Extraction Technology of Volatile Oil from Wenjing Huoxue Cataplasm / 药学实践杂志

Objective To optimize the supercritical CO2 extraction conditions of volatile oil from Wenjing Huoxue cataplasm. Methods On the basis of single factor investigation on the comprehensive score of extraction yield , osthole content and isoimperatorin, the effects of extraction temperature, pressure and time on the comprehensive score of extracted volatile oil were optimized by orthogonal design. Results In the single factor experiment, the factors that had a great influence on the comprehensive score of the extracted volatile oil were extraction temperature, extraction pressure and extraction time. The orthogonal experiment results showed that the extraction temperature and extraction pressure had a significant influence on the comprehensive score of volatile oil. The optimized extraction process was as follows: extraction temperature at 55 ℃, extraction pressure as 30 MPa, and extraction time as 2 h. Conclusion The extraction process optimized in this experiment is stable and feasible, which could be used for the extraction and preparation of the volatile oil.

Extracción de compuestos solubles de la cascarilla de cacao con CO2 supercrítico. Caso de metilxantinas y grasa / Extraction of soluble compounds from cocoa shell with supercritical CO2 . A methilxantines and fat case

Resumen La extracción supercrítica es una técnica efectiva para separar diversos compuestos desde matrices naturales, por las propiedades que le confiere a los solventes como el CO2en estado supercrítico. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue la extracción supercrítica de teobromina, cafeína y grasa de la cascarilla de cacao con CO2supercrítico. Se propuso un diseño 22 con 5 puntos centrales, en condiciones estáticas de extracción, teniendo como factores de estudio, presión (2 000 psi a 6 000 psi) y temperatura (318 K a 333 K). Se analizaron los residuos en la cámara de extracción para evaluar los porcentajes de remoción y residual de grasa, cafeína y teobromina, respectivamente. Los resultados mostraron un rendimiento entre 1.72 % a 9.57 %, con una razón de remoción para grasa y cafeína de 61.31 % a 94.54 % y 38.52 % a 78.38 %, respectivamente. La teobromina se retuvo en el polvo de la cascarilla con una razón residual mayor a 90 %. Los efectos de las variables de temperatura y presión para la remoción de grasa fueron predichos a través de un polinomio de primer orden con efectos de interacción, no así para cafeína o teobromina. El método de extracción fue eficiente para remover grasa y cafeína, quedando un residuo en la cámara de extracción considerado como rico en compuestos funcionales.

Abstract Supercritical extraction is an effective technique for separating various compounds from natural matrices due to the properties from solvents, such as CO2, in supercritical state. In the present work, the supercritical extraction of theobromine, caffeine and fat from cocoa shell was carried out with supercritical CO2. A 22 design with 5 central points was proposed, with static operation conditions, having pressure (2 000 psi to 6 000 psi) and extraction temperature (318 K to 333 K) as study factors. The residues were analyzed in the extraction chamber to evaluate the removal and residual percentages of fat, caffeine and theobromine, respectively. The results showed a yield between 1.72 % to 9.57 %, with a removal rate for fat and caffeine of 61.31 % to 94.54 % and 38.52 % to 78.38 %, respectively. The theobromine was retained in the shell powder with a residual ratio greater than 90 %. The effects of temperature and pressure for fat were predicted through a first-order polynomial with interaction effects, but not for caffeine or theobromine. The extraction method was efficient to remove fat and caffeine, leaving a residue powder in the extraction chamber considered as high in functional compounds.

Composition analysis,antioxidative and antibacterial activities comparison of agarwood oils extracted by supercritical and steam distillation / 中国中药杂志

Agarwood is a traditional and precious medicinal material and natural spice in China and other southeast Asian countries.As the head of all spices,agarwood has many pharmacological activities such as analgesia,antidiarrheal,anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. Due to its high price and scarce resources,there were just a few previous studies on it,mainly focusing on the chemical compositions of the agarwood essential oil and solvent extract mixture. The components of agarwood oils obtained by supercritical extraction and steam distillation were analyzed by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer( GC-MS),and then the agarwood oils compositions and contents were compared between the traditional extraction method and the recently emerging supercritical extraction method. Antioxidant experiments of scavenging DPPH,ABTS,hydroxyl radical,total reducing power and MIC experiments of five kinds of tester strains such as staphylococcus aureus were combined to illustrate the differences between these two kinds of agarwood oils in terms of antioxidant and bacteriostatic activities. The results showed that the main components of agarwood oil were sesquiterpenoids( 68. 68%) in steam distillation extraction method,but sesquiterpenoids( 23. 78%) and chromones( 29. 42%) in supercritical extraction method. Fourteen common components included benzyl acetone,α-santalol,γ-eudesmol,agarospirol and guaiol etc. The antioxidant activity and inhibitory MIC of agarwood oils in supercritical extraction method were better than those in steam distillation method,and the inhibitory effect of agarwood oil on the growth of bacillus subtilis was found for the first time.

