ABSTRACT
La dependencia y el uso indiscriminado de antihelmínticos químicos como único método de control de los nematodos gastrointestinales (NGI) de bovinos ocasiona problemas en el medio ambiente, la salud pública y la productividad de la ganadería bovina. Es necesario desarrollar estrategias no químicas de control. Los hongos nematófagos pueden ser una alternativa viable y promisoria para el control de estos endoparásitos. El objetivo de este estudio fue aislar, identificar y evaluar in vitro el potencial nematófago de hongos de Cundinamarca sobre larvas L3 de NGI de bovinos. Se sembraron 60 muestras de suelo de fincas ganaderas en cajas de Petri con medio agar-agua para el atrapamiento de los hongos, y se identificaron mediante claves morfométricas tres cepas del hongo Arthrobotrys oligospora (L1, XVIII y XXI) y una de Arthrobotrys musiformis (XXIV). Se utilizaron 1 x 10(6) conidios o clamidosporas de cada hongo, los cuales se enfrentaron a 100 larvas de nematodos. El aislamiento XXIV (A. musiformis) demostró mayor capacidad predadora (96,8 %) que los aislamientos (A. oligospora) XVIII, L1 y XXI (69, 68, 71,1 y 87,62 %, respectivamente). No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p > 0,05) entre las cepas de mayor capacidad predadora. Este es el primer registro de identificación y evaluación in vitro de la capacidad predadora de los hongos A. oligospora y A. musiformis nativos de Cundinamarca. Los resultados sugieren que estos hongos podrían emplearse como agentes biocontroladores de nematodos de bovinos.
Dependence and indiscriminate use of chemical anthelmintics as the sole method for controlling gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of cattle causes problems in the environment, public health, and the productivity of cattle. It is important to develop non-chemical control strategies. Nematophagous fungi can be a viable and promising alternative for the control of these endoparasites. This study aimed to isolate, identify and evaluate in vitro the potential of nematophagous fungi from Cundinamarca on L3 larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle. 60 soil samples from cattle ranches were sown in Petri boxes containing agar-water for trapping fungi, and three strains of the fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora (L1, XVIII, and XXI) and one of Arthrobotrys musiformis (XXIV) were identified by morphometric keys. 1 x 10(6) conidia or chlamydospores of each fungi were used, which faced 100 nematode larvae. Isolate XXIV (A. musiformis) showed greater predatory capacity (96.8%) than isolates (A. olígospora) XVIII, LI, and XXI (69.68, 71.1, and 87.62%, respectively). There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) among the strains with more predatory capacity. This is the first record of in vitro identification and evaluation of the predatory capacity of A. olígospora and A. musiformis, native fungi from Cundinamarca. The results suggest that these fungi could be used as biocontrol agents of nematodes in cattle.
A dependência e o uso indiscriminado de anti-helmínticos químicos como único método de controle dos nematódeos gastrointestinais (NGI) de bovinos ocasionam problemas no meio ambiente, a saúde pública e a produtividade da pecuária bovina. É necessário desenvolver estratégias não químicas de controle. Os fungos nematófagos podem ser uma alternativa viável e promissória para o controle destes endoparasitas. O objetivo deste estudo foi isolar; identificar e avaliar in vitro o potencial nematófago de fungos de Cundinamarca sobre larvas L3 de NGI de bovinos. Foram semeadas 60 amostras de solo de fazendas de gado em placas de Petri com ágar-água para a armadilhagem dos fungos, e se identificaram através de chaves morfométricas três cepas do fungo Arthrobotrys oligospora (L1, XVIII e XXI) e uma de Arthrobotrys musiformis (XXIV). Utilizaram-se 1 x 10(6) conidios ou clamidósporos de cada fungo, os quais se enfrentaram a 100 larvas de nematódeos. O isolamento XXIV (A. musiformis) demonstrou maior capacidade predadora (96,8 %) que os isolamentos (A. oligospora) XVIII, L1 e XXI (69, 68, 71,1 e 87,62 %, respectivamente). No houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p > 0,05) entre as cepas de maior capacidade predadora. Este é o primeiro registro de identificação e avaliação in vitro da capacidade predadora dos fungos A. oligospora e A. musiformis nativos de Cundinamarca. Os resultados sugerem que estes fungos poderiam empregar-se como agentes bio controladores de nematódeos de bovinos.
ABSTRACT
Foot-and-mouth disease virus is a positive stand RNA virus that causes an acute vesicular disease of bovid wild and domesticated ruminants. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) comprises of 7 antigenically distinct serotypes (Type O, A, Asia 1, C and SAT1-3) that do not provide cross-protection against one another. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a pandemic disease, accounting for a global loss of 6.5-21 billion US$ per annum. The present investigation aimed at the comparison of FMDV in Bangladesh with that of circulatory types in Asian continent. Categorization, estimation and demography of FMD in Asia continent are analyzed. Comparative genome and phylogeography of the FMDV in Asia is discussed. Three serotypes of FMDV are circulating in Asian territory, including mainland Southeast Asia, South Asia and Middle East with predominance of type O, whereas Serotype A and Asia1 are found to be confined to certain geographical regions. Cattle are most susceptible to FMD, whereas Pig serves as mixing vessel that may boost the emergence and re-emergence episode of several lineages/genotypes. Whole Genome and phylogeography analysis revealed that the transboundary movement of FMDVs are responsible for spreading of this disease in Asian regions. In 2013-2015, Saudi Arabia experienced the emergence of Ind-2001 lineage under Middle East South Asia (ME-SA) topotype of FMDV type O and Genotype VII of FMDV type A, which is normally endemic in the Indian subcontinent. Intrusion of type SAT1-3 in Arabian Peninsula occurred due to transboundary animal movement from FMDV enzootic African countries. Transboundary movement of FMDV, inappropriate vaccination and inadequate awareness are the main reasons for FMD spread in most of the Asian Countries.