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Medicinal plants are considered as a rich resources of ingredients which can be used in drug development either pharmacopoeial, non- pharmacopoeial or synthetic drugs. A part from that, these plants play a critical role in the development of human cultures around the world. Traditional Indian medicine (Ayurveda) is becoming increasingly popular, with many chronic conditions responding to it well. Most patients begin to take conventional medications as soon as their diagnoses are made, so Ayurvedic treatments are usually undergone alongside and/or after conventional medical approaches. WHO (World Health Organization) estimated that 80 percent of people worldwide rely on herbal medicines for some aspect of their primary health care needs. According to WHO, around 21,000 plant species have the potential for being used as medicinal plants. Elaborate description of the plant and its therapeutic action are explained by our Acharyas in Vedas, Puranas, and Samhitas and in the later Nighantus. Tejovati is such a drug which is widely available and is having many mentioning in the classics for its effectiveness in many diseases. Tejovati does not have any controversies in any of the literatures or classics regarding its identification or usage. The current article is to highlight the importance of drug and references has been collected from Vedas, Puranas, Samhita kala, Nighantu kala. Synonyms, Gana Varga, Vernacular names etc has been collected and arranged systematically.
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ABSTRACT The subfamily Veliinae (Heteroptera: Gerromorpha: Veliidae) includes ten genera worldwide, seven of which are endemic to the American continent. Here, we provide a revision of Platyvelia Polhemus and Polhemus, 1993, which is distributed from the United States to northern Argentina, and included nine valid species prior to this study. Six species are redescribed, the synonymies of P. egregia (Drake and Harris, 1935) and P. verdica (Drake, 1951) with P. brachialis (Stål, 1860) are proposed, a lectotype is designated for P. annulipes, and two species groups are erected based on male characters: the P. annulipes group and the P. brachialis group. Keys to the species groups and species within each group, photos, and distribution maps are also included.
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Abstract In the present study we revised the genus Hypseocharis in Bolivia and Peru. A total number of 105 herbarium specimens were revised to evaluate the morphological diversity across the range of the genus. In a subset of 24 complete individuals a multivariate morphometric analysis was performed to evaluate the morphological characters historically used to differentiate the "species" of the genus Hypseocharis. A revision of the herbarium material indicated that there are no sharp lines dividing the different "species" with the only exception of H. tridentata. The multivariate analysis indicated that H. bilobata, H. malpasensis and H. pedicularifolia all occupy the same morphospace as H. pimpinellifolia and there are no individual morphological characters or suites of characters permitting the differentiation of distinct taxa. This confirms earlier findings from Argentina: There are only two species in the genus, widespread Hypseocharis pimpinellifolia and H. tridentata. Hypseocharis pilgeri, originally described from Peru, can also not be differentiated from H. pimpinellifolia. We propose the recognition of only two species: H. pimpinellifolia with variously pinnate to bipinnate leaves with a terminal leaflet at most marginally larger than the lateral ones, flowers with 15 anthers and capsular fruits as differing from H. tridentata with pinnate leaves with the terminal leaflet much larger than the lateral ones, flowers with 5 anthers and schizocarpic fruits. Hypseocharis pimpinellifolia is a widespread and polymorphic species, ranging from Ancash (Peru) to La Rioja (Argentina) and comprises forms with white, yellow, orange, and red corollas and with simply pinnate to very finely bipinnate leaves.