Evaluation of Acute Toxicity Induced by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extract of Canarium odontophyllum (CO) Miq. Pulp Oil in SPF Sprague Dawley Rats

@#Introduction: Different solvents extraction was used to extract the good fatty acid composition of Dabai fruits. Nevertheless, solvents extraction may exhibit harmful effects. The present study was aimed to evaluate the safety of using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SCO2) of dabai pulp oil by acute toxicity study in Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: The CO pulp oil extract was prepared by SCO2 extraction of the freezedried pulp and was administered orally to SPF SD rats (consisted of 5 rats/sex/group) at upper limit dose 5000 mg/kg body weight (BW) for 14 days. The study includes the control and treatment groups, each consisting of 5 male and female rats. The rats were fed and allowed to drink sterilized water ad libitum. Fatty acid composition (FAC) of the extract was determined using GC-FID. Electrolytes and biochemical parameters in blood, as well as relative organs weight were measured. Results: The extract at a single dose of 5000 mg/kg did not cause any acute toxicity effects or mortality to the treatment of rats during observation periods in 14 days. FAC of the SCO2 extracted oil exhibited high content of palmitic and linoleic acids. The relative organs weights (ROW) and histopathology of rats were within normal range. Conclusion: Thus, the LD50 was estimated to be more than 5000 mg/kg of CO pulp oil extract and can be considered for further investigation for its therapeutic efficacy in a larger animal model

Enhancement of pigment extraction from B. braunii pretreated using CO2 rapid depressurization

Abstract Extraction of compounds from microalgae requires cell disruption as a pretreatment to increase extraction yield. Botryococcus braunii is a microalga with a significant content of carotenoids and other antioxidant compounds, such as chlorophylls. Cell disruption of B. braunii using CO2 rapid depressurization was studied as a pretreatment for the extraction of carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments. We studied the effect of temperature (21–49 °C) and pressure (6–13 MPa) during static compression on pigment recovery with supercritical CO2 at 40 °C, 30 MPa and solvent flow of 4.7 L NPT/min. Within the experimental region, the extraction yield of carotenoids and chlorophylls increased by 2.4- and 2.2-fold respectively. Static compression conditions of high pressure and low temperature increased the extraction of carotenoids and especially chlorophylls. We selected 21 °C and 13 MPa as the cell disruption condition, which produced 1.91 g/kg d.s. of carotenoids and 14.03 mg/kg d.s. of chlorophylls. Pretreated microalga gave a 10-fold higher chlorophyll extraction yield compared to the untreated sample. While for carotenoids and tocopherols were 1.25 and 1.14-fold higher, respectively. Additionally, antioxidant activity of pretreated microalga (33.22 mmol TE/kg oil) was significantly higher than the value for the untreated samples (29.11 mmol TE/kg oil) (p ≤ 0.05). Confocal microscopy images showed morphological differences between micro-colonies with and without disruption treatment, suggesting that partial cell disruption by rapid depressurization improved the extraction of microalga compounds.

Extração do óleo de manjericão usando fluido supercrítico: analise experimental e matemática / Basil oil extraction using supercritical fluid: experimental and mathematical analysis

O óleo essencial de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) é valorizado no mercado internacional e amplamente usado nas indústrias de condimentos, cosméticos e medicinais. Entre todos os processos que podem ser aplicados na obtenção do óleo, a extração usando fluido supercrítico (EFS) pode ser um método seletivo e eficiente, dependendo das condições operacionais, como temperatura e pressão, que precisam ser otimizadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficiência da extração supercrítica, utilizando planejamento experimental, na extração do óleo de manjericão com os métodos convencionais (hidrodestilação e soxhlet). Para a realização da parte experimental, foi utilizado dióxido de carbono como solvente para a EFS e hexano, para aplicação no soxhlet. Foi realizado um delineamento central composto rotacional (DCCR), aplicando três pressões (100, 200 e 300 bar) e três temperaturas (30, 40 e 50ºC). Através da hidrodestilação, obteve-se o menor rendimento (0,26%), usando o Soxhlet, o rendimento foi de 2,39% sendo superior, comparado á EFS, que foi de 0,43%. O DCCR mostrou que, para otimizar o processo, é necessário aumentar a pressão e a temperatura para o alcance de maiores rendimentos. Foi possível constatar que o modelo matemático representou bem o processo de extração, propiciando o "scale-up" deste.

