ABSTRACT
The Indian Council of Medical Research, in 2013, initiated the Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance & Research Network (AMRSN) to enable compilation of data on six pathogenic groups on antimicrobial resistance from the country. The overarching aim of this network was to understand the extent and pattern of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and use this evidence to guide strategies to control the spread of AMR. This article describes the conception and implementation of this AMR surveillance network for India. Also described are the challenges, limitations and benefits of this approach. Data from the Network have shown increasing resistance in Gram-negative bacteria in the hospitals that are part of this network. Combined resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones and increasing carbapenem resistance are worrisome, as it has an important bearing on the patients' outcome and thus needs to be addressed urgently. Data generated through this Network have been used to develop treatment guidelines, which will be supportive in harmonizing treatment practices across the tertiary level healthcare institutions in the country. While, the major benefit of having a surveillance system is the collection of real-time accurate data on AMR including the mechanisms of resistance, representativeness to community, sustaining the current effort and expanding the current activities to next levels of healthcare settings are the major challenges. The data emanating from the network besides providing evidence, expose several gaps and lacunae in the ecosystem and highlight opportunities for action by multiple stakeholders.
ABSTRACT
The annual seasonal epidemic of influenza caused serious disease burden around the world,and serious social panic and economic losses.Due to the high variability and uncertainty of influenza virus,prevention and control of influenza faces many challenges.Surveillance is a key strategy to prevent and control influenza,and influenza is the first infectious disease to be monitored globally.More than 60 years,influenza surveillance programs in China has made great contributions to the prevention and control of influenza in China and the world.Especially in the past 10 years,the influenza surveillance network has developed rapidly,the scale has been expanded significantly,the monitoring content and scope have been continuously improved,and the monitoring quality has been rapidly improved.The China Influenza Surveillance Network is one of the early detection systems for emerging infectious diseases in China and the world.It helps to improve the capacity of public health system in prevention and control and early warning of emerging infectious diseases.
ABSTRACT
The annual seasonal epidemic of influenza caused serious disease burden around the world,and serious social panic and economic losses.Due to the high variability and uncertainty of influenza virus,prevention and control of influenza faces many challenges.Surveillance is a key strategy to prevent and control influenza,and influenza is the first infectious disease to be monitored globally.More than 60 years,influenza surveillance programs in China has made great contributions to the prevention and control of influenza in China and the world.Especially in the past 10 years,the influenza surveillance network has developed rapidly,the scale has been expanded significantly,the monitoring content and scope have been continuously improved,and the monitoring quality has been rapidly improved.The China Influenza Surveillance Network is one of the early detection systems for emerging infectious diseases in China and the world.It helps to improve the capacity of public health system in prevention and control and early warning of emerging infectious diseases.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To make proposals to improve narcotics and psychotropic substances(NPS)control in China. METH-ODS:NPS control system of international organizations,the United States,Britain and China were compared in terms of concept, classification,regulatory basis and agency,etc. The suggestions and reference were put forward. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:NPS of international organizations,the United States,Britain and China are drug types included in relevant categories,besides ana-leptics,precursor chemicals and other drugs are included in control catalogue by the United States and Britain. NPS are divided in-toⅠ-Ⅳcategories by international organizations,Ⅰ-Ⅴcategories by the United States,A,B,C categories and temporary catego-ry by Britain,and narcotics,first and second class psychotropic substances by China. NPS control basis of the United States,Brit-ain and China are Controlled Substances Act,Misuse of Drugs Act and Regulations on Narcotics and Psychotropic Drugs Control, respectively;major regulation organizations are Controlled Substances Enforcement Administration,Advisory Committee on Drug Abuse subordinated to Ministry of Interior,Special Drug Section under China Food and Drug Administration,respectively;there al-so are differences in the functions of control organization and cooperative units. Considering about the problems of NPS control in China,it is suggested to improve laws and regulations system,establish independent system,extend abuse surveillance network and encourage chronic non-cancer pain therapy.