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1.
An. acad. bras. ciênc ; 89(3,supl): 2219-2228, 2017. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-886810

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT We aimed to investigate the taxonomic and functional variations of tree component of Araucaria Forest (AF) areas located along an altitudinal gradient (700, 900 and 1,600 m asl), in the southern region of Brazil. The functional traits determined were leaf area, specific leaf area, wood density, maximum potential height and dispersal syndromes and deciduousness. The data were analyzed through a functional and taxonomic dissimilarity dendrograms, community-weighted mean trait values, parametric and nonparametric tests, and Principal Component Analysis. The largest floristic-structural similarity was observed between the lower altitude areas (700 and 900 m asl), whose Bray-Curtis distance was 0.63. The area at 700 m asl was characterized by a predominance of deciduous and semi-deciduous species, with a high number of self- and wind-dispersed species, whereas the area at 1,600 m asl exhibited a predominance of animal-dispersed and evergreen species. It was also observed that there were significant variations for leaf traits, basic wood density and maximum potential height. Over all altitudinal gradient, the ordinations indicated that there was no evidence of functional differentiation among dispersal and deciduousness groups. In conclusion, the evaluated Araucaria Forest areas presented high floristic-functional variation of the tree component along the altitudinal gradient.


Subject(s)
Trees/classification , Biodiversity , Altitude , Species Specificity , Trees/anatomy & histology , Brazil , Forests , Biomass
2.
Ciênc. rural ; 45(10): 1802-1808, Oct. 2015. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-758030

ABSTRACT

A região da Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul estende-se por planícies e relevos suaves ondulados, com predomínio de florestas de galeria. Este estudo teve o objetivo de investigar a estrutura e a diversidade dos remanescentes de Floresta Estacional Decidual em diferentes posições na paisagem de pequenos tributários ao longo de uma microbacia em Pantano Grande, RS. Os levantamentos foram realizados em 40 pontos amostrais com 500 m2. Foi constatada a existência de três grupos ecológicos, espacialmente correlacionados à posição no relevo, tendo diferentes estágios de conservação, diversidade, estrutura e florística. O grupo 1, formação submontana (FS), destacou-se pela maior densidade de indivíduos nas maiores classes de diâmetro e pela maior altura, com alta dominância ecológica, determinada por uma particular espécie tolerante à sombra, Actinostemon concolor. O grupo 2, FA/FS, revelou-se com maior diversidade que os demais grupos, apresentando menor dominância ecológica. O grupo 3, formação aluvial (FA), foi caracterizado por indivíduos arbóreos menores e pela presença dominante deSebastiania commersoniana.


Central Depression region in the state of Rio Grande do Sul extends across plains and gentle undulated reliefs, with a predominance of gallery forests. This study aimed to analyze remaining tree communities of the seasonal deciduous forest in different positions of the landscape in small tributaries of a watershed in Pantano Grande, RS, Brazil. Surveys were conducted at 40 sampling points equaling 500 m2. The analysis pointed to the existence of three ecological groups, spatially correlated with their positions in the landscape, at different stages of preservation, diversity, structure and floristic development. The community groups were named sub-montane (upper plains) and alluvial formations, and the domain area of both formations (FA/FS). TheFA/FS proved to be more diverse than the others, with lower ecological dominance in narrow fragments. Submontane stood out with higher density of individuals in the largest diameter and height classes, with high ecological dominance, determined by a particular species tolerant to shade,Actinostemon concolor. Alluvial formation (FA) was characterized by smaller individual trees and the dominant presence of Sebastiania commersonianain narrow corridors.

