Eventos de blanqueamiento del coral Porites lobata (2006-2022) y actividades de restauración en el sitio Ramsar ''Complejo Los Cóbanos", El Salvador

Introducción: El blanqueamiento global coralino refleja la fragilidad del coral a condiciones ambientales adversas y al cambio climático. Porites lobata es la especie de coral hermatípico más abundante actualmente en El Salvador y ha experimentado eventos de blanqueamiento recientes en el área natural protegida Complejo Los Cóbanos. Objetivo: Describir los episodios de blanqueamiento que colonias de P. lobata experimentaron en Los Cóbanos, El Salvador, durante los últimos 18 años, y analizar los esfuerzos de restauración de coral. Métodos: Aproximadamente 2 100 imágenes (2006 - 2022) tomadas sin periodicidad específica de dos sitios fueron revisadas. Parámetros del agua desde 2014 fueron registradas sin una periodicidad temporal definida. Las áreas de estudio fueron son playa El Faro y colonias submareales cerca de un importante resort de playa. La primera área presentó colonias dispersas en una zona intermareal, la otra, colonias más grandes a 2 m de profundidad en marea baja. También, revisar literatura acerca de actividades para restaurar arrecifes dentro del país. Resultados: Varios eventos de blanqueamiento ocurrieron durante este período de observación. Algunos de ellos podrían estar asociados a temperaturas altas del agua de mar (> 30 o C) de mayo a octubre (estación lluviosa), floraciones algales nocivas, así como causas desconocidas. Varios blanqueamientos que causaron pérdida de cobertura de coral en las colonias intermareales ocurrieron durante el evento global (2015-2016). Conclusiones: Blanqueamiento en el Complejo los Cóbanos ocurre en diferentes patrones de intensidad durante la estación lluviosa que comprende niveles de alta temperatura y turbidez en el agua, así como floraciones algales. El episodio de 2015-2016 causó pérdida de cobertura de coral en las colonias intermareales y las submareales experimentaron pequeños daños permanentes (< 5 % mortalidad). Las políticas de restauración nacionales requieren más esfuerzos estratégicos considerando la hidrodinámica y las capacidades institucionales locales.

Introduction: Global coral bleaching reflects coral fragility to adverse environmental conditions and climate change. Porites lobata is the most abundant hermatypic coral species currently in El Salvador and has experienced recent bleaching events at natural protected area Complejo Los Cóbanos. Objective: To describe the bleaching episodes that colonies of P. lobata experienced at Los Cóbanos, El Salvador, during the last 18 years, and analyze coral restoration efforts. Methods: Approximately 2 100 images (2006 - 2022) taken without specific periodicity from two sites were reviewed. Water parameters since 2014 were registered without defined frequency. The areas sampled were El Faro beach and subtidal colonies near an important beach resort. The first area presented dispersed colonies on an intertidal zone, the other, larger colonies at 2 m deep in low tide. Also, literature about activities to restore reefs within the country was reviewed. Results: Several bleaching events occurred during this observation period. Some of them could be associated to high sea water temperatures (> 30 o C) from May to October (rainy season), others to harmful algae blooms, as well as unknown causes. Severe bleaching that caused loss of coral coverage on intertidal colonies occurred during the global event (2015-2016). Conclusion: Bleaching at Los Cóbanos occurs in different intensity patterns usually during the rainy season that encompasses high temperature and turbidity levels in water, as well as algal blooms. The 2015-2016 episode caused coral coverage loss on the intertidal colonies and subtidal ones experienced little permanent damages (< 5% mortality). National restoration policies for coral colonies require more strategic efforts considering the local littoral hydrodynamics and institutional capabilities.

Theoretical exploration and research pathways of the harmonious symbiotic mechanism in the tiered medical treatment system / 中华医院管理杂志

The tiered medical treatment system stands as a cornerstone in the deepening reforms of China′s medical and health sectors, playing a crucial role in building a healthy China. Exploring the harmonious coexistence mechanism of multiple entities on the supply and demand sides of the tiered diagnosis and treatment system, and promoting the formation of a scientific and reasonable tiered diagnosis and treatment order, has become an urgent public proposition that needs to be answered and has significant social impact. Addressing the challenges in China′s tiered medical treatment system, particularly its need for a more systematic, comprehensive, and collaborative approach, this study is informed by a thorough literature review. Based on the harmonious management and symbiosis theories, the authors proposed a theoretical concept and future research path for the formation of a harmonious symbiotic mechanism in the tiered diagnosis and treatment system, in order to pave the way for exploring the harmonious symbiotic mechanism in the tiered diagnosis and treatment system.

