Analysis and suggestions on the registration path of Traditional Chinese Medicine products in Sweden / 国际中医中药杂志

The existing regulations and systems of the Swedish Medical Products Agency (MPA) have clear provisions on the definition, classification and listed on the market procecure of pharmaceutical products, and the supervision strictly follows the EU standards. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) products belong to the category of Swedish Herbal Medicine Products (HMP) or Traditional Herbal Medicine Products (THMP) and are under the supervision of Swedish Pharmaceutical Products Administration (MPA). This paper analyzes the classification, relevant regulations and registration procecures of TCM products in Sweden. It is suggests that TCM enterprises should fully understand the EU regulations and guidance regulations before listed on the market of TCM products. They should also clarify the product category, and provide sufficient and accurate evidence. In the application process, they should pay attention to strengthening communication with the drug administration units of Sweden.

International Experience and Enlightenment of Medical Insurance Reimbursement for Multi-indication Drugs Based on Value-based Pricing / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To provide reference for improving medical insurance reimbursement for multi-indication drugs based on value-based pricing in China. METHODS：The theory and practice of value-based pricing for multi-indication drugs were sorted out，and the value standards and medical insurance reimbursement strategies based on value-based pricing in France，Germany，UK，Italy and Sweden were analyzed，so as to provide the suggestions for medical insurance reimbursement of multi-indication drugs in China. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS：The realization of value-based pricing first needed to develop a value framework to define，measure and integrate value，and then established a model to convert the total value into price. The overall idea of value-based pricing for multi-indication drugs was consistent，but there were differences in the value standard. In the UK and Sweden， quality-adjusted life years （QALYs） and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios （ICERs） measured by pharmacoeconomicsare used as the value standard. France，Germany and Italy were more focused on the therapeutic value and clinical benefit improvement. As for medical insurance reimbursement strategies，France adopted single weighting method based on expected volume. Germany adopted combination weighting method based on value and volume. UK introduced the Patient Access Schemes and Italy introduced the Managed Entry reements，both based on the nominal reimbursement standard. Sweden adopted independent reimbursement for different indications by different brand names. It is suggested that China can explore the value-based pricing strategies of multi-indication drugs on the basis of the above international experiences，reference and use these variety of medical insurance reimbursement strategies comprehensively. Simultaneously，the information collection mechanism of patients and drug use should be improved to provide data support for the implementation of China’s value-based pricing and reimbursement strategies for multi-indication drugs.

Nursing students′ occupational hazards status between China and Sweden / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective@#To get a general information about the occupational hazards status of nursing students between China and Sweden, to provide effective basis for reducing occupational exposure rate.@*Methods@#Questionnaire survey. Design and develop an occupational hazards questionnaire and translate the questionnaire into Swedish.@*Results@#The correct rate of occupational hazard in Chinese nursing students including mechanical, chemical, biological and physical hazards was 94.4% (1 024/1 085) and 89.8% (557/620), respectively. 81.6% (1 898/2 325), 90.7% (703/775), both higher than Swedish nursing students 58.4% (756/1295), 48.8% (361/740), 60.2% (1 671/2 775) 86.7% (802/925), the difference was statistically significant (χ2 =259.196-1 259.183, P<0.05). Only "operating posture is not standard will lead to the occurrence of low back pain" "Women need to wear gloves when intravenously injecting patients" "Women need to wear gloves when changing medicines for patients" "Women need to wear gloves when drawing blood for patients" 4 questions correct answer rate Sweden Nursing students were higher than Chinese nursing students (χ2=11.738-16.990, P<0.01), and the remaining questions of Chinese nursing students were higher than Swedish nursing students (χ2=11.738-45.464, P<0.01).@*Conclusions@#Nursing students in China and Sweden generally have the awareness of occupational hazard cognition, and Chinese nursing students have a better grasp of the knowledge of occupational hazard cognition, but there are still weak links, which need to be improved from the aspect of education, managers should also consider reducing the occupational exposure of nursing students and even nurses from the management level, improve the employment quality of nursing students and nurses.

Spread of homeopathy in the early nineteenth century: the comparative approach and the cases of Sweden and Brazil / A difusão da homeopatia no início do século XIX: abordagem comparativa e os casos da Suécia e do Brasil

Abstract The comparative approach has been advocated to overcome some flaws inherent to case studies. Here, the spread of homeopathy in the early nineteenth century is addressed through a comparison of the cases of Sweden and Brazil, where homeopathy met diametrically opposed fates. The parameters used for the comparison are the standard for studies on the early spread of homeopathy, such as the concept of the "introducer," and reception by the medical and academic community, the government, and society at large. The results suggest that analysis of contexts, determinants, and the interactions of practitioners and institutions representing different health care approaches, whether dominant or alternative, seems to provide a more accurate picture of different moments in the global history of medicine.

