ABSTRACT
El estudio de la regularidad de la Frecuencia Cardiaca, a través del Holter de 24 horas se hace desde la década de los años 60 y es bastante efectivo. Sin embargo, desde los años noventa comenzaron a efectuarse estudios cortos de Holter en pacientes sospechados de tener fallas autonómicas de control de la frecuencia cardiaca, especialmente en pacientes con comorbilidades tales como Hipertensión, Diabetes Mellitus, Aterosclerosis etc. De aquí la importancia de realizar un test de Holter de diez minutos, divididos en dos tiempos de 5 minutos, primero en decúbito dorsal y luego en bipedestación, especialmente en pacientes de más de cincuenta años o con comorbilidades presentes. Los resultados se presentan luego en gráficos de Poincare, que incluye el programa operativo del dispositivo, que permite un vistazo de la elipse con sus dos ejes, que representan las acciones simpáticas y parasimpáticas sobre la frecuencia cardiaca. Una variabilidad anormal de la frecuencia cardiaca debe ser luego estudiada más profundamente a fin de reafirmar el diagnóstico y ulteriores pasos en el tratamiento.
The variability of Cardiac Frequency is a valuable monitor of the autonomic function and is currently used as tool for study of changes of regularity through Holter 24 hours. From nighties, several researchers have been oriented to stablish relationship between VCF and autonomic failure, especially in patients with comorbidities, such as Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, atherosclerosis etc. Actually is well known that a lost or VCF or a minor variability, even in short traces of Holter in 10 minutes, means an autonomic failure, of baroreflex and quimioreflex resources. Hence, the importance of performing test of ten minutes Holter, five in decubitus position and five in standing, to patients of more than fifty years old, or less if comorbidities are presents, to design a Poincare diagram, which is special to indicate in quick view the prevalence of Sympathetic o Vagal action on cardiac frequency; that conduces to a more deep study of Autonomic failure, such tilt test, extended holter of 24 hours, and others medicals images resources.
ABSTRACT
Introduction The deficiency of monoaminergic neurotransmission is important key pathology of depression. With these changes in excitatory neurotransmission in brain it can be hypothesised that this alteration may result into changes in various sympathetic and parasympathetic parameters like Blood pressure, Heart rate and expiratory and inspiratory ratio. Methodology It is a Case Control Observational Study done in collaboration with department of Psychaitry and all patients of depression satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria were studied for the changes in Blood pressure using handgrip test and Orthostatic Hypotensive Test while changes resting heart rate was recorded. Result and Conclusion There was increase in heart rate found in depression whereas blood pressure diastolic and systolic were found to be lower than a normal individual.
ABSTRACT
The frontal nerve is characterized by its great content of sympathetic nerve fibers in contrast to cutaneous branches of the maxillary and mandibular nerves. However, we needed to add information about composite fibers of cutaneous branches of the nasociliary nerve. Using cadaveric specimens from 20 donated cadavers (mean age, 85), we performed immunohistochemistry of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). The nasocilliary nerve contained abundant nNOS-positive fibers in contrast to few TH- and VIP-positive fibers. The short ciliary nerves also contained nNOS-positive fibers, but TH-positive fibers were more numerous than nNOS-positive ones. Parasympathetic innervation to the sweat gland is well known, but the original nerve course seemed not to be demonstrated yet. The present study may be the first report on a skin nerve containing abundant nNOS-positive fibers. The unique parasympathetic contents in the nasocilliary nerve seemed to supply the forehead sweat glands as well as glands in the eyelid and nasal epithelium.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cadaver , Eyelids , Forehead , Immunohistochemistry , Mandibular Nerve , Nasal Mucosa , Nerve Fibers , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I , Skin , Sweat Glands , Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase , Vasoactive Intestinal PeptideABSTRACT
The flow of saliva is controlled entirely by nervous stimuli. The present study was aimed to explore the role of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves in the regulation of sodium transporters and water channels in the salivary gland. Rats were denervated of their sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves to the submandibular gland, and the expression of sodium transporters and water channels was determined. The expression of either alpha-1 or beta-1 subunit of Na, K-ATPase was not significantly affected by the sympathetic denervation. On the contrary, the expression of both subunits was decreased by the parasympathetic denervation. The expression of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-subunits of ENaC was not significantly affected by the sympathetic denervation, but was increased by the parasympathetic denervation. On the contrary, the expression of NHE3 was markedly decreased by both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic denervation. The sympathetic denervation significantly increased the expression of AQP1, while the parasympathetic denervation was without effect. The sympathetic and parasympathetic denervation significantly increased the expression of AQP4. The sympathetic denervation did not affect the expression of AQP5, but the parasympathetic denervation significantly decreased it. These results suggest that sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves have tonic effects on the regulation of sodium transporters and AQP water channels in the salivary gland. The sympathetic and parasympathetic denervation may then result in alterations of secretory rate and electrolyte composition of the saliva.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Aquaporins , Parasympathectomy , Saliva , Salivary Glands , Secretory Rate , Sodium , Submandibular Gland , SympathectomyABSTRACT
Cold pressor tests were examined on the eight wintering members (mean age 35±SD 4years old) of the 28th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition to study their autonomic adaptation to local severe cold stress.<br>Tests were carried out 6 times with 3 month intervals through the expedition.<br>The first test was done on the ship in the Indian Ocean, on November 24, 1986 (Test-1). The second (Test-2), third (Test-3), fourth (Test-4) and fifth test (Test-5) were done at the Japanese Antarctic Asuka Base on February 24, 1987, May 20, 1987, August 18, 1987 and November 11, 1987, respectively. The last sixth test (Test-6) was done on the ship in the Antarctic Ocean on February 29, 1988.<br>The left hand was immersed in the ice floated water for three minutes for cold pressor test. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), heart rate (HR) and variation coefficient of R-R intervals (CV<sub>(R-R)</sub>) were examined, before immersion (F), at the beginning of immersion (A1), at the end of immersion (A2) and 2 minutes after immersion (A3).<br>An usual sphygmomanometer was used for blood pressure measuring and<br>CARDIMAX FX-102A (FUKUDA) was used for electrocardiogram. HR and CV<sub>(R-R)</sub> were calculated from each 50 R-R intervals of ECG. Student's paired t-test was used for statistical evaluation.<br>SBP (A1, A2, A3), DBP (A2) and HR (A1) rose significantly (p<0.05-0.001) in Test-1. The increases in SBP (A3) and DBP (A2) were not observed in Test-2 and those after. The increase in SBP (A1) was observed in Test-2 but not after Test-3. The increase in HR (A1) was observed in Test-2 and Test-4 but not in Test-3 and after Test-5.<br>CV<sub>(RR)</sub> (A1, A3) in Test-2 and CV<sub>(RR)</sub> (A2, A3) in Test-4 decreased significantly (p<0.05-0.01). CV <sub>(RR)</sub> (F) was relatively higher in these tests than others and was within normal range at the Test-3, Test-5 and Test-6.<br>The sympathetic adaptation to local severe cold seems to have advanced in 2 months and completed within 5 months in their Antarctic life. The parasympathetic function might have been excited when the sympathetic adaptation was unstable.