Leche fermentada simbiótica y triple terapia en el tratamiento de Helicobacter pylori

RESUMEN Introducción: Helicobacter pylori se relaciona con enfermedades benignas y malignas gastrointestinales. No se dispone de un esquema ideal para su erradicación, pero el uso de probióticos y prebióticos puede servir como terapia adyuvante. Objetivo: Describir las manifestaciones clínicas, endoscópicas, histopatológicas y la erradicación de la infección por Helicobacter pylori en los pacientes tratados con triple terapia y leche fermentada simbiótica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, entre enero de 2017 y mayo de 2019, en 30 pacientes con Helicobacter pylori (diagnosticado mediante estudio histopatológico y prueba de ureasa). Las variables incluidas fueron: edad, sexo, manifestaciones clínicas, diagnóstico endoscópico e histopatológico y erradicación de la bacteria. Para el análisis de los resultados se emplearon estadísticas descriptivas (porcentaje y medidas de tendencia central). Resultados: Hubo 71 % de pacientes femeninos. La edad media fue de 48,6 ± 16,3 años (mínima 18 y máxima de 74 años). La dispepsia estuvo presente en 46,6 % pacientes. La gastritis eritematosa antral, antral eritematoerosiva y eritemato nodular se presentaron en 23,3 % cada una. La gastritis crónica atrófica moderada estuvo presente en el 40 % de los individuos. En 96,7 % enfermos se erradicó la bacteria. Conclusiones: La dispepsia y la gastritis crónica atrófica moderada representan el síntoma y el diagnóstico histopatológico más frecuente, respectivamente. La gastritis eritematosa antral, antral eritematoerosiva y eritematonodular constituyen los diagnósticos endoscópicos más comunes. La tasa de erradicación de H. pylori es elevada.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Helicobacter pylori infection has a wide worldwide distribution and is related to benign and malignant gastrointestinal diseases. Although there is no ideal scheme to eradicate the bacteria, the use of probiotics and prebiotics can serve as adjunctive therapy. Objective: To describe the clinical, endoscopic, histopathological manifestations and the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients treated with triple therapy and symbiotic fermented milk. Method: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out from January 2017 to May 2019. 30 patients with Helicobacter pylori infection (diagnosed by histopathological study and urease test) were included. The variables included were: age, sex, clinical manifestations, endoscopic and histopathological diagnosis, and eradication of the bacteria. Descriptive statistics (percentage and measures of central tendency) were used to analyze the results. Results: There were 71 % female patients. The mean age was 48,6 ± 16,3 years; minimum age of 18 and maximum of 74 years. Dyspepsia was present in 46,6 % of patients and epigastric pain in 33,3 %. Erythematous antral, antral erythematous erythematonodular and erythematonodular gastritis occurred in 23,3% each. Moderate atrophic chronic gastritis was found in 40 % of individuals. Helicobacter pylori was eradicated in 96,7 % of patients. Conclusions: Female sex and the fourth decade of life predominated. Dyspepsia and moderate atrophic chronic gastritis are the most frequent symptom and histopathological diagnosis, respectively. Erythematous antral, antral erythematous, and erythematonodular gastritis represent the most common endoscopic diagnoses. The eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori was high.

Effect of symbiotic bee fungus on survival of stingless bee Heterotrigona itama larvae

Aims@#Symbiotic bee fungus associated with the stingless bee larval food has been revealed to play a major role in performing a mutual relationship with the host. The fungus is believed capable to produce crucial nutrients that are required for larval pupation. However, detailed information on the fungus identification isolated from the larval food of our native Indo-Malaya stingless bee, Heterotrigona itama (Hymenoptera: Apidae), is poorly understood. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the effect of fungus isolated from the stingless bee larval food on the survival of H. itama larvae and identify the isolated fungus using both morphological and molecular analyses.@*Methodology and results@#Elisa plates designed with F-bottom type were used as artificial brood cells in a controlled condition. The eggs transferred to Elisa plates were kept in the incubator with 75%-100% humidity and 25 ± 2.5 °C of temperature. This study carried out in three different treatments: (1) microbes-free larval food, (2) fresh larval food and (3) microbes-free larval food with fungus supplement. Results showed that the survival of H. itama larvae depends on the presence of beneficial fungus with the highest survival rate (Treatment 2 = 85.71%). The absence of the beneficial fungus in the fluid food of H. itama showed the lowest survival rate (Treatment 1 = 37.14%). Microscopy analysis showed that the fungus had various forms, including unconjugated asci, round-shaped ascospore and pseudohyphae. The molecular characterisation of the isolated fungi was performed using 23S rRNA gene sequencing using universal primers ITS1 and ITS4. DNA barcoding of three isolated fungi confirmed all isolated fungi matched Panus lecomtei (Basidiomycetes; Poriales; Polyporaceae) with 99.70% of similarity.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#This study provides information on the importance of whitish fungus in appearance that existed in the brood cell, which is proposed to be the crucial component of in-vitro stingless bee queen rearing protocol.