Resumen En el presente estudio se realizó una revisión taxonómica del género Hypseocharis en Bolivia y Perú. Se analizó la diversidad morfológica abarcando toda la distribución geográfica del género Hypseocharis utilizando 105 especímenes de herbario. Un análisis multivariado morfométrico fue aplicado a 24 individuos completos para evaluar los caracteres históricos utilizados para diferenciar las especies dentro del género. La revisión del material de herbario mostró una distinción de la especie H. tridentata, pero no se confirmó una clara separación entre las "especies" H. bilobata, H. malpasensis, H. pedicularifolia y H. pimpinellifolia. Todas ocupan el mismo morfo espacio con similares caracteres morfológicos, apoyando previos estudios en Argentina, donde solamente se describieron dos especies: H. pimpinellifolia y H. tridentata, esta última proveniente de Argentina y con solo un espécimen de Bolivia. Nuestros resultados también mostraron que H. pilgeri, originalmente descrita en Perú, tampoco se diferencia de H. pimpinellifolia. Por lo tanto, proponemos la distinción de solamente dos especies en el género: H. pimipinellifolia con hojas variables pinnadas o bipinnadas, con foliolos terminales un poco más grandes que los foliolos laterales; flores con 15 anteras y tipo de fruto capsular. Mientras que H. tridentata posee hojas pinnadas con foliolos terminales mucho más grandes que los laterales; flores con 5 anteras y tipo de fruto esquizocarpo. Hypseocharis pimpinellifolia es una especie ampliamente distribuida desde Ancash (Perú) hasta La Rioja (Argentina) morfológicamente variable incluyendo varios tipos de hojas, desde simples pinnadas hasta bipinnadas y flores blancas, amarillas, naranjas o rojas.
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Abstract Within the subgenus Dichotomius (Selenocopris) Burmeister 1846, D. nisus (Olivier, 1789) and D. superbus (Felsche, 1901) had been historically arranged in the "Nisus" section by Luederwaldt, however, according to the revised classification of the subgenus, the two species now belong to different species groups. In this paper, the taxonomic history concerning the species once included by Luederwaldt in the "Nisus" section is revised and discussed. The following new synonyms are proposed: Pinotus taunayi (Luederwaldt, 1931) as a subjective synonym of D. geminatus (Arrow, 1913), and Pinotus taunayi pilosus (Luederwaldt, 1931) as a subjective synonym of D. nisus. Lectotypes are designated for D. nisus and Pinotus garbei. Redescriptions, diagnoses and updated distribution data are provided for D. nisus and D. superbus. The diagnostic characters of the male genitalia of these species are described and illustrated for the first time.
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Nature is enriched with a huge variety of plant life having distinctive properties. Human ardor for herbal medicine dates lower back to Vedic length. People have been making use of plant materials lengthy earlier than scientific explanations were advanced. One of the tremendous capabilities of the local health practice is they use domestically available and quite often readily available sources. The “Birds eye view” of our great saints led to the invention of different medicinal plants one among them is drug Vata. Vata is considered as one among the Pancha valkala which constitute the famous Ksheeri vrukshas. Elaborate description of the plant Vata and its therapeutic action are explained by our Acharyas in Vedas, Puranas, and Samhithas and in the later Nighantus. Vata (Ficus bengalensis) is such a drug which is widely and cheaply available and is having many mentioning in the classics for its effectiveness in many diseases. Vata does not have any controversies in any of the literatures or classics regarding its identification or usage. The current article is to highlight the importance of drug Vata (Ficus benghalensis) and references has been collected from Vedas, Puranas, Samhita kala, Nighantu kala. Synonyms, Gana Varga, Vernacular names etc has been collected and arranged systematically.
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Terminologia Anatomica is a unique collection of technical terms that enable communication in anatomy and medicine across the world. However, current anatomical terminology also contains some internal inconsistencies and discrepancies in regard to clinical terminology. Thus, a number of terms are not logically related to the names of similar anatomical entities, or the names of corresponding physiological and pathological conditions. Moreover, during clinical practice many anatomical terms have commonly been replaced by new, clinical idioms. These terminological discrepancies represent an impediment to learning and teaching in medical and health professions programs. In this paper it is proposed that the relevant synonyms should be introduced into Terminologia Anatomica in the same way as currently the case for the kidney (ren/nephros) and uterine tube (tuba uterina/salpinx). This change would significantly reduce inconsistencies in nomenclature and make anatomical terminology more logical, easier to understand and memorize. Furthermore, it would better align anatomy with other branches of medicine and medical education.
