Adjuvant versus early Salvage radiation therapy for prostate cancer with adverse pathological features on radical prostatectomy—Do we finally have an answer?

Background: The presence of adverse pathological features like extraprostatic extension, seminal vesicle involvement, or positive margins at radical prostatectomy incurs a high risk of postoperative recurrence. Currently, adjuvant radiotherapy (ART) is the standard of care in these patients, while early salvage radiotherapy (eSRT) is a potential alternative strategy. Aims: The purpose of this paper is to review the latest evidence comparing outcomes of adjuvant versus early SRT in this clinical scenario. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of Google Scholar, PubMed/Medline, and EMBASE was done to identify relevant studies published in the English language, regarding outcomes of adjuvant radiotherapy and early SRT in post radical prostatectomy patients. Twelve studies, including six randomized trials, four retrospective studies, one systematic review, and one metanalysis were included in the final analysis. Results: We found that initial randomized trials demonstrated better event?free survival with adjuvant radiotherapy when compared to observation alone. However, ART was associated with increased risk of overtreatment and thus increased radiation?related toxicity rates. Conclusion: Preliminary evidence from recently reported RCTs suggests that eSRT may provide equivalent oncological outcomes to ART in prostate cancer patients with adverse pathology on radical prostatectomy while decreasing unnecessary treatment and radiation?related toxicity in a significant proportion of patients. However, the final verdict would be delivered after the long?term metastasis?free survival and overall survival outcomes are available.

5-aminolevulinic Acid and Surgical Margin Analysis in Calvarial Metastasis with Pericranium or Dural Extension: Technical Note

Metastasis to the calvarium with direct pericranium or dural infiltration may be treated with radical surgical removal in selected cases. We describe microsurgical resection of calvarial metastases with fluorescence-guided technique using 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) in two female patients with breast cancer. Fluorescence findings were positive in both cases. Margins in the scalp and dural layer were 5-ALA negative at the end of surgical removal. Intraoperative pathology was performed in all cases to confirm if oncological limits were free of disease. One case was 5-ALA positive in the outer layer of the dura-mater and another in the pericranium. At the end of the removal in both cases, the surgicalmargins were 5-ALA fluorescence-free. Intraoperative pathology confirmed oncological limits of the resection. 5-aminolevulinic acid fluorescence-guided surgery for calvarial metastases with pericranium and/or dural extension seems to be a safe and reliable method to aid the surgical margins for complete removal, possibly delaying or avoiding adjuvant irradiation for progression control.

Importancia de los márgenes quirúrgicos afectados en la conización uterina cervical / Importance of surgical margins affected in cervical uterine conization

Resumen: OBJETIVO: Determinar la asociación entre los márgenes afectados con la persistencia-recurrencia de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical, persistencia del virus del papiloma humano y las reintervenciones. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de casos y controles anidado en una cohorte retrospectiva del Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense (enero 2010-octubre 2017). Criterio de inclusión: mujeres con al menos una revisión postintervención. Criterios de exclusión: mujeres sin evidencia de displasia de alto grado en la pieza de conización y a las que no se dio seguimiento. Variables de estudio: edad, tabaquismo, preservativo, anticonceptivos orales, vacunación contra VPH, persistencia-recurrencia de NIC y de VPH y reintervención. Se realizaron pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas entre las variables. RESULTADOS: La cohorte se integró con 248 mujeres, de éstas 81 (32.6%) tuvieron afectación de los márgenes quirúrgicos en la conización. La inmunosupresión, el tabaquismo y la anticoncepción oral fueron las asociaciones más frecuentes en los márgenes afectados. El uso de preservativo y la vacunación contra VPH fueron significativamente más frecuentes en los márgenes libres. Los márgenes afectados reportaron mayor persistencia de VPH (50 vs 23.9%; OR 3.17 (1.90-5.26), p < 0.001), enfermedad persistente-recurrente (47.2 vs 22.5%; OR 3.07 (1.84-5.12), p < 0.001) y reintervenciones (40.2 vs 15.4%; OR 3.679 (2.094-6.463), p < 0.028). El margen más afectado fue, en orden descendente, endocervical (55.6%), exocervical (25%) y ambos (19.4%). CONCLUSIONES: El margen afectado confiere un riesgo importante en la evolución de la infección por VPH y la recurrencia de la enfermedad.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between affected margins with persistence-recurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, persistence of human papillomavirus and re-interventions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study of cases and controls nested in a retrospective cohort of the Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense (January 2010-October 2017). Inclusion criteria: women with at least one post-intervention check-up. Exclusion criteria: women without evidence of high-grade dysplasia in the conization piece and who were not followed up. Study variables: age, smoking, condom, oral contraceptives, HPV vaccination, persistence-recurrence of CIN and HPV, and re-operation. Parametric and non-parametric tests were performed among the variables. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 248 women, 81 of whom (32.6%) had affected surgical margins on conization. Immunosuppression, smoking and oral contraception were the most frequent associations in affected margins. Condom use and HPV vaccination were significantly more frequent in free margins. Affected margins reported greater persistence of HPV (50 vs 23.9%; OR 3.17 (1.90-5.26), p < 0.001), persistent-recurrent disease (47.2 vs 22.5%; OR 3.07 (1.84-5.12), p < 0.001), and reinterventions (40.2 vs 15.4%; OR 3.679 (2.094-6.463), p < 0.028). The most affected margin was, in descending order, endocervical (55.6%), exocervical (25%) and both (19.4%). CONCLUSIONS: The affected margin confers a significant risk in the evolution of HPV infection and disease recurrence.