Ilusão simbiótica e construção da identidade feminina nos transtornos alimentares: perspectiva da psicossomática psicanalítica / Symbiotic illusion and female identity construction in eating disorders: a psychoanalytical psychosomatics' perspective

Abstract: This study aims primarily to reflect on the role of symbiotic illusion in the construction of female identity in women with eating disorders (ED), using premises from psychoanalytic psychosomatics. Considering ED as psychopathologies related to the affective economy, Oedipal relations play crucial role in the process of identity constitution. Mother-daughter relationships in ED are shaped in the molds of symbiotic illusion, with weak father figures. We presented a case study to briefly illustrate the theoretical framework. The omissive posture of a father to interdict the symbiotic relation leads daughters to find themselves unable to libidinally invest in other objects.

Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo refletir sobre o papel da ilusão simbiótica na construção da identidade feminina em mulheres com transtornos alimentares (TAs), utilizando as premissas da psicossomática psicanalítica. Considerando-se os TAs como psicopatologias relacionadas à economia afetiva, as relações edípicas desempenham papel crucial no processo de construção de identidade. As relações mãe-filha nos TAs são moldadas pela ilusão simbiótica, com figuras paternas enfraquecidas. Nós apresentamos brevemente um estudo de caso para ilustrar os conceitos do referencial teórico. A postura omissa do pai para interditar a relação simbiótica com a mãe leva a filha à impossibilidade de investir libidinalmente em outros objetos.

Study on secondary metabolites from sponge-symbiotic Streptomyces sp. LHW2432 / 药学实践杂志

Objective To discover the medicinal active molecules from the fermentation extract of sponge-symbiotic Streptomyces sp. LHW2432. Methods Compounds were isolated and purified from the fermentation extract of LHW2432 by silica gel, ODS chromatographic columns, and HPLC. The structures of the compounds were elucidated based on the analyses of modern spectrum technologies and the related literatures research. Through plate coating method and broth microdilution method, the antimicrobial activities were tested by the indicator strains of Bacillus mycoides, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Mycobacterium smegmatis, Candida Albicans, and Escherichia coli. Results Five compounds were discovered and their structures were identified as descycloavandulyl-lavanduquinocin (1), N-acetyltyramine (2), phomapyrone C (3), germicidin A (4), and germicidin I (5). Compound 1 showed inhibitory activities against MRSA (MIC, 100 μg/ml) and M. smegmatis (MIC, 64 μg/ml), respectively. Conclusion Five compounds were discovered from LHW2432, among which compound 1 was a new natural product and could be used as a precursor of the tricyclic carbazole alkaloids with neuroprotective activity. Moreover, compound 1 showed weak inhibitory activities against gram-positive pathogenic bacteria.

Development of a specialized high protein product for adaptive nutrition

The article is dedicated to the development of a multicomponent high-protein product for the nutrition of physically active individuals. The possibility to introduce flavoring fillers and a biologically active supplement in the milk and vegetable base of fermented whipped dessert has been established, and the expediency thereof has been justified. Based on a mathematical model, the possibility of preparing dessert systems with the specified optimum parameters has been confirmed. The influence of nondairy protein components on the improvement of functional and technological properties of multicomponent mixtures for desserts has been revealed. It has been demonstrated that the inclusion of desserts with specified optimum parameters in the diet will have a positive effect on increasing the body's adaptive capacity.

