ABSTRACT
Resumen La lectura compartida es frecuente en la infancia. Sin embargo, la participación de infantes menores de un año en esta actividad ha sido poco explorada. Este trabajo describe y analiza las intervenciones de bebés de 9 meses en la lectura conjunta materno-infantil en hogares argentinos. Transcribimos y analizamos filmaciones realizadas por 10 madres. Clasificamos las intervenciones en: acción responsiva o espontánea; vocalización responsiva o espontánea; acción responsiva + vocalización; acción espontánea + vocalización. Los bebés realizaron mayoritariamente acciones espontáneas (con o sin vocalizaciones). Luego, clasificamos las acciones (con o sin vocalizaciones) en: convencionales (pasar la página, señalar) o manipulativas (morder, sacudir los libros); otras no orientadas (tomar otro objeto, mirar fuera del escenario). Encontramos que las acciones fueron principalmente manipulativas. Finalmente, clasificamos las acciones en: inespecíficas (morder el libro, sacudirlo) u orientadas (intentar agarrar los objetos representados). Predominaron las acciones inespecíficas. Los hallazgos muestran bebés sensoriomotores en exploración. Sin embargo, algunas intervenciones revelaron también un incipiente desarrollo simbólico al usar los libros convencionalmente y reconocer las imágenes como objetos simbólicos. La lectura compartida es un escenario en el que se accede a diversos sistemas de representación (imágenes, números, letras), permitiendo desarrollar tempranamente un potencial simbólico en contextos sociales relevantes.
Abstract Shared reading is a significant and frequent activity in early childhood. However, the interventions in this kind of activities by babies and infants under one-year have been little explored. The main objective of this work was to describe 9-month-old babies' interventions in reading situations with their mothers at Argentinian homes. The focus of the analysis was babies' actions during reading with their mothers. Ten mothers filmed shared reading sessions with their babies. Then we transcribed and analyzed babies' interventions in three levels. First, we classified the interventions in: responsive action, spontaneous action, responsive vocalization, spontaneous vocalization, responsive action + vocalization, spontaneous action + vocalization. Isolated vocalizations were rare. The babies performed mostly spontaneous actions (with or without vocalizations). Responsive actions were less frequent (with or without vocalizations). Second, we classified babies' actions (with or without vocalizations) in 1-conventional, like turn the page, point to the book, put the book in reading position, 2-manipulative, like bite, shake, put the book in the mouth, open and close the book, try to grab/suck/ touch objects represented in pictures, 3- other actions- actions not oriented to books, like shake another object present in the interaction or looking to some object or person outside the scene. We found that babies' actions were mainly manipulative. Finally, we categorized manipulative actions in 1- unspecific actions, like bite, shake, put the book in the mouth, open and close the book, and 2- pictures-oriented ones, like try to grab, suck, touch objects present in pictures. Unspecific actions predominated. Findings show sensory motor babies in exploration. Nevertheless, the presence of conventional actions and picture-oriented actions are signs of an incipient symbolic development. That is, babies use books conventionally and recognize pictures as symbolic objects. In sum, shared reading is one of the richest scenarios for early symbolic development. In this context babies and children access to diverse representational systems (words, pictures, numbers, letters). This activity allows children to development their symbolic potential in relevant social contexts.
ABSTRACT
El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los indicadores de adquisición de las acciones perceptivas simbólicas en la zona del desarrollo próximo y la zona de desarrollo actual, en 180 niños preescolares entre los 5 y 6 años de la ciudad de Bogotá, capital de Colombia. El nivel de desarrollo simbólico se valoró a través de la aplicación de un protocolo elaborado para este estudio con tal propósito. Esta investigación se fundamentó en el enfoque histórico-cultural de Vigotsky y su escuela psicológica. Los resultados obtenidos determinaron como indicadores: la posibilidad de generalizar rasgos de un objeto o una situación en el plano gráfico; la posibilidad de elaborar un símbolo reconocible; el uso del signo perceptivo como medio de recuerdo y la habilidad para explicar coherentemente el dibujo realizado. Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de los niños evaluados requieren la ayuda del adulto para realizar las tareas propuestas. Se discute que para garantizar el desarrollo de las acciones perceptivas simbólicas se requiere de una mayor participación del adulto y la inclusión de las actividades específicas en la edad preescolar.
This study aimed to establish those indicators related with the acquisition of perceptive symbolic actions in the zone of proximal development and the zone actual of development. 180 preschool children aged between 5 and 6 from Bogota, Colombia, participated in the study. The level of symbolic development was assessed through the administration of a protocol designed for this purpose. This research was based on Vygotsky´s historical-cultural approach and his psychological school. The results obtained in our study identified some indicators connected to reflexive acquisition of perceptive symbolic actions. The above-mentioned indicators comprehend: the possibility of generalising features of a concrete object or situation represented graphically; the possibility to create a recognizable symbol; the use of graphic symbols as a way to remember and, finally, the ability to explain the meaning of drawings. The results showed that most of the assessed children required adult assistance to fulfill the tasks. We discuss the need of constant external help and the inclusion of specific activities in order to guarantee the successful development of perceptive symbolic actions at preschool age.