Resumo A abordagem comparativa foi adotada com o intuito de suplantar algumas falhas inerentes aos estudos de caso. Nela, a difusão da homeopatia no início do século XIX é tratada por meio de uma comparação entre casos da Suécia e do Brasil, onde a homeopatia encontrou destinos diametralmente opostos. Os parâmetros usados para a comparação são padrão para estudos sobre o início da expansão da homeopatia, como o conceito de "introdutor", e a aceitação por parte de governo, comunidades médica e acadêmica, e sociedade como um todo. Os resultados sugerem que a análise de contextos, de determinantes, e das interações de médicos e instituições representando diferentes perspectivas de tratamento médico, fossem elas dominantes ou alternativas, parecem oferecer uma análise mais precisa de diferentes momentos da história global da medicina.

The medical research fund management and enlightenment in Swedish / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective To analyze the management experience of Swedish medical research funding,and provide reference for further rationalization of medical research investment management in China.Methods Literature research method,descriptive statistics and other methods were used to systematically sort out the source of Swedish medical research funding,and specifically analyze the capital investment and distribution in medical fields in the past ten years.Results The Swedish government 's budget in the UO9 (health,medical and social care) field is steadily increasing.The annual average budget accounts for 7.14％ of the total government budget.There are scientific management methods for fund allocation.The appropriation projects are mainly divided into three main directions including public health categories,health care and social care.Conclusions Taking into account of the problems existing in the investment and distribution of medical research funds in China,this paper proposes to explore the capital investment mode suitable for China's national conditions,enhance the targeted investment of funds in medicine,and establish a scientific and efficient fund investment management mechanism.

Historical Demography of Iceland.

Knowledge of the seasonal variation in births and deaths during normal years is important for analyses of the effects of wars, famines, epidemics or similar privations on these variables. In studies of seasonality, multiple trigonometric regression models are more flexible than the simple sine curve. The seasonal variation in mortality in Iceland, 1856-1990, shows a strong secular decrease, and a connection between this and the epidemiological transition is considered. Comparisons with findings in other European countries are made. The temporal trends in Iceland of the birth components; the twinning rate, the still birth rate and the secondary sex ratio, are presented and compared with the corresponding values in neighbouring countries. No marked differences were emerged.

Age and Gender Differences in Authorship among University Hospital Physicians in Sweden, Norway and Italy ( The HOUPE Study).

Background: For decades there has been a prominent gender gap in the number publications among physicians in academic medicine. Increased recruitment of women into medicine and a new generation work force that emphasize work-life balance can contribute to narrow this gap. Aims: The present study investigates whether younger hospital physicians may display less gender differences in authorship of scientific publications compared to those older of age. Methodology: Baseline cross-sectional survey data among senior consultants (N=1379) working at public university hospitals in three European countries, participating in the HOUPE study (Health and Organization among University hospital Physicians in Europe). Analysis: Chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis with probit link function. Results: There were differences in number of publications based on country where Italy and Sweden reported a significantly higher number of first- or last authorship compared to Norway (Χ2=30.6, P<.001). Logistic regression analysis confirmed gender differences in number of publications and first-and last authorships (P<.001) across all age categories. The rate of increase in number of publications is higher for men than for women physicians. Conclusion: These findings confirm that scientific production is still more relevant to discuss in terms of gender than generation. It is important to look at factors that are essential to career choice and faculty retention in women in particular but also among women and men in the new generation of physicians.

Acido, ergo sum: Holger Hydén – the neuroscientist in Cortázar's Hopscotch / Acido, ergo sum: Holger Hydén – o neurocientista em O Jogo da Amarelinha, de Cortázar

The fictional Italian author Morelli is throughout the novel “Hopscotch” (1963) Julio Cortázar's alter ego. This character proposes an unoriginal literary hypothesis in chapter 62. There is an allusion to a particular Swedish that ‘is working on a chemical theory of thought.’ The Swedish neuroscientist under analysis is Holger Hydén (1917-2000), by then professor and chairman of the Department of Histology at the University of Göteborg. Hydén, who was the first to work in neurobiological micromethods, is mentioned by Morelli due to his participation in a symposium held at the end of January 1961, in San Francisco. His pioneering work will never be completely forgotten, because Hydén's neuroscientific legacy lives and will live in Cortázar's “Hopscotch”.

O autor italiano de ficção Morelli atua, no romance “Jogo da Amarelinha” (1963), como o alter ego de Julio Cortázar. Este personagem propõe uma hipótese literária sem originalidade no capítulo 62. Há uma alusão a um sueco em particular que “está trabalhando em uma teoria química do pensamento”. O neurocientista sueco em questão é Holger Hydén (1917-2000), então professor e diretor do Departamento de Histologia da Universidade de Gotemburgo. Hydén, que foi o primeiro no uso de métodos para a microdissecção de neurônios individuais, é mencionado por Morelli devido a sua participação em um simpósio realizado em São Francisco, no final de janeiro de 1961. Seu trabalho pioneiro nunca será esquecido completamente porque seu legado neurocientífico vive e vai viver em “Jogo da Amarelinha”, de Cortázar.