Influence of symbiotic bacteria from lettuce on inactivation of norovirus / 预防医学

Objective@#To demonstrate the effects of symbiotic bacteria from lettuce on inactivation of norovirus（NV）.@*Methods@#Symbiotic bacteria were isolated from the lettuces sampled from farmlands and supermarkets. NV mixed with symbiotic bacteria was set as the experimental group,without symbiotic bacteria as the control group. After the inactivation by high temperature,ultraviolet light（UV）and chlorine dioxide,the ratio of NV amount in the experimental group and the control group was calculated to evaluate the effects of symbiotic bacteria. The mechanism of symbiotic bacteria was revealed by detecting their effects on the protection of viral capsid protein from UV and on the adsorption of NV.@*Results@#Eleven symbiotic bacteria were identified from lettuces,all of which were bacilli,mainly Pseudomonas. Ten symbiotic bacteria could improve the heat-resistant ability of NV,with Microbacterium oryzae,Cupriavidus taiwanensis（SC061204）,Pseudomonas furukawaii,Enterobacter tabaci and Pseudomonas resinovorans（SC061211）more significant. Eleven symbiotic bacteria could improve anti-UV ability of NV,with Pseudomonas putida,Microbacterium oryzae and Enterobacter tabaci more significant. Only one strain of Pseudomonas putida could improve anti-chlorine dioxide ability of NV（Class I hazard）. Pseudomonas putida,Microbacterium oryzae and Enterobacter tabaci could significantly reduce the damage of NV capsid protein. Nine symbiotic bacteria could promote NV adsorption into lettuces,with the promotion rates ranged from 1.04% to 46.73%;while Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas resinovorans（SC061211） could restrain NV absorption,with the promotion rates of -6.50% and -19.85%.@*Conclusion@#Symbiotic bacteria from lettuce may enhance the anti-inactivation of NV by protecting capsid protein and promoting adsorption of NV. It is recommended to control the presence of symbiotic bacteria in the process of inactivating NV.

Quark cheese produced with kefir and agave inulin / Queijo quark produzido com kefir e inulina de agave / Queso quark producido con kefir e inulina de agave

Quark cheese is fresh cheese obtained by the coagulation of milk through the action mainly of lactic bacteria, resulting in fresh-flavor cheese with high acidity. A specific starter culture is used for its commercial production. However, in this work, this culture was replaced by kefir, a symbiotic system of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts, which is considered a probiotic product. Agave inulin is a soluble fiber regarded as prebiotic with the ability to improve the balance of the intestinal flora. The purpose of this work was to develop Quark cheese using kefir as a starter culture, with supplementation by agave inulin. Cheese was produced using 24-h fermentation at 25 ºC followed by drainage of the whey, with the addition of 3% inulin to the supplemented cheese. After whey drainage, the cheese was kept in plastic pots under refrigeration until analysis. Microbiological, pH and acidity parameters were analysed at 1, 7 and 14 days after manufacture. The results of the physical-chemical analyses remained close to those found in literature. The resulting cheese presented high counts of Lactobacilli indicating their probiotic potential. The addition of agave inulin decreased the amount of those microorganisms; however, they remained in high counts. It can be verified that the use of kefir in the production of Quark cheese is feasible, mainly in artisanal productions since it is usually inexpensive and easy to maintain, and the Lactobacilli remained stable during the storage period.(AU)

O queijo Quark é um queijo de massa fresca obtida por coagulação do leite pela ação principalmente de bactérias láticasobtendo-se um queijo de sabor refrescante, em sua produção comercial é empregada uma cultura starter específica para a produção de queijos, no presente trabalho essa cultura foi substituída pelo kefir, um sistema simbiótico de bactérias láticas e leveduras e que é considerado um produto probiótico. A inulina de agave é uma fibra solúvel considerada prebiótica com capacidade de melhorar o equilíbrio da flora intestinal. O objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver queijo Quark empregando kefir como cultura starter e suplementado com inulina de agave. Os queijos foram produzidos por fermentação durante 24h/25ºC seguido por drenagem do soro, no queijo suplementado com inulina foi adicionada 3%, após a dessoragem, os queijos foram mantidos em potes plásticos sob temperatura de refrigeração até o momento das análises, sendo que as microbiológicas, acidez e pH foram realizadas em 1, 7 e 14 dias após a fabricação. Os resultados das análises físico-químicas mantiveram-se próximos aqueles encontrados na literatura. Os queijos obtidos apresentaram altas contagens de Lactobacilli indicando potencial probiótico, a adição de inulina de agave diminuiu o número destes microrganismos, mesmo assim mantiveram-se em altas contagens. Pode-se constatar que o uso de kefir na produção de queijo Quark é viável, principalmente em produções artesanais uma vez que ele normalmente não possui custo e é de fácil manutenção e os Lactobacillimantiveram-se estáveis durante o período de armazenamento.(AU)