The essential basil (Ocimum basilicum) oil has been valued in the international market and widely used in industries of condiments, medicines and cosmetics. Among all the processes that can be applied to extract the oil, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) can be an efficient and selective one, depending on the operational conditions like temperature and pressure. The aim of study was to compare the supercritical extraction method, using an experimental planning, with conventional extractions methods as hydrodistillation and soxhlet. It was used carbon dioxide as solvent in the SFE, and hexane for the soxhlet extraction. A central composite rotational design (CCRD) was applied varying three pressures (100, 200 and 300 bar) and three temperatures (30, 40 and 50 °C). The yield using soxhlet was the highest (2.39%), followed by SFE (0.43%) and hydrodistillation with 0.26%. The CCRD showed that to optimize the process, it is necessary to raise the temperature and pressure in order to achieve higher yields. It could be concluded that the mathematical modeling well represented the extraction process, making the scale-up a possible alternative.

Supercritical CO2 extraction of Schinus molle L with co-solvents: mathematical modeling and antimicrobial applications

This work investigates the antimicrobial activity of the Schinus molle L. leaves extracts obtained under supercritical conditions using carbon dioxide and co-solvents. Antimicrobial qualitative evaluation was carried out through the bioautography technique and the microorganisms studied were Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, and Salmonella choleraesuis. The supercritical fluid extraction was carried out in a pilot scale equipment using carbon dioxide modified by the addition of co-solvents, such as ethanol and water at 150 bar and 333 K. A mathematical modeling of the process was also performed.

Technology of ultrasound-enhanced supercritical extraction for magnolol and honokiol / 中草药

Objective: To explore the enhanced role of ultrasound on supercritical fluid extraction. Methods: With stability parameters of supercritical fluid extraction of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex, taking magnolol and honokiol contents and extraction rate as the reference indicators, the extraction effect between ultrasonic and supercritical fluid and ultrasound-enhanced supercritical fluid was compared. Rusults: Ultrasound-enhanced supercritical fluid extraction is superior to the others. Conclusion: Ultrasound could strengthen the supercritical fluid extraction of active ingredients from Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex.

Chemical variation of tannins and triterpenes in Brazilian populations of Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. Ex Reiss / Variabilidade química de taninos e triterpenos em diferentes populações naturais de Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. Ex Reiss

Maytenus ilicifolia and Maytenus aquifolia species are widely used as a cicatrisation agent, an anti-spasmodic, contraceptive, antiulcerogenic, diuretic and analgesic. Considering the importance of these species in popular medicine, this work is focused on the determination of the chemical content of tannins and the triterpenes friedelan-3-one, friedelan-3-ol and friedelin in 15 native populations of Maytenus ilicifolia distributed in the south and mind-west regions of Brazil. Correlation of the concentration of these compounds with the environmental parameters such as average annual temperature, climate, vegetation, geomorphology, latitude and altitude was determined using Pearson's coefficient. Results showed that average annual temperature and climate have significant effect on tannin content at a 95% confidence level. The highest tannin concentration was found in Ponta Porã population, and for the triterpenes investigated, a significant correlation between their concentrations with the environmental variables studied was not verified.

As espécies de Maytenus ilicifolia e Maytenus aquifolia são utilizadas como antiespasmódico, contraceptivo, antiulcerogênico, diurético, cicatrizante e analgésico. A ação antiulcerogênica dos extratos de Maytenus ilicifolia possuem relação com a presença de taninos e com os triterpenos friedelan-3-ona, friedelan-3-ol e friedelin. Este trabalho está focado na determinação do teor de taninos e dos triterpenos friedelan-3-ona, friedelan-3-ol e friedelin em 15 populações nativas de Maytenus ilicifolia distribuídas nas regiões Sul e Centro-Oeste do Brasil. A correlação entre a concentração destes compostos com variáveis ambientais, tais como temperatura média anual (TMA), clima segundo Koeppen, vegetação, geomorfologia, latitude e altitude foi determinada através do emprego da correlação de Pearson. Os resultados mostraram que as variáveis temperatura média anual e clima apresentaram influência significativa ao nível de confiança de 95% sobre a concentração de taninos. O maior teor de taninos foi encontrado na população de Ponta Porã, a qual possui uma temperatura média anual de 23 °C. Para os triterpenos estudados, friedelan-3-ona, friedelan-3-ol e friedelin, não foi evidenciada correlação significativa entre a concentração destes compostos com as variáveis ambientais estudadas.

Semi-volatile compounds variation among Brazilian populations of Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil

The use of compressed carbon towards extracting semi-volatile compounds present in maté leaves (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) is due to the growing interest in mate constituents to develop new products in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industries. The objective of this work was to assess the chemical distribution of semi-volatile compounds in 20 native populations of maté collected all over Brazil. The extracts of bulk samples (30 plants) of each population were obtained by the high-pressure carbon dioxide extraction technique, and analyzed by GC/MSD. The quantification of compounds (caffeine, theobromine, phytol, squalene, vitamin E, eicosane, pentatriacontane, and stigmasterol) showed significant variations within the different populations and compounds analyzed, which are not related to geographical origin or macroclimate characteristics. The results pointed out to the importance of genetic and local environmental factors on the chemical composition of this species.

