Wild Edible Mushrooms Depict a Dissimilar Biogeographical Distribution in Humid Forests of Cameroon

For millennia, wild edible mushrooms (WEM) had always been considered as substantial food and medicinal sources, for local communities, both Bantu and indigenous peoples. However, few information and sparse data are available on useful mushrooms of Cameroon. A study was undertaken to update the checklist of WEM in humid forests of Cameroon. From mushroom excursions, surveys and inventories, thousand fungal specimens were collected in situ, described and identified using key features and references. Wild edible mushrooms were recruited in three trophic groups. They denoted a dissimilar national biogeographical distribution. Saprophytes and Termitomyces were encountered throughout the country; ectomycorrhizal mushrooms occurred in forest clumps, only in three regions: South, Southeast and Southwest. 117 WEM were listed belonging to 17 families and 43 genera, including nearly 22 Termitomyces, 32 ectomycorrhizal and 63 saprophyte species. 15 WEM were also claimed to have medicinal properties. This vast mushroom diversity related to various specific habitats and ecological niches. Five fungal groups were considered as excellent edible. Amanita and Boletus species were seldom consumed. Most mushroom species were harvested solely for home consumption, with the exception of Termitomyces, the only marketed mushroom. In fine, the diversity of WEM was high but poorly known and valorized. To fulfill the Nagoya convention, it is recommended to pursue mycological inventory of macrofungi in Cameroon, including the use of molecular tools and to cultivate local wild edible saprophyte mushrooms.

Genet Variation of Ectomycorrhizal Suillus granulatus Fruiting Bodies in Pinus strobus Stands

The genets of Suillus granulatus in a Pinus strobus stand (13 m × 60 m) were identified using random amplified polymorphic DNA molecular markers and the DNA of mushrooms that fruited for two years, and variations in genet size and distribution were analyzed. From a total of 116 mushrooms, 73 genets were identified and were grouped into three locations. The genets of mushrooms in close proximity differed from each other. The genet sizes varied at any of the three locations. The lengths of the identified genets in the pine stand ranged from 0.09 to 2.90 m. The average number of mushrooms per genet was 1.2 to 2.3, and the percentage of genets that were represented by a single mushroom was 44% to 94%. This variation in the genets of mushrooms in close proximity suggests that the ectomycorrhizal mycelial bodies of S. granulatus propagated sexually by fusing haploid spores derived from the mushrooms gills with below-ground mycelia. Therefore, it is necessary further to investigate the formation of new genets through spores in ectomycorrhizal fungal colonies.

Molecular Taxonomical Re-classification of the Genus Suillus Micheli ex S. F. Gray in South Korea

The fungal genus Suillus Micheli ex S. F. Gray plays important roles in the survival and growth of plant seedlings. Humans have utilized these ectomycorrhizal fungi to enhance the nutrient uptake and defense systems of plants, particularly in the reforestation of coniferous forests. The genus Suillus is easily distinguishable by its distinctive morphological features, although the morphology of the fruiting body does not facilitate reliable interspecies discrimination. On the basis of micro-morphological features and internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis, we found that 51 of 117 Korean Suillus specimens had initially been misidentified. The list of the 12 Suillus species previously recorded in Korea was re-evaluated and revised to only eight distinct species: S. americanus, S. bovinus, S. granulatus, S. grevillei, S. luteus, S. pictus, S. placidus, and S. viscidus. We provide taxonomical descriptions for six of these species from the sample specimens.

Copper resistance of different ectomycorrhizal fungi such as Pisolithus microcarpus, Pisolithus sp., Scleroderma sp. and Suillus sp

Environments contaminated with heavy metals negatively impact the living organisms. Ectomy­corrhizal fungi have shown important role in these impacted sites. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the copper-resistance of ectomycorrhizal fungi isolates Pisolithus microcarpus - UFSC-Pt116, Pisolithus sp. - UFSC-PT24, Suillus sp. - UFSM RA 2.8 and Scleroderma sp. - UFSC-Sc124 to different copper doses in solid and liquid media. The copper doses tested were: 0.00, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.25 mmol L-1 in the solid medium and 0.00, 0.32, 0.64 and 0.96 mmol L-1 in the liquid medium. Copper was amended as copper sulphate in order to supplement the culture medium MNM at pH 4.8, with seven replicates to each fungus-dose combination. The fungal isolates were incubated for 30 days at 28 °C. UFSC-Pt116 showed high copper-resistance such as accessed by CL50 determinations (concentration to reduce 50% of the growth) as while as UFSC-PT24 displayed copper-resistance mechanism at 0.50 mmol L-1 in solid medium. The UFSC-PT24 and UFSC-Sc124 isolates have increased copper-resistance in liquid medium. The higher production of extracellular pigment was detected in UFSC-Pt116 cultures. The UFSC-Pt116 and UFSC-PT24 isolates showed higher resistance for copper and produced higher mycelium biomass than the other isolates. In this way, the isolates UFSG-Pt116 and UFSC-PT24 can be important candidates to survive in copper-contaminated areas, and can show important role in plants symbiosis in these contaminated sites.