El queso Quark es un queso de masa fresca obtenido por coagulación de la leche y acción principalmente de bacterias lácticas, obteniendo un queso de sabor refrescante. En su producción comercial se utiliza un cultivo iniciador específico para producción de quesos, en el presente trabajo esa cultura fue reemplazada por kéfir, un sistema simbiótico de bacterias del ácido láctico y levaduras, que se considera un producto probiótico. La inulina de agave es una fibra soluble considerada prebiótica con la capacidad de mejorar el equilibrio de la flora intestinal. El objetivo de esa investigación ha sido desarrollar queso Quark, usando kéfir como cultivo inicial y complementado con inulina de agave. Los quesos se produjeron por fermentación durante 24h / 25ºC seguido de drenaje del suero, en el queso suplementado con inulina se añadió 3%, después del drenaje del suero y se mantuvieron en macetas de plástico a temperatura de refrigeración hasta el momento del análisis, siendo que las microbiológicas, el pH y la acidez se realizaron a los 1, 7 y 14 días después de la fabricación. Los resultados de los análisis fisicoquímicos se mantuvieron cerca de los encontrados en la literatura. Los quesos mostraron altos conteos de Lactobacilli indicando su potencial probiótico, la adición de inulina de agave disminuyó el número de estos microorganismos, sin embargo, permanecieron en conteos altos. Se puede verificar que el uso de kéfir en la producción de queso Quark es factible, principalmente en las producciones artesanales, ya que por lo general es económico y de fácil manutención. Los lactobacilos se han mantenido estables durante el período de almacenamiento.(AU)

Formulation of Insecticidal Nematode

Insecticidal nematodes or entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema are lethal obligate parasites of insect pests. These nematodes carry specific pathogenic bacteria which are released into the insect hemocoel after penetration of the insect host. The economic importance of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) is increasing as the nematodes are amenable for mass production, formulation, handling and application on a large scale and is currently marketed worldwide for use. The objective of the review is to discuss the principles of formulation and quality control, latest development and future perspectives of the EPNs formulation for the successful use of EPNs as bio insecticides.

Research progress on influence of intestinal microflora on peripheral immune organs in mice / 中国免疫学杂志

The study found that the presence of intestinal microbiota is not only important for the metabolism of essential nutrients in the body, but also plays a key role in the development of the body′s immune system in recent years. Partial microbiota, through natural selection and co-evolution with the host, forms symbiotic relationships with host microbes that are inseparable from host physiology in mice. Symbiotic flora affects the formation of the body′s immune system by affecting innate and adaptive immunity and the development of various regulatory mechanisms. The destruction of the microbial ecosystem in the intestine can lead to the occurrence of many diseases,especially those related to the immune system. Peripheral immune organs always receive a number of immune cells colonized by antigen stimulation. So,the intestinal flora plays an important role in maintaining the function of immune cells. This article will investigates the effects of mouse-related intestinal flora on peripheral immune organ function.

Identification and differential expression analysis of ABC transporter gene from medicinal plant Dendrobium officinale / 药学学报

ABC transporters (ATP-binding cassette transporters) are a family of trans-membrane transport proteins, which are ubiquitous in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. They are functionallyinvolved in the transport and accumulation of plant secondary metabolites, phytohormone transport, lipid metabolism, exogenous toxins detoxification, plant disease and other aspects. Based on the genome and transcriptome data of Dendrobium officinale, 88ABC transporters were preliminarily identified in D. officinale and their functions and subcellular localization were predicted. These proteins are divided into seven subfamilies, ABCA-ABCI, including 4 ABCA, 19 ABCB, 12 ABCC, 3ABCD, 9 ABCF, 37ABCG and 4 ABCI, which are mainly located in plasma membrane, vacuole and Golgi apparatus. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of ABC protein expression profile between asymbiotic and symbiotic germination of D. officinale show that some members of ABCB and ABCG proteins are highly expressed during seed germination inoculated fungi. qPCR validated that 2 ABCB11 and 2 ABCG-PDR are significantly up-regulated in symbiotic assay compared to asymbiotic germination (fold change ≥ 10.0). These proteins are mainly involved in abscisic acid and auxin transport, suggesting that these proteins play an important role in the germination of D. officinale seed and in the interaction with microorganisms.