Implicancias pronósticas de los márgenes quirúrgicos en el carcinoma oral / Prognostic implications of surgical margins in carcinoma of the oral cavity

Antecedentes: sobre la base de la bibliografía revisada y los resultados de supervivencia global y libre de enfermedad con diferentes márgenes de resección, se plantea la hipótesis de que márgenes < 5mm son suficientes para lograr una tasa de supervivencia global y comparables a las obtenidas con márgenes mayores. Objetivo: evaluar la supervivencia global y la supervivencia específica a 3 y 5 años de los pacientes con carcinomas escamosos de cavidad oral, en función de los márgenes quirúrgicos obtenidos. Material y métodos: se reclutaron entre enero de 2010 y diciembre de 2017 81 pacientes operados, 57,1%hombres, con una edad media de 60,49 años. Resultados: en el análisis multivariado en función de la supervivencia global y libre de enfermedad, resultaron variables pronósticas significativas el grado de diferenciación tumoral (p = 0,033), la invasión ganglionar extracapsular (p = 0,001) y la infiltración perineural (p = 0,000). Se pudo observar que no hay diferencias en la supervivencia libre de enfermedad de los diferentes grupos evaluados sobre la base de los márgenes quirúrgicos, pero se cree que la radioterapia posoperatoria estaría confundiendo la importancia real de los márgenes, debido a que la mayoría de los pacientes que presentaban márgenes cercanos fueron sometidos a radioterapia posoperatoria. Conclusiones: las variables analizadas concuerdan con la bibliografía en el sentido de que los únicos factores pronósticos resultan las características histológicas. Si bien existen muchos trabajos que analizan los márgenes en el carcinoma escamoso de cavidad oral, todavía no hay consenso en cuanto al valor pronóstico de los márgenes cercanos (1-5 mm).

Background: Based on the literature reviewed and the results of overall and disease-free survival with different surgical margins, we hypothesized that margins < 5mm are sufficient to achieve and overall survival rate and are comparable to those obtained with larger margins. Objective: The primary outcome of the present study was to evaluate overall survival and specific survival at 3 and 5 years of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity according to the surgical margins obtained. Material and methods: Between January 2010 and December 2017, 81 patients underwent surgery; 57.1% were men and mean age was 60.49 years. Results: At multivariate analysis, tumor differentiation (p = 0.033), extracapsular lymph node invasion (p = 0.001) and perineural invasion (p = 0.000) were identified as significant predictors of overall survival and disease-free survival. There were no differences in disease-free survival in the different groups evaluated based on the surgical margins. Yet, postoperative radiotherapy may actually obscure the importance of margins since most patients with close margins underwent postoperative radiotherapy. Conclusions: The variables analyzed in this paper are consistent with the literature in that only histological characteristics are prognostic factors. Although there are many studies analyzing the surgical margins in squamous carcinoma of the oral cavity, there is still no consensus regarding the prognostic value of close margins (1-5 mm).