3.
Rev. biol. trop ; 62(4): 1673-1681, oct.-dic. 2014.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-753710

ABSTRACT

Woody species composition in invaded communities from mountains of central Argentina: their relations with local environmental factors. Invasions by exotic woody species are threatening ecosystem functions worldwide. The spread and subsequent replacement of native forest by exotic dominated stands is particularly evident nearby urban centers were exotic propagule pressure is highest. Yet, there is a lack of information on the environmental factors that underlie these replacements. In this study we addressed the following questions: (1) is there a local spatial segregation between the dominant native and exotic woody species? and (2) if this local segregation does exist, is it driven by environmental features?. For this, in 2010 we established 31 plots distributed along 16 sampling sites where we surveyed the composition and abundance of all woody species with a basal diameter ≥ 5cm. To characterize the environment of each plot, we measured the topographic position (slope, exposure) and different properties such as soil physics (bulk density, soil impedance), structure (soil deep, texture) and chemical characteristics (pH, nutrient and water content). Through a cluster analysis we were able to identify five different woody communities in coexistence: (1) Woodlands dominated by the exotic Ligustrum lucidum; (2) Mixed woodlands dominated by the native Lithraea molleoides and the exotic Celtis australis; (3) Scrublands dominated by the native Condalia buxifolia; (4) Scrublands dominated by the exotic Cotoneaster glaucophyllus, and (5) Scrubby grasslands with the exotic Pyracantha angustifolia. These communities were all associated with different local topographic and edaphic features. The environmental segregation among the identified communities suggests that woody invaders have the potential to colonize almost all the environments of the study site (though varying in the identity of the dominant exotic species). The observed patterns, even being restricted to a single well invaded area of mountain Chaco, may posit the spread of woody invaders towards native communities in the region.


En todo el mundo, las invasiones de especies leñosas exóticas están amenazando las funciones ecosistémicas. La dispersión y el subsecuente reemplazo de bosques de especies nativas por comunidades dominadas por exóticas es evidente, particularmente, en proximidad a centros urbanos donde la presión de propágulos de especies exóticas es alta. Sin embargo, existe una falta de información sobre los factores ambientales que subyacen este reemplazo. En este estudio nos propusimos responder las siguientes preguntas: (1) ¿se observa una segregación espacial a escala local entre especies leñosas exóticas y/o nativas dominantes?, y (2) si existe esa segregación, ¿está asociada a variables ambientales? En el 2010 se establecieron 31 parcelas distribuidas en 16 laderas en los bosques Chaqueños de las Sierras de Córdoba, en Argentina central. En cada uno de los sitios de muestreo se relevó la composición y abundancia de todas las especies leñosas con un diámetro a la altura de la base superior a 5cm. Para caracterizar el ambiente en cada una de las parcelas medimos la posición topográfica (pendiente y orientación) y algunas propiedades asociadas con la física (densidad aparente y compactación), estructura (profundidad y textura) y con la química (pH y el contenido de nutrientes y agua) del suelo. A través, de un análisis jerárquico de agrupamiento, se identificaron cinco comunidades de leñosas coexistiendo: (1) Bosques dominados por Ligustrum lucidum, (2) Bosques mixtos dominados por Lithraea molleoides y Celtis australis, (3) Matorrales de Condalia buxifolia, (4) Matorrales de Cotoneaster glaucophyllus, y (5) Pajonales con emergentes de Pyracantha angustifolia. Estas comunidades se asociaron diferencialmente a las variables topográficas y edáficas locales. La segregación ambiental observada sugiere que las especies invasoras tienen una capacidad potencial para colonizar casi todos los ambientes en el área de estudio (variando la identidad de la invasora). En conjunto, los patrones descritos, aunque circunscriptos a un área de Chaco Serrano con un avanzado grado de invasión, plantearían un escenario de posible expansión de las leñosas exóticas sobre las comunidades nativas.


Subject(s)
Ecosystem , Forests , Introduced Species , Wood/growth & development , Argentina
4.
Biota neotrop. (Online, Ed. port.) ; 11(3): 63-74, jul.-set. 2011. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-610558

ABSTRACT

The knowledge of structure and composition of forest strata contributes to understanding the conservation status and dynamics of plant communities. The study of forest understory is important to the knowledge of the succession process. The Seasonal Subtropical Forest remnant named Mato do Silva (27º 55'26" S and 53º 53'15" W) was studied aiming to describe the structure of understory in the late successional forest (LF) and in the young secondary forest (SF), an 11 years old post-agricultural site with canopy dominance of Ateleia glazioveana Baill. The phytosociological survey was carried out through the point quarter method and included individuals of tree and shrub species from 0.5 to 3.0 m of height. The sampling consisted of 384 individuals in LF (67 species) and 284 individuals in SF (20 species). A total of 79 species were observed, and only eight species occurred in both areas. The specific diversity (H') was 3.45 and 2.42 nats in the understory of LF and SF, respectively. The Pielou's evenness index (J) was 0.85 to LF and 0.80 to SF, respectively. Cupania vernalis Camb. and Psychotria leiocarpa Müll. Arg. were the prominent species in the LF while A. glazioveana and Solanum mauritianum Scop. were outstanding in the SF understory. Shade-tolerant and late secondary tree species occurred in large proportion in the LF forest, while pioneers and early secondary tree species predominated in the SF. In addition, certain dominant species in the understory of the SF were absent in the LF understory, such as A. glazioveana, Solanum compressum L. B. Sm. & Downs, Helietta apiculata Bentham and Gledtisia amorphoides (Griseb.) Taubert, which indicates that such species are associated to early stages of forest succession. G. amorphoides is considered an endangered species, and the early successional stages could be necessary for conservation of this species. A decrease in the pH and mineral nutrient levels in the soil was linked to the successional process, indicating the transference of nutrients to the aboveground biomass.