A extração empregando dióxido de carbono a altas pressões em erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.), tem sido justificada pelo crescente interesse desta matriz vegetal ou de parte de seus constituintes na formulação de novos produtos, tais como cosméticos e medicamentos, entre outros. Neste contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar a distribuição química de compostos semi-voláteis em 20 populações de erva-mate coletadas em toda área de distribuição desta espécie no Brasil. 30 plantas foram selecionadas para produzir a amostra de cada população. Os extratos de cada amostra foram obtidos por extração com dióxido de carbono a alta pressão e, posteriormente, foram analisados por CG/EM. A quantificação de alguns compostos semi-voláteis presentes nos extratos (cafeína, teobromina, fitol, esqualeno, vitamina E, eicosano, pentatriacontano e stigmasterol), apresentaram variações significativas entre as concentrações dos diferentes compostos analisados nas diferentes populações, os quais não estão relacionados com origem geográfica ou com características de macroclima. Os resultados apontam para a importância dos fatores genéticos e/ou fatores de microclima sobre a composição química desta espécie.

Analysis of Coumarins from Angelica Dahurica and CO_2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction Method for Extraction of Coumarins / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish a HPLC method for determination of total coumarins in Angelica dahurica and to develop a CO 2 supercritical fluid extraction(SFE)method for its extraction.METHODS:Orthogonal design was used to in?vestigate the influence of extraction pressure,temperature,time length and pulverized degree of medicine on extraction rate of total coumarins.The contents of imperator and isoimperator in the extract were analyzed by HPLC.RESULTS:The Liner ranges of imperator and isoimperator were29.4～235.2?10～80?g/ml respectively.The average recoveries were(100.46?1.42)%?(99.94?1.18)%(n=3)respectively.The relative standard deviations were1.76%and1.62%respectively.When alcohol was used as a modifier,the extraction rate of total coumarins was the highest when the sample was pulverized into60mesh and had been extracted at35MPa and45℃for3hours.CONCLUSIONS:The extraction pressure,pulverized degree and extraction length all have significant effects on extraction rate of total coumarins.The established method is precise,convenient and can be used for determination of imperator and isoimperator.

Supercritical extraction technique for essential oils in Keganliyan Oral Liquor / 中草药

Objective To optimize supercritical extraction technique from four medicinal materials, which are the part components in the recipe of Keganliyan Oral Liquor and are extracted traditionally for essential oils. Methods Extraction ratio and menthol extraction quantity were taken as evaluated indexes. Supercritical extraction technique was researched with orthogonal tests, gas chromatography, and SAS statistic. Results Within the test levels, temperature and time showed evident effect on extraction ratio and menthol extraction quantity, while pressure did not show any evident effect on them、 The preferable technique to extraction ratio is temperature at 55 ℃, time for 120 min, and extracted pressure at 27 MPa; and the preferable technique to menthol extraction quantity is temperature at 45 ℃, time for 120 min, and extracted pressure at 22 MPa. Conclusion The optimized supercritical extraction technique for Keganliyan Oral Liquor is feasible.

Study on extraction of coumarins in Angelica Dahurica by supercritical CO_2 / 中成药

AIM: To optimize the extraction process for coumarins in Angelica Dahurica by supercritical CO 2 as guided by the contents of oxyimperatorin, imperatorin and the total coumarins in the extract. METHODS: HPLC was applied to determine the contents of oxyimperatorin and imperatorin. orthogonal design was applied to optimize SFE process. Range and variance analysis as well as stepwise nonlinear regression analysis were applied to deal with experimental results. RESULTS: The optimum process was established as following: 21MPa as extracting pressure, 50℃ as extracting temperature, 3.5h as extracting time, 20 mesh as pulverized degree and 6.5MPa as separating pressure. The relative error between experimental data and calculated value was less than 5%. CONCLUSION: Changes in extracting pressure, temperature, time, pulverized degree would affect the extracting results remarkably. Some factors had interactions on the extraction of coumarins in Angelica Dahurica . Regression equation was reasonable and could forecast results precisely.

Study on the supercritical CO_2 extraction of curcumolin Curcuma with uniform design and regression analysis / 中成药

AIM: To optimize the extraction process for the active components in Curcuma by supercritical CO_2 as guided by the contents of curcumol in Curcuma. METHODS: Gas chromatography was used to determine the contents of curcumol in the extract.Uniform design and path analysis were used to optimize SFE process. RESULTS: The optimum process was established as following:20 MPa as extracting pressure,40℃ as extracting temperature,120 minutes as dynamic extracting time and 20 minutes as static extracting time,24 mL of 70% alcohol as modifier.The absolute error of the predicted value from the model was smaller than 0.6%. CONCLUSION: The regression model is very notable and reasonable and can forecast results precisely.