Research progress and maturity assessment of continuous manufacturing of traditional Chinese medicine / 中国中药杂志

The pharmaceutical manufacturing model is gradually changing from intermittent manufacturing to continuous manufacturing and intelligent manufacturing. This paper briefly reviewed the supervision and research progress in continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing in China and abroad and described the definition and advantages of continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing. The continuous manufacturing of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) at the current stage was summarized in the following three terms: the enhancement of the continuity of intermittent manufacturing operations, the integration of continuous equipment to improve physical continuity between units, and the application of advanced process control strategies to improve process continuity. To achieve continuous manufacturing of TCM, the corresponding key technologies, such as material property characterization, process modeling and simulation, process analysis technology, and system integration, were analyzed from the process and equipment, respectively. It was proposed that the continuous manufacturing equipment system should have the characteristics of high speed, high response, and high reliability, "three high(H~3)" for short. Considering the characteristics and current situation of TCM manufacturing, based on the two dimensions of product quality control and production efficiency, a maturity assessment model for continuous manufacturing of TCM, consisting of operation continuity, equipment continuity, process continuity, and quality control continuity, was proposed to provide references for the application of continuous manufacturing technology for TCM. The implementation of continuous manufacturing or the application of key continuous manufacturing technologies in TCM can help to systematically integrate advanced pharmaceutical technology elements and promote the uniformity of TCM quality and the improvement of production efficiency.

Coordenação do cuidado: uma análise por meio da experiência de médicos da Atenção Primária à Saúde / Care coordination: an analysis based on the experiences of primary care doctors / Coordinación del cuidado: un análisis a partir de la experiencia de médicos de la Atención Primaria de la Salud

Resumo O objetivo é analisar a experiência de médicos da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) sobre conhecimento, uso e reflexões para melhoria da coordenação do cuidado. Foi realizado estudo transversal com utilização do COORDENA-BR com médicos da APS, em Niterói/RJ/BR. Os profissionais reconheciam a importância da coordenação, ainda que não ocorresse, e confiavam nas habilidades clínicas dos médicos da Atenção Especializada (AE). Não havia indicação de seguimento e reconhecimento da centralidade da APS pelos pares da AE. O envio da referência, o recebimento do resumo de alta hospitalar e o uso de protocolos foram recorrentes, o recebimento da contrarreferência não. Não eram realizadas sessões clínicas compartilhadas e os médicos da APS não consultavam os especialistas para esclarecimento de dúvidas. Os resultados expressam a insuficiência de condições tecnológicas, organizacionais e de valores para que a APS assuma a coordenação do cuidado no SUS.(AU)

Abstract The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of primary care doctors regarding the use of knowledge and reflection to improve care coordination. We conducted a cross-sectional study with primary care doctors in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro using the COORDENA-BR questionnaire. The doctors recognized the importance of coordination, although it did not occur, and trusted the clinical skills of specialty doctors. There was no indication that their peers in specialty care recognized and promoted the centrality of primary care. Referrals, receipt of hospital discharge summaries and use of protocols were common; counter-referrals to primary services was not common. Clinical sharing sessions were not held and primary care doctors did not consult specialists to clear up doubts. The findings reveal that the coordination of care under Brazil's public health system by primary care services is hampered by lack of technological resources, organization, and values.(AU)

Resumen El objetivo es analizar la experiencia de médicos de la Atención Primaria de la Salud (APS) sobre conocimiento, uso y reflexiones para la mejora de la coordinación del cuidado. Se realizó un estudio transversal con utilización del COORDENA-BR con médicos de la APS, en Niterói (Estado de Río de Janeiro, Brasil). Los profesionales reconocían la importancia de la coordinación, aunque no ocurriera, y confiaban en las habilidades clínicas de los médicos de la Atención Especializada (AE). No había indicación de seguimiento y reconocimiento de la centralidad de la APS por los pares de la AE. Fueron recurrentes el envío de la referencia, el recibo del resumen de alta hospitalaria y el uso de protocolos, pero no el uso de la contra-referencia. No se realizaban sesiones clínicas compartidas y los médicos de la APS no consultaban a los especialistas para aclarar dudas. Los resultados expresan la insuficiencia de condiciones tecnológicas, organizacionales y de valores para que la APS asuma la coordinación del cuidado en el SUS.(AU)