Research progress in human symbiotic bacteria and their antibacterial molecules / 生物工程学报

With the emergence and globally spread of drug-resistant bacteria, the discovery and development of new antibacterial drugs is imminent. The symbiotic bacteria distributed in different parts of the body can produce a variety of antibacterial molecules to inhibit the colonization and infection of pathogenic bacteria. Human symbiotic bacteria provide a potential treasure house of resource for the research and development of new drugs with broad new molecular structures and action mechanism. With the further development of bioinformatics tools, synthetic biology and omics technology such as genomics, the mining of human symbiotic bacteria antibacterial molecules will be more in-depth and provide an effective way to solve the problem of drug resistance. Here, we review the antimicrobial molecules produced by human symbiotic bacteria and introduce several methods to explore the resources of natural antibacterial drugs. With the development of modern biotechnology, the antimicrobial molecules of human symbiotic bacteria will be more comprehensively and systematically explored and applied.

Relação simbiótica patológica entre mãe-filho e o processo de aprendizagem / Pathological symbiotic relationship between mother-child and the learning process

Este estudo de caso teve como objetivo principal compreender as relações existentes entre o vínculo simbiótico patológico entre mãe-filho e o processo de aprendizagem da criança, cuja hipótese incidia na importância do rompimento desse vínculo para o favorecimento da aprendizagem. Participaram da pesquisa 16 estagiários do curso de graduação em Psicopedagogia que atendiam pacientes com dificuldades de aprendizagem na Clínica-Escola do Centro Universitário FIEO. Cada estagiário respondeu 3 questionários contendo perguntas referente à caracterização dos pacientes atendidos na clínica; às suas percepções acerca do tipo de vínculo estabelecido entre mãe-filho percebido na anamnese; e as modalidades de aprendizagem patológicas dos pacientes, totalizando 48 questionários coletados. Os dados foram descritos e relacionados aos objetivos propostos na análise realizada. Os resultados principais sugerem que o vínculo simbiótico patológico entre mãe-criança é apenas um fator presente em crianças com dificuldades de aprendizagem, mas não um fator determinante. Há necessidade de realização de estudos comparativos para estudar a problemática

The main objective of this research was to understand the relationship between the symbiotic pathological bond between mother / child and the child's learning process, whose hypothesis focused on the importance of breaking the bond to favor learning. Participated in this study 16 trainees from the Graduation Course in Psychopedagogic that attended patients with learning difficulties in the Clinic-Schoolof the Centro Universitário FIEO. Each trainee answered 3 questionnaires containing questions regarding the characterization of the patients attended at the clinic; their perceptions about the type of bond established between the mother-child perceived in the anamnesis; and the pathological learning modalities of the patients, totaling 48 questionnaires collected. The data were described and related to the objectives proposed in the analysis performed. The main results suggest that the symbiotic pathological bond between mother / child is only a factor present in children with learning difficulties, but not a determining factor. There is a need for comparativestudies to study the problem

Bebida láctea funcional a base de soro fluido e em pó: qualidade físico-química e microbiológica / Functional dairy drink based on whey fluid and powder: physical-chemical and microbiological quality

A busca por uma alimentação mais saudável e a preocupação com a contaminação ambiental, torna favorável a elaboração de bebidas lácteas funcionais à base de soro de leite. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma bebida láctea simbiótica com potencial funcional à base de soro de leite fluido e em pó. Foram testadas formulações com 0, 2, 5 e 8% de soro de leite em pó. O experimento foi realizado em três repetições e submetido a análises físico-química e microbiológica. Verificou-se que a concentração de soro em pó influencia diretamente na composição de algumas características físico-químicas do produto, aumentando o teor proteína, sólidos totais e viscosidade, reduzindo o teor de pH, porém não interferiu no teor de gordura e acidez do produto final. Todas as bebidas analisadas apresentaram-se dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação vigente para bebidas lácteas fermentadas. A contagem de coliformes a 35 e 45 °C encontrou-se de acordo com os padrões da legislação (BRASIL, 2005) indicando condição higienicossanitária satisfatória. O desenvolvimento de uma bebida láctea simbiótica caracteriza-se como alternativa inovadora, pois além de ser uma nova forma de aproveitamento do soro gerado pela indústria, trata- -se de um produto que proporciona benefícios à saúde do consumidor.