Terminologia Anatomica es una colección única de términos técnicos que permiten la comunicación en anatomía y medicina en todo el mundo. Sin embargo, la terminología anatómica actual también contiene algunas inconsistencias internas y discrepancias con respecto a la terminología clínica. Por lo tanto, varios términos no están lógicamente relacionados con los nombres de entidades anatómicas similares, o los nombres de las correspondientes condiciones fisiológicas y patológicas. Además, durante la práctica clínica muchos términos anatómicos han sido comúnmente reemplazados por nuevos modismos clínicos. Estas discrepancias terminológicas representan un impedimento para el aprendizaje y la enseñanza en los programas médicos y profesionales de la salud. En este trabajo se propone que los sinónimos relevantes se introduzcan en la terminología anatómica de la misma manera que en la actualidad, como en el caso del riñón (ren / nephros) y la tuba uterina (tuba uterina / salpinx). Este cambio reduciría significativamente las inconsistencias en la nomenclatura y haría la terminología anatómica más lógica, más fácil de entender y memorizar. Además, alinearía mejor la anatomía con otras áreas de la medicina y la educación médica.
Subject(s)
Education, Medical , Anatomy/education , Terminology as TopicABSTRACT
BackgroundThe goal of this research is to clarify the synonyms of mineral-oriented medicine that were written in the “The Beautiful, Wondrous Eye-Ornament” sutra (Tib: Mdzes mtshar mig rgyan) by Jambaldorj. The text is famous for its fanciful illustrations, including mnemonic trees of Tibetan medical theory, minerals, plants and animals, surgical instruments, and charts of the body. It was written in Tibetan with quadrilingual captions - Tibetan, Mongolian, Manchu, and Chinese - accompanying the materia medica section.MethodsThe research was conducted through the method of original manuscript analysis, listing and sorting mineral oriented medicine, the comparison method and the interpretation of clarifying synonym names by the handwriting and paleographic methods. Both tools are carefully designed not only to provide a high level of accuracy, but also to provide a clean and concise justification of the inferred results.ResultsWe listed all 90 mineral-oriented medicine that were written in “The Beautiful, Wondrous Eye-Ornament” sutra. Jambaldorj divided all mineral raw materials into three groups: Gem medicine, Stone medicine and Earth medicine. The first two groups were divided into melting and un-melting; the last group was divided into artificial and to be self formed subgroups. This classification was similar to the 20th Chapter of “The Explanatory Tantra” in “Four Medical Tantras”.ConclusionThis research suggests that the clarified synonyms of mineral-oriented medicine had a relationship with the external appearance, chemical and physical characteristics, distributions, medicinal taste, capacity and the medicinal usage of minerals.
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This review aims to present an updated checklist of scaphopods, based mainly on literature database. There is a total of 40 species (six families) for Brazil, including information about the distribution and bathymetric range of each taxon. We propose two synonyms with the aid of morphometry of the shell, for the genus Gadila: G. longa as junior synonym of G. elongata and G. robusta as junior synonym of G. pandionis.
Uma lista atualizada dos escafópodes da costa brasileira pertencentes a seis famílias é apresentada baseada principalmente em dados da literatura. Há um total de 40 espécies para o Brasil, incluindo informações sobre a distribuição e a faixa batimétrica de cada táxon. Nós propomos dois sinônimos com o auxílio da morfometria da concha, para o gênero Gadila: G. longa como sinônimo júnior de G. elongata e G. robusta como sinônimo júnior de G. pandionis.
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OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this study were to identify the difference between consumer vocabulary and medical vocabulary in terms of health information; to understand the features of consumer vocabulary; and to contribute by building a system that is able to link consumer vocabulary with medical vocabulary. METHODS: Data collection was conducted using articles in the knowledge corner of a portal web-site. A total of 43,304 health-related terms (total terms extracted) were collected as objects of this study and these terms were analyzed for their mapping rate and frequency of use (the repeated number of a term). RESULTS: The rate of mapping between the consumer vocabulary for health information and the medical vocabulary was not high. However, the number of "unmapped terms" was decreased by linking terms having similar forms to "preferred terms" and by extending synonyms. CONCLUSION: Linking with preferred terms and extending synonyms are, thus, required to increase the mapping rate between consumer vocabulary for health information and medical vocabulary, and the terms that consumers use are essential to further be researched in order to understand their morphology and features; hence, increasing consumer accessibility to the medical field.