A scoping review on strategies, influencing factors and evaluation of foreign stroke service system integration / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To summarize the strategies, influencing factors and evaluation methods of foreign stroke service system integration, so as to provide reference for the construction of integrated stroke service system in China.Methods:The scoping review method was used to search, screen and analyze the literature. Using search terms such as stroke and integration, a total of 7 527 articles from PubMed and other databases from 2000 to 2021 were obtained. The strategies, influencing factors, evaluation methods and results of stroke service system integration were extracted from the literature. The rainbow model of health integration was used to establish the literature analysis framework.Results:A total of 103 articles involved system integration strategies were included in the analysis, 49 articles involved integration influencing factors, and 32 articles involved integration evaluation. Stroke service system integration strategies included 3 categories and 13 forms, including service coverage, normative shaping and information technology integration. The influencing factors of integration included local stroke service resources, implementation ability, social development level and institutional environment. System integration evaluation included systematic evaluation and case evaluation.Conclusions:The goal of stroke service system integration is to improve the coverage, quality and efficiency of stroke services. The internal drive comes from market and technology. The three types of integration strategies have their own emphasis and are integrated with each other. They are deeply embedded in the regional resource, institutional and cultural environment. Their evaluation is facing the challenge of high situational and low universality.

Discussion on the construction status of outpatient and emergency electronic medical record system in China / 中华医院管理杂志

The outpatient and emergency electronic medical record system is an important part of the hospital information system. By analyzing the current outpatient and emergency electronic medical record system in hospitals in China, this paper rounded up weaknesses in the development of the outpatient and emergency electronic medical record system in terms of management standards, support, technology bottleneck, data sharing and security. On such basis, the authors suggested to improve the policy standards, clarify the construction objectives, increase the support, optimize the system functions and strengthen the security management, which aimed at promoting the high-quality development of the construction of outpatient and emergency electronic medical record system in China′s hospitals.

Integration among national health information systems in Brazil: the case of e-SUS Primary Care / Integração entre os sistemas nacionais de informação em saúde: o caso do e-SUS Atenção Básica

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To measure the degree of integration of the Electronic Citizen's Record (PEC - Prontuário Eletrônico do Cidadão) of the e-SUS Primary Care Strategy (e-SUS AB - Estratégia e-SUS Atenção Básica) in the view of other Brazilian´s National Health Information Systems (SNIS - Sistemas Nacionais de Informação em Saúde), relating to the internal political-organizational structure of the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MH). METHODS: This is a qualitative case study. Data collection was carried out through document analysis and semi-structured interviews. In the first stage, we sought to clarify how many SNIS were in use in the Primary Care (PC) of the Unified Health System between 2013 and 2017. Then, we defined as criterion the maintenance of data collection interfaces by the Ministry of Health even after the implementation of the PEC/e-SUS Primary Care in order to measure the integration. RESULTS: 31 SNIS were identified in Primary Care. We observed that 12 of them were completely integrated and 15 presented no unification of interfaces related to PEC/e-SUS Primary Care. Another 4 have partial integration. By correlating these data with the political-organizational structure of the MS, we observed a greater integration with the systems managed by the Department of Primary Care and a persisted fragmentation in SNIS, especially those under the management of the Health Surveillance Department (Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde). The disparity between the integration of the PEC/e-SUS Primary Care with the Health Surveillance SNIS is a sign of the persistence of the division and the false dichotomy between Health Care and Health Surveillance practices and processes in the Ministry of Health - even 30 years after the foundation of the SUS and unification of the state structures of social security hospital care and federal public health in MH. CONCLUSION: Although still insufficient, the systems integration carried out by the e-SUS Primary Care Strategy, which focuses on reducing user interfaces, can be considered a new fact on the SUS information and information policy agenda.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Medir o grau de integração do Prontuário Eletrônico do Cidadão (PEC) da Estratégia e-SUS Atenção Básica (e-SUS AB) com outros Sistemas Nacionais de Informação em Saúde (SNIS), o relacionando à estrutura político-organizacional interna do Ministério da Saúde (MS). MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo de caso de caráter qualitativo. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de análise documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Na primeira etapa buscou-se esclarecer quantos SNIS estiveram em uso na Atenção Básica do Sistema Único de Saúde entre 2013 e 2017. Em seguida, para medir a integração, foi aplicado como critério a manutenção das interfaces de captação de dados pelo Ministério da Saúde, mesmo após a implantação do PEC/e-SUS AB. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 31 SNIS na Atenção Básica. Observou-se que 12 deles foram completamente integrados e em 15 não houve nenhuma unificação de interfaces com o PEC/e-SUS AB. Outros 4 tiverem integração parcial. Ao correlacionar esses dados com a estrutura político-organizacional do MS, verificou-se uma maior integração com os sistemas geridos pelo Departamento de Atenção Básica e uma persistência da fragmentação com os SNIS, especialmente aqueles sob gestão da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. A disparidade entre a integração do PEC/e-SUS AB com os SNIS da Vigilância em Saúde é um sinal da persistência da divisão e da falsa dicotomia entre práticas e processos de Assistência à Saúde e Vigilância em Saúde no Ministério da Saúde - mesmo após 30 anos da fundação do SUS e unificação das estruturas estatais da assistência hospitalar previdenciária e da saúde pública federal no MS. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de ainda insuficiente, a integração de sistemas efetivada pela Estratégia e-SUS AB, que tem foco na redução de interfaces de usuário, pode ser considerada um fato novo na agenda da política de informação e informática do SUS.