Primary leiomyosarcoma of bone: clinicopathologic and prognostic factors analysis in a single institution / Leiomiossarcoma primário ósseo: análise clinicopatológica e dos fatores de prognóstico em uma única instituição

ABSTRACT Objective: Primary leiomyosarcoma of bone (PLB) is a rare type of malignant bone tumor considered as a variant of the spindle cell sarcomas (SCS). The objective of this study was to analyze the clinicopathologic and the prognostic factors of patients with PLB treated at a single institution. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 22 patients with pathologically confirmed PLB. The data collected were: age, sex, tumor size and location, grade and stage of the disease and histopathologic features. Mean age was 45.5 years (range, 17 to 73 y). Location was: upper limb (27.3%), lower limb (68.2%) and pelvis (4.5%). Patients had high grade in 90.9% of the reports. Margins were negative in 77.3% of the cases. Histological reports describe spindly sarcomatous cells arranged in fascicles with increased vascular formation without osteoid or chondroid matrix production. On immunohistochemistry, smooth muscle actin and desmin where positive in all cases. Results: Mean follow-up time was 73.5 months (range, 5.3 to 331.1 m). We found 22.7% of local recurrence (LR). Distant metastasis (DM) was reported in 9 (40.9%) patients. Lung metastasis was the only DM affected site. Overall survival (OS) rate in 5 years was 59.1%. Predictors of OS were LR and DM. Conclusions: PLB is an extremely rare malignant bone tumor that has a higher rate of DM and similar OS prognosis compared with other bone sarcomas. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

RESUMO Objetivos: O leiomiossarcoma primário do osso (LPO) é um tumor ósseo maligno raro, considerado uma variante do sarcoma de células fusiformes (SCF). O objetivo deste estudo foi fazer uma análise clínico-patológica e dos fatores de prognóstico dos pacientes diagnosticados com LPO tratados em uma instituição única. Métodos: Foram analisados retrospectivamente os prontuários de 22 pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado de LPO. Os dados coletados foram: idade, sexo, tamanho e localização do tumor, grau histológico, estádio da doença e as características histopatológicas. A média de idade foi 45,5 anos (de 17 a 73 a). A localização foi: membro superior (27,3%), membro inferior (68,2%) e pelve (4,5%). Os pacientes apresentaram alto grau em 90,9% dos relatos. As margens foram livres em 77,3% dos casos. Os relatos histológicos descrevem células sarcomatosas finas e compridas, arranjadas em fascículos, com aumento da vascularização e sem produção de matriz osteoide ou condral. No estudo imuno-histoquímico, a actina do músculo liso e a desmina foram positivas em todos os casos. Resultados: O tempo médio de seguimento foi 73,5 meses (de 5,3 a 331,1 m). Dos pacientes, 22,7% apresentaram recorrência local (RL). Metástase à distância (MD) foi reportada em 9 (40,9%) pacientes. O único local de MD foi o pulmão. O tempo médio de sobrevida em 5 anos foi de 59,1%. Os fatores preditivos de sobrevida global foram: RL e MD. Conclusão: O LPO é um tumor ósseo maligno extremamente raro que tem uma taxa maior de MD, com uma sobrevida global similar aos outros sarcomas ósseos. Nível de Evidencia IV, Série de Casos.

A comprehensive review of surgical margin in oral squamous cell carcinoma highlighting the significance of tumor-free surgical margins

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy of the oral cavity, and surgery is the most accepted line of treatment. The surgical margins (SMs) or resection margins are boundaries of resection specimen excised by the surgeon. The status of these resected SMs is an important and valuable tool to predict the treatment outcome. It is necessary to attain optimal SM to avoid local recurrence and improve overall survival. However, the controversies exist regarding the concept of optimal SM. There are various factors that influence the assessment of the SMs. In addition, apart from routine histopathology, the molecular assessment of resected margins has recently gained value which has a promising role for margin surveillance. Furthermore, the histological and molecular appraisal of tumor-free margins is also necessary to standardize the treatment modalities. Hence, this review aims to summarize the above issues that influence the evaluation of SMs of OSCC along with recent updates. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to give an overview about future possible approaches for the tumor-free margins. An electronic search was performed for items related to the evaluation of SMs in OSCC, and the obtained articles were critically assessed and the relevant information was extracted and summarized.

Safety margin of embolized area can reduce local recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after superselective transarterial chemoembolization