Efeito de diferentes aditivos zootécnicos sobre a qualidade de ovos em duas fases produtivas da codorna / Effect of different zootechnical additives on egg quality in two quail production phases

Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade dos ovos de codornas alimentadas com diferentes aditivos em duas fases de produção, 360 codornas foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema de parcela subdividida no tempo (de nove até 23 e de 24 até 39 semanas de idade), com cinco tratamentos e oito repetições de nove aves cada, organizados da seguinte forma: controle, antibiótico, prebiótico, probiótico e simbiótico. As variáveis analisadas foram: unidade Haugh, índice de gema, porcentagem dos componentes do ovo, espessura de casca medida pelo micrômetro e pelo MEV. O fornecimento dos aditivos no segundo período aumentou a unidade Haugh e nos dois períodos avaliados proporcionou aumento da porcentagem de gema e de casca e da espessura da casca e de suas membranas. A inclusão dos aditivos foi mais eficiente em aumentar o peso dos ovos e a porcentagem de gema e de casca no segundo período. A espessura da casca (MEV) melhorou após inclusão de antibiótico e simbiótico na ração no segundo período. A inclusão de aditivos na ração melhora a qualidade dos ovos de codornas durante toda a fase produtiva. Antibiótico e simbiótico são mais eficazes em melhorar a espessura da casca dos ovos produzidos durante o segundo período produtivo.(AU)

To evaluate the quality of eggs of quails fed with different additives in two stages of the productive period, 360 quails were distributed in a completely randomized design in a split plot scheme in time (9 to 23 and 24 to 39 weeks of age) with five treatments and eight repetitions of nine birds each, organized as follows: control, antibiotic, prebiotic, probiotic, and symbiotic. The analyzed variables were: Haugh unit, yolk index, percentage of egg components, shell thickness measured by the micrometer and the SEM. The supply of additives in the second period increased Haugh units, and in both periods provided an increase in the percentage of yolk and shell and improved the thickness of the shell and its membranes. The inclusion of additives was more effective in promoting weight gain in eggs and the percentage of egg yolk and egg shell from 24 to 39 weeks of age. The shell thickness (SEM) improved after inclusion of antibiotic and symbiotic in feed in the second period. The addition of additives in food improved the quality of Japanese quail egg throughout the productive period. Antibiotics and symbiotics proved to be more effective in improving shell thickness of the eggs produced in the second productive period.(AU)

Characterization of rhizobia isolates obtained from nodules of wild genotypes of common bean

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the tolerance to salinity and temperature, the genetic diversity and the symbiotic efficiency of rhizobia isolates obtained from wild genotypes of common bean cultivated in soil samples from the States of Goiás, Minas Gerais and Paraná. The isolates were subjected to different NaCl concentrations (0%, 1%, 2%, 4% and 6%) at different temperatures (28 °C, 33 °C, 38 °C, 43 °C and 48 °C). Genotypic characterization was performed based on BOX-PCR, REP-PCR markers and 16S rRNA sequencing. An evaluation of symbiotic efficiency was carried out under greenhouse conditions in autoclaved Leonard jars. Among 98 isolates about 45% of them and Rhizobium freirei PRF81 showed a high tolerance to temperature, while 24 isolates and Rhizobium tropici CIAT899 were able to use all of the carbon sources studied. Clustering analysis based on the ability to use carbon sources and on the tolerance to salinity and temperature grouped 49 isolates, R. tropici CIAT899 and R. tropici H12 with a similarity level of 76%. Based on genotypic characterization, 65% of the isolates showed an approximately 66% similarity with R. tropici CIAT899 and R. tropici H12. About 20% of the isolates showed symbiotic efficiency similar to or better than the best Rhizobium reference strain (R. tropici CIAT899). Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA revealed that two efficient isolates (ALSG5A1 and JPrG6A8) belong to the group of strains used as commercial inoculant for common bean in Brazil and must be assayed in field experiments.

Probióticos y prebióticos en matrices de origen vegetal: Avances en el desarrollo de bebidas de frutas / Probiotics and prebiotics in vegetable matrices: Advances in the development of fruit drinks

RESUMEN Los alimentos funcionales son beneficiosos para la salud, transcienden a las características nutricionales e involucran efectos fisiológicos. Los alimentos funcionales incluyen: los probióticos, prebióticos y simbióticos, los cuales generan el balance en la microbiota intestinal. Se ha incrementado en el mercado la demanda de alimentos que permiten al consumidor implementar hábitos alimenticios más saludables esto acompañado con el incremento de la intolerancia a la lactosa, lo que ha incentivado a investigar, estudiar y desarrollar una generación de productos de origen vegetal, principalmente bebidas de fruta, con adición de microorganismos probióticos. Estas bebidas tienen desafíos tecnológicos, entre ellos la viabilidad y el efecto sensorial. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar las condiciones de adición de microorganismos probióticos y de agentes prebióticos en productos de origen vegetal y las características que permiten el uso de estas matrices alimentarias como vehículos de inclusión en el desarrollo de bebidas funcionales.