Estratégias usadas no relacionamento entre Sistemas de Informações em Saúde para seguimento das mulheres com mamografias suspeitas no Sistema Único de Saúde / Strategies used to link Health Information Systems for the follow-up of women with abnormal mammograms in the Brazilian Public Health System

RESUMO: Introdução: Sistemas de Informação em Saúde (SIS) são instrumentos potenciais para análise da situação de saúde, mas a não obrigatoriedade de preenchimento de um campo comum único dificulta sua integração. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as estratégias utilizadas para relacionar bases de dados do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) que contenham registros para o controle do câncer de mama e avaliar a adequação da estratégia empregada. Metodologia: Foram relacionados probabilisticamente o Sistema de Informação do Controle do Câncer de Mama (SISMAMA), o Sistema de Informação Ambulatorial (SIA, por meio do Boletim de Produção Ambulatorial Individualizado - BPA-I - e da Autorização de Procedimentos Ambulatoriais de Alta Complexidade - APAC), o Sistema de Informação Hospitalar (SIH) e o Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM). A base de referência foram registros de mamografia suspeita e altamente suspeita de malignidade do segundo semestre de 2010. A estratégia de relacionamento incluiu 15 passos. Os registros com Cartão Nacional de Saúde (CNS) ou Cadastro de Pessoa Física (CPF) foram utilizados para estimar a sensibilidade da estratégia, tendo como padrão-ouro os pares de registros identificados nos passos iniciais, que usaram esses campos como chave de blocagem. Resultados: A utilização do CNS e do CPF como estratégia de relacionamento permitiu identificar elevada proporção de pares verdadeiros nas bases nas quais existiam essas variáveis: 47,3% nas mamografias de seguimento, 41,4% no SIH e 45,5% na APAC. A sensibilidade da estratégia utilizada foi de 100%. Conclusão: O estudo mostrou que as estratégias utilizadas foram satisfatórias e que a utilização do CNS e do CPF permitiu a identificação de muitos pares, mesmo com a ausência de crítica destes e a possibilidade de realizar o relacionamento entre bancos com poucos campos de identificação.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Health Information Systems are potential instruments to analyze health situation; however, the non-compulsory filling of a single common field makes it difficult to link systems' data. This study aimed to describe and evaluate the adequacy of the strategies used to perform data linkage between databases from the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS) as to records for breast cancer control. Methods: The Breast Cancer Control Information Systems (SISMAMA), the Outpatient Information System (SIA, through Individualized Outpatient Service Production - BPA-I - and High-Complexity Outpatient Procedures Authorization Forms - APAC), the Hospital Information System (SIH), and the Mortality Information System (SIM) were linked probabilistically. The baseline was constructed by records with "suspected" and "highly suspected malignancy" from the second half of 2010. The linkage strategy included 15 steps. Registries with the national health service user card (CNS) or social security number (SSN) were used to estimate the sensitivity of the strategy, considering matches between records identified in the initial steps as gold standard, when these fields were used as key for blocking. Results: Using CNS and the SSN as a linkage strategy allowed to identify the high proportion of true matches across databases in which these variables were inputted: 47.3% in follow-up mammography records, 41.4% in SIH, and 45.5% in APAC. The sensitivity of the linkage strategy was 100%. Conclusion: The study showed that the strategies were satisfactory and the use of CNS and SSN allowed many matches, even without critical proceedings and with the possibility of linkage between databases based on information from only a few identification fields.