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We aimed to determine the relationship between the safety margin of an embolized area and local tumor recurrence (LTR) of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who underwent superselective transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). METHODS: The medical records of 77 HCC patients with 109 HCC nodules who underwent superselective TACE were retrospectively analyzed for LTR. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for 16 potential factors using Cox proportional hazard regression. Iodized oil deposition on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging was divided into three grades: A=complete tumor staining and complete circumferential safety margin, B=complete tumor staining but incomplete safety margin, C=incomplete tumor staining. The effect of a safety margin on LTR was evaluated by comparison between grade A and B group. RESULTS: Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that grade A iodized oil deposition and portal vein visualization were the only two independent significant factors of LTR (P<0.001 and P=0.029, respectively). The 12- and 24-month LTR rates of tumors for grade A (n=62), grade B (n=30), and grade C (n=17) were 16% vs. 41% vs. 100% and 16% vs. 61% vs. 100%, respectively (P<0.001). The tumors in the grade A group had a 75% risk reduction in LTR (odds ratio, 0.25; 95% confidence interval, 0.10 to 0.64; P=0.004) compared to the grade B group. CONCLUSIONS: LTR was significantly lower when a greater degree of iodized oil deposition occurred with a complete circumferential safety margin. In superselective TACE, the safety margin of the embolized areas using intraprocedural CBCT affected LTR in HCC patients.

Dermatoscopia para establecer márgenes quirúrgicos mínimos en la resección de carcinomas basocelulares / Dermoscopy for establishing the minimal surgical margins in basal cells carcinoma resection

Introducción: el carcinoma basocelular es la forma más común de cáncer de piel y el proceder quirúrgico es la elección para su tratamiento. Aparece más frecuente en áreas visibles o fotoexpuestas, por lo que en ocasiones, con el fin de preservar tejidos su resección es insuficiente; o por el contrario si se amplían a los márgenes establecidos, pudieran generar secuelas cicatrizales. La dermatoscopía es una técnica de fácil aplicación que permite previamente la visualización de los límites reales del tumor para así obtener márgenes quirúrgicos no comprometidos de menor tamaño que evitan posteriores deformidades estéticas. Objetivos: determinar la utilidad de la dermatoscopía para obtener márgenes quirúrgicos mínimos, libres de carcinomas basocelulares en cara y cuello, con posterior comprobación histológica. Materiales y Métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo, en Hospital " Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández" de la ciudad de Matanzas, a 21 pacientes, con diagnóstico clínico y dermatoscópico de carcinoma basocelular. Se les estableció mínimo margen quirúrgico a través de la dermatoscopía y posterior a ello, se comprobó histológicamente si los bordes de incisión estaban comprometidos o no. Resultados: el 95,5 % de los informes histopatológicos revelaron que las lesiones fueron bien resecadas. Conclusiones: el establecimiento dermatoscópico de un mínimo margen quirúrgico antes de la excéresis, constituye un método confiable para la obtención de lesiones bien resecadas, y disminuyen así las secuelas deformantes que provocan las cicatrices de las grandes incisiones en lesiones de cara y cuello (AU).

Introduction: the basal cell carcinoma is the most common form of skin cancer and the surgical procedure is the election for its treatment. It appears more frequently in visible or photo exposed areas, therefore, occasionally its resection is insufficient with the aim of preserving tissues, or because if it reaches the established margins it could generate scar sequels. Dermoscopy is an easily applicable technique allowing the previous visualization of the real limits of the tumor for obtaining surgical, noncompromised margins of less size that avoid subsequent esthetic deformities. Objectives: to determine the usefulness of dermoscopy for obtaining minimal surgical margins, free of basal cell carcinomas in the face and neck, with following histologic verification. Materials and Methods: observational, descriptive study carried out in the Hospital "Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernandez" of Matanzas, in 21 patients with clinical and dermoscopic of basal cell carcinoma. Through dermoscopy the minimal surgical margin was established and after that, it was checked histologically if the incision borders were compromised or not. Results: 95.5 % of the histopathological reports showed that the lesions were correctly resected. Conclusions: the dermoscopical establishment of a minimal surgical margin before the excision, is a reliable method for getting good resected lesions; that way, the deforming sequels caused by the scars of large incisions in lesions of the face and neck are reduced. (AU)

The adenoid cystic carcinoma of the Bartholin's gland: a literature review

The adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the Bartholin's gland (BG) is one of the most uncommon variant of vulvar malignancies representing only 10­15% of cases. The main differential diagnosis is the BG cyst. Risk factors to the development of ACCBG are still unclear. The symptoms are usually non-specific and may include local inflammation, pain, local itching, burning sensations, bleeding, pruritus and or dyspareunia. There is currently no consensus regarding the optimal surgical treatment and the question whether to do or not a systematic inguinal femoral lymph node dissection is still controversial. Guidelines for postoperative chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy are not established, despite the relative frequency of microscopically positive surgical resection margin. Adjuvant radiation therapy seems to lower the incidence of local recurrence in patients with positive resection margins, based on retrospective studies and case reports. Chemotherapy as adjuvant treatment is still under evaluation