Copper resistance of different ectomycorrhizal fungi such as Pisolithus microcarpus, Pisolithus sp., Scleroderma sp. and Suillus sp.

Environments contaminated with heavy metals negatively impact the living organisms. Ectomy­corrhizal fungi have shown important role in these impacted sites. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the copper-resistance of ectomycorrhizal fungi isolates Pisolithus microcarpus - UFSC-Pt116; Pisolithus sp. - UFSC-PT24, Suillus sp. - UFSM RA 2.8 and Scleroderma sp. - UFSC-Sc124 to different copper doses in solid and liquid media. The copper doses tested were: 0.00, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.25 mmol L-1 in the solid medium and 0.00, 0.32, 0.64 and 0.96 mmol L-1 in the liquid medium. Copper was amended as copper sulphate in order to supplement the culture medium MNM at pH 4.8, with seven replicates to each fungus-dose combination. The fungal isolates were incubated for 30 days at 28 °C. UFSC-Pt116 showed high copper-resistance such as accessed by CL50 determinations (concentration to reduce 50% of the growth) as while as UFSC-PT24 displayed copper-resistance mechanism at 0.50 mmol L-1 in solid medium. The UFSC-PT24 and UFSC-Sc124 isolates have increased copper-resistance in liquid medium. The higher production of extracellular pigment was detected in UFSC-Pt116 cultures. The UFSC-Pt116 and UFSC-PT24 isolates showed higher resistance for copper and produced higher mycelium biomass than the other isolates. In this way, the isolates UFSG-Pt116 and UFSC-PT24 can be important candidates to survive in copper-contaminated areas, and can show important role in plants symbiosis in these contaminated sites.

DETERMINACIÓN DE ÁCIDOS GRASOS Y COMPUESTOS TRITERPENOIDES DEL CUERPO FRUCTÍFERO DE Suillus luteus / DETERMINATION OF FATTY ACIDS AND TRITERPENOID COMPOUNDS FROM THE FRUITING BODY OF Suillus luteus / DETERMINAÇÃO DE ÁCIDOS GORDOS E COMPOSTOS TRITERPENÓIDES DO CORPO FRUTÍFERO DE Suillus luteus

Del cuerpo fructífero de Suillus luteus se extrajeron e identificaron, con base en el análisis de sus espectros de masas, dieciséis compuestos, los cuales corresponden al ácido palmítico, oléico, linolénico y linoléico, octadecanoato de etilo, ergosta- 7,22-dien- 3b-ol, ergosta-7-en-3b-ol, estigmasterol, ergosta-3,5,7,9(11),22-pentaeno, ergosta-2,5,7,9(11),14,22-hexaeno, 23-metil-estigmast-3,5,7,22-tetraeno, 23-metil-estigmast-3,5,7,9(11),22-pentaeno, ergosta-4,6,15(16),22-tetraen-3- ona, ergosta-1,5,7,9(11),22-pentaen-3- ona, ergosta-5,7,9(11),22-tetraen-3b-ol y ergosta-5,6,7-trihidroxi-7,22-dien-3b-ol. Dado que este hongo ha sido tan poco estudiado, todos los compuestos, a excepción de los ácidos grasos, se reportan aquí por primera vez.

From the fruiting body of Suillus luteus were extracted and identified sixteen compounds, which were identified by mass spectre analysis; these were: palmitic, oleic, linolenic and linoleic acids, ethyl octadecanoate, ergosta-7,22-dien-3b-ol, ergosta- 7-en-3b-ol, stigmasterol, ergosta- 3,5,7,9(11),22-pentaene, ergosta- 2,5,7, 9(11),14,22-hexaene, 23-methyl-stigmast- 3,5,7,22-tetraene, 23-methyl-stigmast- 3,5,7,9(11),22-pentaene, ergosta-4, 6,15(16),22-tetraen-3-one, ergosta-1,5, 7,9(11),22-pentaen-3-one, ergosta-5,7, 9(11),22-tetraen-3b-ol and ergosta-5,6, 7-trihydroxy-7,22-dien-3b-ol. Because this mushroom has been scarcely studied, all compounds, with the exception of the fatty acids, are reported here for the first time.

Do corpo frutífero de Suillus luteus foram extraídos e identificados, combase na análise dos seus espectros de massas, dezasseis compostos, os quais correspondem ao ácido palmítico, oleico, linolénico y linoléico, octadecanoato de etilo, ergosta- 7,22-dien-3b-ol, ergosta-7-en-3b-ol, estigmasterol, ergosta-3,5,7,9(11),22-pentaeno, ergosta-2,5,7,9(11),14,22-hexaeno, 23-metil-estigmast-3,5,7,22-tetraeno, 23-metil-estigmast-3,5,7,9(11),22-pentaeno, ergosta-4,6,15(16),22-tetraen-3- ona, ergosta-1,5,7,9(11),22-pentaen-3- ona, ergosta-5,7,9 (11),22-tetraen- 3b-ol e ergosta- 5,6,7-trihidroxi-7,22- dien-3b-ol. Sendo este um fungo muito pouco estudado, todos os compostos, à excepção dos ácidos gordos, são reportados aqui pela primeira vez.