System Integration of Infant Incubators' Quality Control Testing Based on MCU / 中国医疗器械杂志

This study is aimed to design the testing system of multiple parameters of the incubators, and to make their quality control plans. Also it is required to establish a model of data collection and processing based on MCU, and to program the host computer software in order to analyze data. The result shows that the testing system is accurate and stable; also it is convenient to collect the data. This testing system is a good complement of the quality control of incubators. It has a high practical value in improving medical safety and reducing the occurrence of adverse events.

Model and effectiveness analysis of countywide healthcare reform in Anhui province / 中华医院管理杂志

The countywide healthcare reform in Anhui province since 2015 was analyzed in the paper.The reform is based on the integration of healthcare management system and health service system of the new rural cooperative medical system (NCMS).The core of reform is regional global per capita budget of NCMS.The reform promotes the county′s healthcare institutions to shift from profit oriented to costs control, improves their quality of care, emphasizes disease prevention and control, and maintains residents health.Next, we should pay attention to the rationality of funds balance and benefits distribution, and the training of county healthcare personnel.

Methodology for constructing physical examination information system / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To propose an approach for developing a physical examination information system by analyzing the requirements for physical examination and the implementation of the system.Methods The development was realized from four aspects of customer service platform,system integration and data sharing,data processing and statistical analysis,external examination flow design and data archiving.Physical examination flow was modified accordingly,and the business flow and data flow were integrated from the physical examination system,HIS,PACS and LIS.Results The system established a human-oriented customer service platform,realized data sharing and automatic processing,and transformed external examination into digital mode from manual mode.Conclusion The system needs continuously improving and gifting with multi functions to provide enhanced service to the customer.

Application of interaction between mobile phone App and HIS / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To realize real-time information interaction between mobile phone App and HIS. Methods Database interface, related views and storage procedures were explored, and data mining was used to realize data capture, cleaning and dumping so that the integration was achieved between the App and HIS. Results The traditional medical service mode was changed, the waiting time of the patient was decreased, and the medical service quality and patient satisfaction were enhanced greatly. Conclusion The problems of "three longs and one short" are solved in the outpatient department, the relationship is improved between the doctor and patient, and the medical service is gifted with convenience, high efficiency and etc.

Participación social en sistemas de salud fragmentados: ¿una relación virtuosa? / Social Participation in Fragmented Health Systems: a Virtuous Relationship? / Participação social em sistemas de saúde fragmentados: um relacionamento virtuoso?

Los sistemas de salud se enfrentan a diferentes obstáculos que amenazan su correcto desempeño. Uno de ellos es su fragmentación. Como contrapartida, la participación social en salud es mencionada con la misma intensidad como fenómeno integrador. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo proporcionar un marco más concreto sobre la compleja relación entre ambos emergentes de los sistemas de salud y para ello utilizó diferentes métodos: una revisión de la literatura, un enfoque cualitativo para definir las dimensiones de análisis y, en un tercer momento, técnicas de ensayos clásicos (ensayo expositivo) para argumentar cada dimensión. Como producto final se definieron doce tesis que en conjunto se proponen explicar satisfactoriamente este fenómeno e inferir líneas de trabajo para mejorar de manera efectiva el funcionamiento de los sistemas de salud.

Health systems face different obstacles that threaten their proper performance. One such obstacle is the fragmentation of health systems. In return, the social participation in health is mentioned with the same intensity that integrating phenomenon. This study aimed to provide a more concrete framework on the complex relationship between these factors emerging health systems and for that use different methods: A review of literature, a qualitative approach to define the dimensions of analysis and in a third time a classic technique assay (expository essay) to argue each dimension. The final product 12 theses were defined, and together aim to satisfactorily explain this phenomenon and propose lines of work that effectively improve the performance of health systems.

Os sistemas de saúde enfrentam-se a diferentes obstáculos que ameaçam seu desempenho adequado. Um deles é sua fragmentação. Como contrapartida, a participação social em saúde é mencionada com igual intensidade como fenómeno integrador. Este estudo objetivou fornecer quadro mais concreto sobre o complexo relacionamento entre ambos os emergentes dos sistemas de saúde e para isso utilizou diferentes métodos: uma revisão da literatura, um enfoque qualitativo para definir as dimensões de análise e, em uma terceira vez, técnicas de ensaios clássicos (ensaio expositivo) para argumentar cada dimensão. Como produto final definiram-se doze teses que em conjunto propõem-se explicar satisfatoriamente este fenómeno e inferir linhas de trabalho para melhorar de maneira efetiva o funcionamento dos sistemas de saúde.