LOCOREGIONAL FLAPS IN ONCOPLASTIC SURGERY AND BREAST RECONSTRUCTION / Retalhos locorregionais na cirurgia oncoplástica e reconstrutiva da mama

IIntroduction: Conserving surgery in the treatment of breast cancer, in association with radiotherapy, has replaced mastectomy in most cases. However, depending on the location and size of tumor, the classic conservative surgery can present unfavourable aesthetic results and high levels of commitment of the surgical margins. The oncoplastic breast surgery can have high local control rates and cause minimum breast deformities, leading to a better aesthetic result. Objective: To report cases of 30 patients with primary unilateral breast carcinoma who underwent oncoplastic surgery between 2013 and 2015. Methods: We used local and regional dermo-glandular rotation techniques. The average age of patients was 58.9 years. The average tumor size was 2.53 cm. Three patients had close or positive surgical margins and underwent a new surgical procedure. Results: The aesthetic result was evaluated by the BCCT.core program and was considered excellent in 11 cases, good in 12 cases and regular in 7 cases. Six patients had postoperative complications. Conclusion: The use of local and regional dermo-glandular rotation techniques allows extensive resections in breast conserving surgery, leading to a satisfying symmetry and a good aesthetic result without the need of symmetrization, with low postoperative complication rates and high rates of free surgical margins.

Introdução: A cirurgia conservadora no tratamento do câncer de mama, associada à radioterapia, tem substituído a mastectomia na maioria dos casos. Entretanto, dependendo da localização e do tamanho do tumor, a cirurgia conservadora clássica pode resultar em um resultado estético insatisfatório e em altos índices de comprometimento de margens cirúrgicas. A cirurgia oncoplástica da mama pode apresentar altas taxas de controle local, causando deformidades mamárias mínimas, levando a um melhor resultado estético. Objetivo: Relatar casos de 30 pacientes com carcinoma mamário unilateral que foram submetidas à cirurgia oncoplástica da mama entre 2013 e 2015. Métodos: Foram utilizadas técnicas de rotação dermoglandular local e regional. A idade média das pacientes foi de 58,9 anos. O tamanho médio do tumor foi 2,53 cm. Três pacientes apresentaram margens cirúrgicas exíguas ou comprometidas, sendo submetidas a novo procedimento cirúrgico. Resultados: O resultado estético foi avaliado pelo programa BCCT.core, sendo considerado excelente em 11 casos, bom em 12 casos e regular em 7 casos. Seis pacientes apresentaram complicações pós-operatórias. Conclusão: A utilização de técnicas de rotação dermoglandular local e regional permite ressecções extensas na cirurgia conservadora da mama, permitindo uma simetria satisfatória e um bom resultado estético sem a necessidade de simetrização, com baixos índices de complicação pós-operatória e altas taxas de margens cirúrgicas livres.

Method and significance of specimens standardized pathological treatment in pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic head cancer / 中华外科杂志

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a highly aggressive disease with a grim prognosis. Surgical resection offers the best chance for long-term survival. Negative-margin resection still remains the goal, the influence of margin status on outcomes in pancreatic head carcinoma remains controversial, as conflicting data have been plagued by a lack of standardization in R0 resection and margin definitions, pathologic analysis, and reporting. In contrast to common belief, a high rate of R1 resections in pancreatic cancer is not a marker of low-quality surgery but rather of high-quality pathology. The international pathological consensus of pancreatic head carcinoma is still needed to fully understand the prognostic value of margin status in order to optimize treatment strategy for this disease.

Surgeons’ Experience In Breast Conserving Surgery: Does It Influence Surgical Margin?

A surgeon’s experience plays an important role in breast conserving surgery (BCS). The common conception is that, the more junior is the operating surgeon, the surgical margin will be wider or closer to the tumour edge. Thus the aim of this study is to look into the adequacy of surgical margin performed by different level of surgeons’ experience in patients whom underwent wide local excision (WLE) and hook-wire localization (HWL) in our surgical unit. The surgical experience of the operating surgeon and their surgical margins will be analyzed. This is a retrospective study from January 2000 to December 2012. Eighty-eight patients with early breast cancer underwent WLE and HWL by 3 different groups of surgeons (breast surgeons, junior surgeons and surgical registrars) were included. The surgical margins were analyzed for involved-margin, closed-margin or excessed-margin.The incidence of involved-margin, closed-margin and excessed-margin is the lowest among breast surgeons compared to other groups. However, the results were not statistically significant. The incidence of involved surgical margin is significantly higher within junior surgeons for HWL compared to the breast surgeons. The incidence of involved, closed or excessed surgical margin were lowest when performed by breast surgeon but not significantly different between the three groups. However, for HWL the breast surgeons significantly better compared to the other groups.