Academic Knowledge Centers (AKCs): a unique concept in Swedish primary care / 日本農村医学会雑誌

　　In the mid-1990s in Sweden, the care of large groups of patients, including many with chronic disorders, was transferred from hospitals to primary health care. This change made it necessary to increase clinically relevant research in primary health care. To meet this need, Lund University and Region Skane (the county council in Skane, the southernmost county in Sweden) jointly founded in 2008 a clinical research unit dedicated to primary health care: the Center for Primary Health Care Research (CPF). The overall goal of the CPF is to conduct ground-breaking clinical research in order to increase the quality of primary health care and thereby improve public health. The clinical research is performed in close collaboration with primary care clinicians to exploit their ideas, experiences, and expertise. In order to build bridges between academia and primary care, the CPF established a network of nine Academic Knowledge Centers (AKCs) in Skane. At each AKC, an active clinical researcher (AKC coordinator) employed by the CPF provides on-the-job assistance with tasks including study design, implementation and applying for research funding. Each AKC supports a fixed network of primary health care centers and the nine AKCs together support all 150 primary health care centers in Skane. The AKC network has the potential to establish Sweden at the international forefront of clinical research in primary care. Its ethos and infrastructure could serve as a template for research collaboration between academia and clinicians in primary care around the world.

Formando Trabajadores Sociales en Suecia / Forming social workers in Sweden

Este artículo discute cierta contradicción existente entre el contenido de la Educación en Trabajo Social de Suecia y las realidades cambiantes del sistema de bienestar sueco. La integración social de todos los ciudadanos ya no forma parte de las políticas que rigen las actividades de bienestar sueco, sin embargo, este enfoque sigue siendo una premisa en muchos de los contenidos de la educación institucionalizada de los trabajadores sociales en Suecia.

This article discusses a certain contradiction that exists between the contents of the Swedish social work education and the changing realities of the Swedish welfare system. The social integration of all citizens is no longer part of the policies that direct the Swedish welfare activities, however, this approach continues to be taken for granted as a premise in several of the contents of the social workers' institutionalized education in Sweden.

The outline of Swedish health care system / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The Kingdom of Sweden is the biggest country on the Scandinavian Peninsula.It has developed an exlent welfare system called 'cradle-to-grave'.As the key of its welfare system,health care system is of an unique one that provides people with leading quality and lower cost care in Sweden.

A Study of Early Child Care Center Teachers' Attitudes for Meal and Snack Guidance between Sweden and Korea / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The objective of this study was to compare early child care center teachers' attitudes for meal and snack guidance between Sweden and Korea. Participants were 251 early child care center teachers (Sweden: 134, Korea: 117) working in Goetebory, Sweden, and Seoul, Korea. The survey was conducted from December in 2003 to February in 2004. SPSS programme was used for statistical analysis. Sixty five point eight percent of the Korean early child care center teachers provided a certain amount of foods for children. But 20.9% of Swedish provided a certain amount of foods for children, 79.1% of them provided the amount a child wanted. Sixty one point seven percent of Korean teachers allowed a child leave foods on the plate, but 95.5% of Swedish teachers asked a child eat all food on the plate. When a child didn't want to eat, 61.1% of the Korean teachers fed him/her, but 11.0% of the Swedish teachers did. Only 42.4% of the Swedish teachers allowed a children eat sweets, but 92.9% of Korean did. The Swedish teachers' perception for food guidance were eating by child himself/herself > washing hands before eating > having appropriate table manner > eating as talking with friends > not playing during the meal time, while the Korean teachers' was taking various food > having appropriate table manner > eating by child himself/herself, not playing during the meal time > washing hands before eating. The Swedish teachers thought 'eating as talking with friends' and 'eating by child himself/herself' is important, where as the Korean's did 'eating without making noise', 'not playing during the mealtime' in the eating behavior. For 'brushing teeth after meal' the Swedish teachers' score (1.5) was lower than the Korean (4.2). The results is necessary to improve meal and snack guidance for Korean early child care center teachers' education.

Recommended Dietary Allowances for Young Children and Food Guideline for Preschool Children in Sweden / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study is to offer information related to recommended dietary allowances for young children and food guidelines for preschool children in Sweden. Sweden, located in Europe, is the most developed country for young child care system. Swedish nutrition policy background, Swedish recommended dietary allowances for young children, and food guidelines of early childhood education center in Sweden were used. The number of Swedish child care centers increased from 70,000 in 1970 to 700,000 in 2000. The Swedish Institute of Public Health promoted children's indoor and outdoor activity. The aim of the Swedish public health contains children's safety, good food habits, and eating food safely. Swedish Food Administration made recommended dietary allowance and food guidelines for children care centers. The aim of food guidelines was to increase energy, calcium, iron, and dietary fiber intake. Swedish RDA contains minimum and maximum intake as well as mean intake for macro and micro nutrients. The fat intake ratio of energy is increased for younger children. For preschool children, the food guideline is determined by dietary allowances for breakfast, lunch, and snack respectively. Food guideline contains meal time schedule, menu for each meal using food model, amount of food for age group, and recommended dietary allowance for each meal. It is recommended for Korean early childhood education center: 1) Korean RDA for young children should be made range of intake, minimum and maximum intake. 2) Food guideline should be make for Korean child care center. 3) Korean child care centers should offer an afternoon snack twice for children who retun home late. 4) Nutrition education program for preschool teachers should be developed for children's good eating habits and health promotion.