Integração com monitores de beira de leito utilizando health level 7 / Integration with bedside monitors using health level 7 / Integración de monitores de cabecera utilizando health level 7

OBJETIVOS: desenvolver solução para integração de monitores de beira de leito ao Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH). MÉTODOS: Desenvolvimento e implementação de troca de mensagens no padrão Health Level 7, Admit Discharge Transfer (ADT) e Observation (OBX), utilizando a biblioteca HAPI, para cadastro do paciente e coletados parâmetros de monitoramento. Criação de base de dados para seleção e armazenamento dos parâmetros desejados. RESULTADOS: cadastro integrado com o SIH e captura em banco de dados dos parâmetros dos monitores de beira de leito além de interface de teste para visualização dos dados. CONCLUSÃO: Desenvolvido e implementado um sistema para a integração com monitores beira de leito, permitindo uma visão mais abrangente dos dados dos pacientes.

OBJECTIVES: develop solution for integration of bedside monitors to the Hospital Information System (HIS). METHODS: Development and implementation of the exchange of messages using the standard Health Level 7, Admit Discharge Transfer (ADT) and Observation (OBX), using the HAPI library in order to register the patient and to collect parameters from the monitors. It was also created a database in order to support the selection and storage of the desired parameters. RESULTS: registration integrated with HIS and saving of bedside monitors' parameters in database plus test interface for data visualization. CONCLUSION: Developed and implemented a system to integrate with bedside monitors, allowing a more comprehensive view of patient data.

Real-time Monitoring System for Heart Rate and Movement during Rehabilitation Exercises / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To integrate a real-time remote monitoring device for movement and heart rate load during rehabilitation exercis-es. Methods Polar heart rate sensor was used, and assisted with a wireless relay to transmit the heat rate signals to 100 meters away. The vid-eo overlay device combined and superimposed the synchronized movement video to heart rate data. It completed the simultaneous acquisi-tion of heat rate signal and movement video, as well as the real-time recording and analysis of data and images with a customized software. Results and Conclusion This system provides a platform for the real-time movement and heart rate monitoring and analysis of rehabilita-tion exercise on the Windows.

Exploration of hematuria in urinary system integrated courses for eight-year medical educa-tion program / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Organ system based integrated teaching model has been adopted in several medical schools, and these schools face some challenges in this teaching process. In order to provide new sights for organ system based integrated teaching reform in eight-year medical education program, ex-ploration of setting up three-staged-dimensional integrated teaching models was conducted in urinary system by hematuria, and designing related teaching objectives, teaching programs and assessment form to optimize teaching quality in this teaching methods, according to characteristics of the urinary systemic diseases, cultivating objectives of eight-year medical education program and teaching experi-ence of Xiangya School of Medicine.

CDD and HIS integration-based interface design / 中华医学图书情报杂志

CDD is a disease knowledge information system, which incorporates disease knowledge-related knowledge points into an organic body. The knowledge units in CDD were integrated into the information flow in HIS through the Web science interface, which can thus effectively improve the knowledge service and information service level of HIS. After a description of CDD and HIS, Web science integration-based design ideas and their implementation were elaborated.

Coordenação do cuidado às pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids: desafios no contexto da assistência ambulatorial especializada / Coordination of HIV Patient Care: specialized ambulatory assistance challenges

ntrodução: A variabilidade da natureza e complexidade das necessidades de atenção à saúde geradas pelo HIV/aids requerem abordagens no processo de produção e gestão do cuidado que considerem as características e demandas das pessoas e famílias afetadas pela infecção/adoecimento, bem como a constituição/consolidação de uma rede integrada de serviços de saúde que assegurem um cuidado contínuo e coordenado. Objetivos: Analisar a coordenação do cuidado às pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids assistidas em ambulatório especializado a partir da oferta e integração das ações e dos serviços de saúde. Método: Pesquisa epidemiológica, transversal do tipo inquérito, que envolveu 150 adultos vivendo com aids, usuários do ambulatório especializado de referência estadual da Paraíba. Os dados foram coletados entre julho de 2011 e julho de 2012, por meio de entrevistas e consulta ao prontuário, utilizando-se um questionário estruturado. Posteriormente, as informações foram submetidas a tratamento estatístico descritivo e inferencial, através do software Statistica 9.0 da Statsoft, aplicando-se cálculos de medida de frequência; análise de correspondência simples e múltipla; análise de variância robusta e teste-t; cálculo de mediana, média, desvio padrão e intervalo de confiança a 95% dos percentuais de satisfação em relação às variáveis da oferta e da integração; modelo de regressão logística; modelo de regressão linear simples e múltipla para análise de influências entre risco, oferta e integração.