Surgical Margins in Breast Cancer: Finally Defined?.

It is proven that breast conservative surgery plus radiotherapy is safe and has equivalent results when compared to mastectomy. It is known that positive surgical margins increase the risk of local recurrence. The effect of increasing negative margin width after breast-conserving therapy on local recurrence is controversial. There is no consensus on what constitutes adequate negative margins in breast conservative surgery. There is also an evident association between widely negative margins and excessive breast tissue ressection, with poor cosmetic outcomes. Besides, reexcisions represent elevated costs and psychological trauma to the patients. Definition of what constitutes an adequate margin for both invasive and noninvasive breast cancer is clearly needed. We review here the evolution of surgical margins concepts in breast cancer and try to establish the ideal and current surgical approach for each patient.

Margens cirúrgicas no tratamento conservador do câncer de mama:revisão sistemática / Surgical margins in conservative treatment of breast cancer: systematic review

Há um intenso debate sobre margens cirúrgicas, embora o Consenso Internacional de 2010 defina margem positiva como tumor microscópico tocando o nanquim e margem de 2 mm para carcinoma in situ. No Instituto Nacional de Câncer, considerou-se adequada a margem de 10 mm para pacientes submetidas à cirurgia conservadora, e a reexcisão foi recomendada para aquelas menores que 10 mm. Buscamos referências bibliográficas no banco de dados MEDLINE que estudassem a taxa de ampliações de margens cirúrgicas e neoplasia residual, além da associação entre margens e recidiva de câncer de mama nas pacientes submetidas a tratamento conservador. Identificamos 113 artigos, porém apenas 5 foram incluídos. Encontramos apenas 2 artigos que associaram taxa de ampliação e neoplasia residual nas peças de reexcisão. Os demais artigos incluídos avaliaram o impacto das margens cirúrgicas na recorrência local e a distância e na sobrevida global. A presença de doença residual na peça de ampliação demonstrou-se importante fator prognóstico e correlaciona-se com o risco de doença acdistância, demonstrando que o componente biológico do tumor é mais importante do que a distância das margens.

There is an extensive debate about surgical margins, although 2010 International Consensus defines positive margin as microscopic tumor touching the stain and 2 mm for in situ carcinoma. At INCA, is considered satisfactory 10 mm margin for patients undergoing conservative surgery, and reexcision is recommended for those smaller than 10 mm. We searched for references at MEDLINE that studied reexcision rates and residual disease, and the association between surgical margins and breast cancer relapse between patients treated with conservative surgery. An amount of 113 articles were identified, but only 5 included. Only 2 articles associated reexcision rates and residual disease in reexcision specimens. The others evaluated the impact of surgical margins in local and distance recurrence and global survival. Residual disease in reexcision specimens was an important prognostic factor and correlates to the risk of distant recurrence, showing that the biologic component of the tumor might be more important than margins distance.

Nefrectomias parciales y tumorectomias: experiencia durante los ultimos 10 años en servicio de urología Hospital Clínico de Valdivia / Partial nephrectomy and Tumorectomy specimens: experience duringthe last 10 years in the Urology department of the Hospital the Valdivia

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: El mayor uso de imágenes diagnósticas, ha implicado un aumento en el diagnóstico de lesionestumorales renales de menor tamaño, llevando al desarrollo de técnicas quirúrgicas conservadoras de parenquimarenal. Series internacionales han demostrado que los resultados oncológicos de este tipo de cirugía son similares a la nefrectomía radical. Nuestro objetivo es mostrar la experiencia y resultados oncológicos de la cirugía conservadora deparenquima renal. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo, de las nefrectomías parciales y tumorectomías realizadas entre Enero del año 2002 y Junio del año 2013, en el Hospital Clínico Regional de Valdivia. RESULTADOS: 50 pacientes fueron sometidos a cirugía renal conservadora, con 51 cirugías realizadas. 26 corresponden a sexo masculino y 24 a sexo femenino; promedio de edad de 58,2 años. De las cirugías realizadas veinte correspondieron a nefrectomías parciales, contamaño tumoral promedio de 4,3 cms. (2-7 cms.) y 31 a tumorectomías, con tamaño tumoral promedio de 2,5 cms. (1-6,1cms.). Del total de los tumores resecados, ocho (26%) fueron informados como tumores benignos y 43 (84%) corresponden a adenocarcinomas; 41 (95%) corresponden a la variante células claras y solo dos a variante de células cromofobas. Lasbiopsias rápidas están todas entre 1-2 mm de tejido sano como margen, y todas fueron negativas para tumor. La biopsiadiferida, informo cuatro márgenes positivos para tumor. De estas, tres fueron a re-cirugía cuyas biopsias fueron negativaspara tumor. El tiempo promedio de seguimiento fue de 51,1 meses, con una sobrevida actuarial a los diez años cercana al70% y una sobrevida específica a los diez años cercana al 95%...

