ABSTRACT
The 5-year survival rates of small liver cancer resection were no longer improved in the past 40 years,indicating the importance of studies on cancer metastasis.Several important issues of cancer metastasis will be delineated:(1)Changing concepts of cancer metastasis:Cancer metastasis is a systemic issue,metastatic potential of cancer originated from pri-mary tumor,cancer stem cell is the key component of cancer metastasis,metastatic potential also influenced by immuneinflammatory microenvironment,metastatic potential is an alterable event.(2) The pro-metastatic effect of cancer eradication:In Liver Cancer Institute of Fudan University,experimental studies using human hepatocellular carcinoma nude mice model with high metastatic potential indicated that palliative resection,radiotherapy,chemotherapy,hepatic artery ligation and molecular targeted therapies that target to VEGF (eg.Sorafenib) promoted the metastatic potential of residual cancer,mainly via hypoxia,inflammation and immuno-suppression with different molecular alterations.Interestingly,effective intervention that inhibits metastasis and prolongs survival has been found using clinical available drugs in experimental studies.Such as cytokine (interferon),anti-inflammatories (aspirin and zoledronic acid),herbal medicine (Songyou Yin) and Tanshinone Ⅱ A,a novel tripeptide-tyroserleutide,etc.(3) Systemic intervention,including nervous system,immunotherapy,endocrinal intervention,as well as metabolic intervention,etc.were briefly discussed.
ABSTRACT
El artículo presenta las aproximaciones más representativas de la psicología al duelo por muerte súbita y las posturas para el manejo del mismo desde la intervención clínica, para discernir el marco de referencia epistemológico sobre el que se sustenta el ejercicio sistémico apreciativo. En consecuencia, el texto perfila una comprensión ecológica, integradora, de los momentos no cronológicos por los que atraviesan los dolientes, que favorece una resignificación de la situación de crisis. Para esto, se hace énfasis en la relevancia del lenguaje que, entendido en el orden de la narración, permite la actividad dialogal que lo hace constructor de realidades.
The article presents the most representative approaches of psychology to the sorrow by sudden death and the positions for the handling of that from the clinical intervention, in order to discern the epistemological frame of reference on which the appreciative systematic exercise is sustained. In consequence, the text outlines an ecological understanding, integrating, of the no chronological moments by which the bereaved go across, that favors a crisis situations re-signification. Because of that, there is an emphasis in the relevance of the language that, understood in the order of the narration, allows the dialogal activity that made it constructor of realities.