O conhecimento da estrutura e composição dos estratos florestais contribui para a compreensão do estado de conservação e dinâmica das comunidades vegetais. O estudo do estrato inferior florestal é importante para o conhecimento sobre os processos de sucessão. O remanescente de Floresta Subtropical Estacional denominado Mato do Silva (27º 55' 26" S e 53º 53' 15" O) foi estudado objetivando descrever a estrutura do estrato arbustivo na floresta em estádio avançado de sucessão e na floresta secundária, sendo esta formada em uma antiga área agrícola abandonada há 11 anos, e que possui estrato superior dominado por timbó (Ateleia glazioveana Baill.). A amostragem fitossociológica foi realizada através do método de quadrantes e incluiu indivíduos de espécies lenhosas arbustivas e arbóreas entre 0,5 e 3 m de altura. Foram amostrados 384 indivíduos na área de floresta avançada (67 espécies) e 284 na área de floresta secundária (20 espécies). Foram observadas 79 espécies no total, e somente oito ocorreram em ambas as áreas. A diversidade específica (H') foi de 3,45 e 2,42 nats, respectivamente. O índice J de equitabilidade foi 0,85 para LF e 0,80 para SF, respectivamente. Na área de floresta estacional avançada, destacaram-se Cupania vernalis Camb. e Psychotria leiocarpa Müll. Arg., enquanto que na floresta secundária A. glazioveana e Solanum mauritianum Scop. As espécies esciófilas ou secundárias tardias foram dominantes no estrato inferior da floresta estacional avançada, enquanto que na floresta secundária predominaram as espécies arbóreas pioneiras e secundárias iniciais. Além disso, certas espécies dominantes na floresta secundária estão ausentes no estrato inferior da floresta avançada, tais como A. glazioveana, Solanum compressum L. B. Sm. & Downs, Helietta apiculata Benth. e Gledtisia amorphoides (Griseb.) Taubert, o que indica que estas espécies estão associadas a estádios iniciais de sucessão florestal. G. amorphoides é considerada em perigo de extinção, e os estádios sucessionais iniciais podem ser necessários para a conservação desta espécie. Observou-se uma redução do pH e concentração de nutrientes minerais associada ao processo sucessional, o que indica transferência de nutrientes para a biomassa aérea.

5.
An. acad. bras. ciênc ; 82(3): 637-642, Sept. 2010. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-556799

ABSTRACT

The expectations that shade-tolerant forest species show 1) a population structure composed by a high amount of small individuals, and 2) biomass allocation for diameter higher than for height growth, were tested for Rudgea parquioides, a typical shrub in Southern Brazil. We described the size structure (height and stem diameter) and allometrical relations of a R. parquioides population by counting and measuring all the individuals in a 725m² area in the municipality of Curitiba (25"25'S; 49"19'W). A total of 916 individuals (12,634 ind.ha-1) were recorded in the area. The firstexpectation was supported, since distribution by height and diameter classes showed a predominance of small individuals (skewness coefficients > 1). On the other hand, the regression between height and stem base diameter showed slope β < 1, which indicates that growth in height is higher than in diameter, not supporting the second expectation. These results show that life strategies in shade-tolerant species may imply in more trade-off combinations than previously described.


Foram testadas duas hipóteses relativas a espécies florestaistolerantes à sombra em uma população de Rudgea parquioides, um arbusto característico do sul do Brasil: 1) espécies tolerantes à sombra possuem uma estrutura populacional composta por um grande número de indivíduos pequenos e 2) a alocação de biomassa para o crescimento em diâmetro é maior que para o crescimento em altura. Foram descritas as estruturas de tamanho (altura e diâmetro do tronco) e relações alométricas através da contagem e medição de todos os indivíduos de R. parquioides em uma área de 725m² no município de Curitiba (25"25'S; 49"19'W). Um total de 916 indivíduos(12.634 ind.ha-1) foi medido nesta área. A primeira hipótese foi aceita, uma vez que a distribuição em classes de altura e de diâmetro mostrou um predomínio de indivíduos pequenos (coeficiente de assimetria > 1). Por outro lado, a regressão entre altura e diâmetro na base do caule mostrou inclinação β < 1, o que indica que o crescimento em altura é maior que em diâmetro, não suportando a segunda hipótese. Esses resultados mostram que as estratégias de crescimento em espécies tolerantes à sombra podem implicar em outras relações ecológicas além das já descritas.