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The increased use of diagnostic imaging, has involved an increase in the diagnosis ofsmaller tumor lesions, taking the development of conservative surgical techniques of renal parenchyma. Internationalseries have shown that cancer results from this type of surgery are similar to radical nephrectomy. Our goal is to show the experience and oncological results of renal parenchymal sparing surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective studyof tumorectomies and partial nephrectomies performed between January 2002 and June 2013, at the Regional Hospital ofValdivia. RESULTS: 50 patients underwent renal sparing surgery, with 51 surgeries performed. 26 are male and 24 female,average age of 58.2 years old. Of the surgeries performed, twenty were partial nephrectomy, with average tumor size of4.3 cm. (2-7 cms.) and 31 tumorectomies, with average tumor size of 2.5 cm. (1-6.1 cms.). Of all resected tumors, eight (26%)were reported as benign and 43 (84%) were adenocarcinomas, 41 (95%) were clear cell variant and only two chromophobecell variant. Quick biopsies are all 1-2 mm of healthy tissue margin, and all were negative for tumor. The deferred biopsy,reported four positive tumor margins. Of these, three went to re-surgery, whose biopsies were negative for tumor. The average follow-up time was 51.1 months, with an actuarial survival at ten years about 70% and a specific survival at ten years was approximately 95%...

Influence of focal and diffuse extraprostatic extension and positive surgical margins on biochemical progression following radical prostatectomy

PURPOSE: The amount of extraprostatic extension and positive surgical margin correlates in most studies with biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy. We studied the influence of focal and diffuse extraprostatic extension and positive surgical margins on biochemical progression using a simple method for quantification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 360 prostates were step-sectioned and totally processed from 175 patients with stage T1c and 185 patients with clinical stage T2 submitted to radical retropubic prostatectomy. Extraprostatic extension was stratified into 2 groups: present up to 1 quadrant and/or section from the bladder neck or apex (Group 1, focal) and in more than 1 quadrant or section (Group 2, diffuse); and, positive surgical margin present up to 2 quadrants and/or sections (Group 1, focal) and in more than 2 quadrants or sections (Group 2, diffuse). The Kaplan-Meier product-limit analysis was used for the time to biochemical recurrence, and an univariate and multivariate Cox stepwise logistic regression model to identify significant predictors. RESULTS: Extraprostatic extension was found in 129/360 (35.8%) patients, 39/129 (30.2%) in Group 1 and 90/129 (69.8%) in Group 2. In univariate analysis but not in multivariate analysis, patients showing diffuse extraprostatic extension (Group 2) had a significant higher risk to develop biochemical recurrence in a shorter time. Positive surgical margin was present in 160/360 (44.4%) patients, 81/160 (50.6%) patients in Group 1 and 79/160 (49.4%) patients in Group 2. Patients with diffuse positive surgical margins (Group 2) had a significant higher risk in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Diffuse positive surgical margin was the strongest predictor on both analyses and an independent predictor on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Diffuse extraprostatic extension in univariate analysis and positive surgical margins on both univariate and multivariate analyses are significant predictors of shorter time to biochemical progression following radical prostatectomy.

