a nicotine dependent treatment group were assessed using self-reporting scales : Adolescent Drinking Index (ADI), Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire, Young Internet Addiction Scale, Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS), and the Conner and Well's Self-reporting Scale for ADHD (CASS) were used. Subjects were classified into risk groups including substance addiction, internet addiction, as well as a combined group. RESULTS: Significant correlations were found between attachment formation and internet addiction tendencies, with respect to dependence, anxiety, and closeness (r=-0.185, r=0.248, r=-0.147, p<0.01, respectively). Impulsivity-inattention problems had positive correlations with internet addiction, alcohol addiction and nicotine addiction groups (r=0.345, r=0.211, r=0.187, p<0.01). With regard to attachment formation, the four groups showed significant differences regarding dependence (F=19.427, p<0.01), anxiety (F=28.926, p<0.01), and closeness (F=12.853, p<0.01). In addition, the four groups showed significant difference with respect to impulsivity-inattention problems (F=83.857, p<0.01), of which the combined risk group showed the highest scores, and the non-addicted group had the lowest scores. CONCLUSION: Insecure attachment formation and impulsivity-inattention problems were major risk factors for adolescent addictive behavior including internet addiction.