Introduction: The different circumstances and health care complexities created by the HIV virus require specific approaches on the processes of production and management of care, carefully considering both the traits and demands of patients and families affected by the infection and the establishment of an integrated network of health services that provide a continuous and coordinated care. Objectives: To analyze specialized ambulatory coordination of the of HIV patient care through the lens of action offer and integration of health services. Method: Epidemiological research, transversal and interviews, involving 150 adults carrying the AIDS virus, users of the reference specialized ambulatory of the state of Paraíba, Brazil. The data was collected between July 2011 e July 2012, through interviews and chart lookup, using a structured questionnaire. It was then submitted to a statistical inference analysis through Statsoft’s Statistica 9.0 software, applying frequency measurement calculations, analysis of simple and multiple correspondence, analysis of robust variance and t-tests, calculations of average, standard deviation and trust intervals to 95% of satisfaction percentages related to the variables of offer and integration, logistical regression model, both simple and multiple linear regression models for influence analysis between risk, offer and integration.

Research on system integration technology for hospital information construction based on Web Service / 中国医学装备

Objective:In view of the current existing in the construction of hospital information system, poor compatibility between the software, data sharing difficult shortcomings, puts forward the solution based on Web service to realize the hospital information resources integration and sharing. Methods: Using medical digital image communication standard (DICOM), medical layer 7 (HL7) and Web service technology, through constructing a unified hospital information integration platform to integrate hospital information system (HIS), medical imaging system (PACS) and radiology information system (RIS). Results: Based on Web service integration platform can apply complex heterogeneous system, support custom adapter connection, reduce the coupling between modules, improve the commonality of data, system have strong extensibility. Conclusion:The application of integration technology will greatly improve the hospital the system stability, security, compatibility and efficiency, and the hospital running maintenance costs were reduced.

Integrated application of hospital information based on enterprise service bus / 中华医院管理杂志

The present hospital information systems are analyzed,with finding that hospital information isolated island phenomenon getting worse due to failure of interconnection of various systems and equipment vendors with different technologies.An integrated platform based on an enterprise service bus is proposed for hospital information,which can be connected into these heterogeneous systems,effectively minimizing the inter-system coupling,and achieving data and service interconnection,enabling an integrated and intelligent hospital architecture.

The experiences of system integration countries informing the potential unification of the Korean peninsula's healthcare system

A "system integration country" is defined as the political unification to a single national system of a country divided for a certain period of time such as Germany, Yemen, and Vietnam. Vietnam is moving to adopt the South Korean health insurance system. The process by which the Vietnamese healthcare insurance system is introduced should be applied to establishing the North Korean healthcare system after the future unification of the Korean peninsula. Yemen's political instability has resulted in poor health care indicators. Before the unification of Germany, an agreement regarding healthcare was formed and vigorous mutual exchanges of health care issues occurred. Political unification is not in itself a perfect solution for health care issues. We must make thorough preparations and develop strategies for an upcoming integration of healthcare systems. Like the experience of the unified Germany, humanitarian exchanges and cooperation of public healthcare issues should continue. A unified Korea will be confronted with many hardships, especially in health care. Therefore, a practical plan for the healthcare system before and after the unification of the Korean peninsula is needed.

Medical education reform in the view of medical integration / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Medical integration is an inevitable trend of medical development and medical educa-tion reform nowadays. Under the guidance of integration,medical colleges at home and abroad develop a series of exploration and practice of medical education reform. According to difficulties and problems of medical education reform,this article put forward:changing ideas to adapt to the transformation of medi-cal model,combining medical education reform and new medical reform,playing the main role of educa-tion administration department in the reform of medical course system,strengthening multi-dimensional integration of medical science.