Risk factors for positive surgical margins in extraperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To determine relative risk factors for positive surgical margins in extraperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy(LRP). Methods From February 2004 to September 2007,33 patients(mean age 70 years old)with prostate cancers underwent extraperitoneal LRP.All patients were diagnosed by pathology preoperatively.Gleason score:3+3 14 cases(43%),3+4 11 cases(33%),4+3 6 cases(18%),4+4 2 cases(6%).Clinical stage:T1a-T1b 4 cases(12%),T1c 14 cases(43%),T2a-T2b 5 cases(15%),T2c10 cases(30%).Logistic regression analyses were performed. Results LRP was successfully performed on 31 cases.There were 2 cases converted to open surgery.Nine cases(27%)had PSMs.There were 6 cases(67%)and 4 cases(17%)of clinical stage T2c in PSM and negative surgical margin(NSM)groups respectively(P=0.010).There were 3 cases(33%)and 0(0)with high Gleason score(higher than 7)in PSM and NSM cases(P=0.015).There were 4 cases(44%)and 5 cases(21%)with t-PSA higher than 20dg/ml in PSM and NSM cases respectively(P=0.178).In these 9 cases,there were 4 cases(44%)positive with DRE.However there were 9 in the 24 NSM cases(38%)(P=0.509).Clinical stage T2c was independently positively correlated with PSM(OR=24.69).High Gleason score(higher than 7)and t-PSA higher than 20 ng/ml were positively correlated with PSM. Conclusions Clinical stage is positively correlated with PSM.It is an independent factor.High Gleason score(higher than 7)and t-PSA higher than 20 ng/ml mignt be the risk factors in predicting PSM and should be used together with clinical stage.Positive DRE findings may be also useful to predict PSM.

Positive surgical margins at radical prostatectomy: importance of intra-operative bladder neck frozen sections

OBJECTIVE: To determine if intraoperative frozen sections of the bladder neck during radical prostatectomy (RP) could decrease the incidence of final positive surgical margins at the bladder neck. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 51 consecutive men who underwent anatomic RP at University of Florida & Shands Jacksonville. All patients had intraoperative frozen section of bladder neck sent for analysis. Preoperative, operative, and postoperative data were collected and analyzed. Main Outcome Measures: Outcome measures were intraoperative bladder neck margin status, final pathologic bladder neck margin status, and postoperative urinary complications. Median follow-up for the 51 patients was 22 months. RESULTS: The final positive surgical margin rate was 20 percent (10 patients). An additional three patients had positive surgical margins at the bladder neck intraoperatively. These patients then had a wider resection of the affected bladder neck until the frozen sections were negative for cancer or prostatic tissue. Final pathologic evaluation of bladder neck margin was negative for tumor or persistent prostatic tissue in all 51 men. CONCLUSION: With intra-operative frozen sections, we were able to obtain a negligible positive bladder neck margin rate. Surgeons who are still on the learning curve for RP should consider intra-operative frozen section of the bladder neck.

Surgical Margins for Excision of Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans

Dematofibrosarcoma protuberans(DFSP) is a moderate-degree malignant tumor with high recurrence rate and low metastasis rate, from soft tissue. Principle of treatment is wide excision or Mohs micrographic surgery(MMS). Although wide excision has been performed with surgical margins of 2-5cm until nowadays, there are problems of preservation of surrounding normal tissue. Therefore the authors tried to identify desirable surgical margins and operative method. From January 1999 to April 2003, 12 patients with DFSP were operated. We applied different surgical margins and operative methods according to the location of lesions. On the face, we performed MMS with surgical margin of 3-4 mm in 2 cases although there are problems of operation time and expense. But on the extremities and trunk, we performed authors' method to begin excising with surgical margins of 1cm and excise extensively with MMS by 1cm in 4 cases after April, 2001 although we had performed wide excision with surgical margin of 3 cm in 6 cases before. There was no recurrence or metastasis in the follow-up period. So we think that author's method is effective in surgical excision of DFSP

A Study of Subclinical Extension of Basal Cell Carcinoma by Mohs Micrographic Surgery

BACKGROUND: Basal cell carcinoma(BCC) is the most common primary cutaneous neoplasm in Korea. Since the majority of BCCs occur on the head and neck and the goal of the BCC treatment is the complete removal of tumor, Mohs micrographic surgery is ideally suited for maximizing cure rate with minimizing tissue loss. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the depth of excision as well as the lateral margins of BCC and to correlate these with the clinicopathologic aspects of the tumors. METHODS: Twenty patients with 21 BCCs (10 primary, 11 recurrent) diagnosed in the Department of Dermatology of Dong-A University Hospital from March, 1992 through December, 1993 were studied prospectively. RESULTS: 1. Sixty percent of tumors in primary BCCs in our series had a 2-mm maximal margin and 81.8% of recurrent BCC were eradicated with 4-mm or more lateral margin. 2. All the recurrent basal cell carcinomas (8 cases) measuring greater than 15-mm required more than 4-mm margin for the total removal. 3. More than 90% of BCC on the nose in our series required the removal of periosteum/perichondrium or the excision of whole layer. CONCLUSION: Mohs micrographic surgery is an appropriate tool to use in proposing guidelines for the treatment of skin cancer because the most accurate method of determining the actual extent of skin cancer can be achieved.