Subject(s)
Ecosystem , Rubiaceae/classification , Trees , Biomass , Brazil , Rubiaceae/anatomy & histology , Rubiaceae/growth & development
6.
Rev. biol. trop ; 56(2): 721-738, jun. 2008. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-637671

ABSTRACT

The effect of forest exploitation on structure, diversity, and floristic composition of palmitodominated Atlantic forests at Misiones, Argentina. The effect of forest exploitation - timber and palmito (Euterpe edulis, Palmae) extraction -on structure, diversity, and floristic composition of forests known as palmitals of the Atlantic Forest of Argentina was analyzed. These palmitals are located in Misiones (54 °13’ W and 25°41´ S). Three 1 ha permanent plots were established: two in the "intangible" zone of the Iguazu National Park (PNI), and another in an exploited forest site bordering the PNI. Three 0.2 ha non-permanent plots were also measured. One was located in the PNI reserve zone where illegal palmito extraction occurs. The other two were in logged forest. All trees and palmitos with DBH> 10 cm were identified and DBH and height were measured. For each of the six sites, richness and diversity of tree species, floristic composition, number of endemic species, and density of harvestable tree species were estimated. The harvest of E. edulis increases density of other tree species, diminishing palmito density. Forest explotation (logging and palmito harvest) is accompanied by an increase in diversity and density of heliophilic species, which have greater timber value in the region. However, this explotation also diminishes the density of palmito, of endemic species which normally grow in low densities, and of species found on the IUCN Red List. Results suggest that forest structure may be managed for timber and palmito production. The "intangible" zone of the PNI has the greatest conservation value in the Atlantic Forest, since a greater number of endemisms and endangered species are found here. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (2): 721-738. Epub 2008 June 30.


Se analizó el efecto del aprovechamiento forestal (maderero y de la extracción de palmitos; Euterpe edulis, Palmae), sobre la estructura, diversidad y composición florística de los bosques denominados palmitales de la Selva Atlántica Argentina (54 °13’ W, 25°41´ S), en la provincia de Misiones, Argentina. Se establecieron 3 ha de parcelas permanentes, dos ubicadas en la zona intangible del Parque Nacional Iguazú (PNI) y otra en un sitio aprovechado forestalmente lindante. Se midieron tres parcelas no permanentes cada una de 0.2 ha. Una se ubicó en la zona de reserva del PNI donde hay extracciones ilegales de palmito. Las otras dos estaban en sitios con aprovechamiento forestal. Todos los árboles y palmitos DAP> 10 cm fueron identificados y se les midió DAP y altura. Para cada uno de los 6 sitios se estimó riqueza y diversidad de especies arbóreas, composición específica, número de especies endémicas y densidad de árboles de especies aprovechables forestalmente. La riqueza y diversidad de especies se correlacionó con la densidad de palmito. Los índices de Shannon de los sitios se compararon con la prueba t y la corrección de Bonferroni. Las estructuras diamétricas considerando todos lo árboles y solo las especies maderables se compararon con la prueba de Duncan. El aprovechamiento de E. edulis aumenta la densidad de otras especies arbóreas, disminuyendo la densidad de palmitos. El aprovechamiento forestal va acompañado de un aumento en la diversidad y en la densidad de especies heliofilas que son las que tienen mayor valor maderero en la región. Este aprovechamiento disminuye la densidad de palmitos, de especies endémicas que normalmente ocurren en bajas densidades y de especies que se encuentran en la lista roja de la UICN. Los resultados sugieren que se puede manejar la estructura del bosque para la producción de maderera y de palmito. La zona intangible del PNI es la que tiene mayor valor para la conservación de la Selva Atlántica ya que en él se encuentran mayor número de endemismos y las especies en peligro de extinción.


Subject(s)
Arecaceae/growth & development , Biodiversity , Trees/classification , Argentina , Conservation of Natural Resources , Environmental Monitoring , Forestry , Population Density
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