ABSTRACT Functional Foods are beneficial to health, transcend nutritional characteristics and involve physiological effects. Functional food include: probiotics, prebiotics and symbiotics, which generate balance in the intestinal microbiota. The demand for foods that allow the consumer to implement healthier food habits has been accompanied by the increase in lactose intolerance, which has stimulated the research, study and development of a generation of food products of vegetable origin, mainly fruit drinks with added probiotic microorganisms. These drinks have associated technological challenges, including viability and sensory effect. The aim of this article is to review the conditions of the addition of probiotic microorganisms and prebiotic agents in vegetable origin products and the characteristics that allow the use of these food matrices as inclusion vehicles in the development of functional beverages.

Chemical constituents of liquid culture of symbiotic Chaetomium globosum ML-4 of oyster and their in vitro antitumor activity / 中国中药杂志

Isolation and purification of chemical constituents of liquid culture of symbiotic Chaetomium globosum ML-4 of oyster was performed through silica gel column chromatography, gel filtration over Sephadex LH-20, preparative TLC and HPLC. Five compounds were obtained and their structures were determined as chaetoglobosin V(1), chaetoglobosin Vb(2), tyrosol(3), 5-methyluracil(4)and uracil(5), respectively, based on HR-MS and NMR data and comparison with literatures. In vitro cytotoxicity of compounds against human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line SMMC-7721 were measured byMTT method, and results showed that compound 1 could obviously inhibit the proliferation of SMMC-7721 cells with an IC₅₀ value of 60.5 mg•L⁻¹, while the IC₅₀ value of positive control cisplatin was 19.96 mg•L⁻¹. Further studies discovered that compound 1 could lead to G2 phase arrest in SMMC-7721 cells and induce SMMC-7721 cells apoptosis. The ratio of Bcl-2/Bax in SMMC-7721 cells was decreased. The expression of protein Caspases-3,-8,-9 was improved and the expression and phosphorylation level of Akt were reduced. Aforementioned results revealed that in vitro antitumor activity of compound 1 against SMMC-7721 cells were related to G2 phase cell cycle arrest and induced-apoptosis. The induced-apoptosis was involved in both the mitochondrial pathway and the death receptor pathway and connected with activity decline of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Correlative analysis advance of chemical constituents of Polyporus umbellatus and Armillaria mellea / 中国中药杂志

Medicinal Polyporus umbellatus is the dry sclerotia of P. umbellatus, with the effect of diuresis; Armillaria mellea is a parasitic fungus which can infect plants up to 300 genera, with sedative, anticonvulsant and some other biological activities. As the medicinal value of P. umbellatus and A. mellea is increasingly wide concerned, the market quantity demanded of them is gradually increased and the demand outstrips the supply. The symbiotic A. mellea and P. umbellatus are both the medicinal and edible fungi with diverse activities, including hypoglycemic action, improve immunity and antitumor and so on. The growth of the sclerotia forming from the mycelium of P. umbellatus is related to the infection of the symbiotic A. mellea and their secondary products. In this study, by comparing the chemical constituents of the mycelium and sclerotia of P. umbellatus and A. mellea, we found that they all produced steroids and nitrogen-containing heterocycles. The sclerotia of P. umbellatus and A. mellea also produced triterpenes secondary metabolites. In addition, the mycelium and infected sclerotia of P. umbellatus mainly produced different steroids, and the sclerotia produced some other special secondary metabolites, such as long-chain fatty acids, ceramides, phenol and so on. By analyzing above all kinds of differences, speculated that these may be caused by the infection of the symbiotic A. mellea which mainly produced sesquiterpenes, diterpenes and other secondary metabolites. The contents and types of compounds of P. umbellatus and A. mellea are closely related to their symbiosis and reproduction, therefore, many symbiosis mechanisms should be found by utilizing more molecular biology technology to elucidate this complex symbiotic infection and provide scientific basis for improving the yield and quality of P. umbellatus and A. mellea.