Fatiga e independencia funcional en personas con esclerosis múltiple / Fatigue and Functional Independence in People with Multiple Sclerosis

RESUMEN Objetivo: Establecer la relación entre la fatiga y el nivel de independencia funcional en actividades de la vida diaria en personas con esclerosis múltiple. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo trasversal con alcance correlacional. Participaron 107 personas con esclerosis múltiple, mayores de 18 años, con puntuaciones entre 0 y 8 en la Escala Ampliada del Estado de Discapacidad de Kurtzke. Se evaluó la fatiga con la Escala de Gravedad de la Fatiga, las actividades básicas cotidianas con el Índice de Barthel y las instrumentales con la Escala de Lawton y Brody. Se correlacionaron estas variables y se realizaron pruebas de homogeneidad entre la severidad de la fatiga y variables sociodemográficas y clínicas. Resultados: Se encontró una relación significativa inversamente proporcional entre el grado de severidad de la fatiga y las variables de dependencia para las actividades básicas e instrumentales de la vida diaria (p<0,001). No se evidenció relación significativa entre la severidad de la fatiga con la edad, el sexo y el tiempo de evolución de la esclerosis múltiple (p>0,05). Se encontraron diferencias significativas en el nivel de fatiga respecto al uso de ayudas externas, hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, compromiso motor, trastornos de la sensibilidad, alteraciones del control de esfínteres, deterioro cognitivo y depresión. Conclusiones: Se encontró que la fatiga fue el síntoma más predominante (>75 %). Las personas que informan altos niveles de fatiga mostraron menor independencia para las actividades de la vida diaria.

ABSTRACT Objective: To establish the relationship between fatigue and the level of functional independence in activities of daily living in people with multiple sclerosis. Material and Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out 107 people with multiple sclerosis participated, over 18 years old, with scores between 0 and 8 in the Kurt-zke Expanded Disability Status Scale. Fatigue was assessed with the Fatigue Severity Scale, the daily basic activities with the Barthel Index (BI) and instrumentals with the Lawton and Brody Scale. These variables were correlated, and homogeneity tests were performed between the severity of fatigue and socio-demographic and clinical variables. Results: A significant inversely proportional relationship was found between the degree of severity of fatigue and the dependence variables for the basic and instrumental activities of daily life (p <0.001). No significant relationship was found between the severity of fatigue with age, sex and time of evolution of multiple sclerosis (p> 0.05). Significant differences were found in the fatigue level regarding the use of external aids, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, motor commitment, sensitivity disorders, sphincter control alterations, cognitive impairment and depression. Conclusions: It was found that fatigue was the most predominant symptom (> 75%). People reporting high levels of fatigue showed less independence for activities of daily living.

Material de enseñanza del inglés con fines específicos para los estudiantes de ciencias médicas / Teaching material of the English language with specific ends for the students of medical sciences

Debido a la escasez de materiales de apoyo para la enseñanza del inglés con fines específicos, surgió la motivación de elaborar un glosario de sinónimos de términos médicos, a fin de facilitar la traducción, interpretación y comunicación de información científico-médica por parte de los profesionales de la salud, tanto en el ámbito nacional como extranjero. Para ello se revisaron diferentes artículos de las especialidades médicas y diccionarios; el producto final consistió en un material denominado "Glosario de sinónimos de términos médicos", cuya validación se realizó a través de la comparación de los resultados académicos, antes y después de su uso, y la opinión de los docentes que lo emplearon.

The motivation of elaborating a glossary of medical terms synonyms emerge due to the lack of support materials for the English language teaching with specific ends, in order to facilitate the translation, interpretation and communication of scientific-medical information for the health professionals, both in the national and foreign environment. Different works of the medical specialties and dictionaries were checked with this purpose; the final product consisted on a material denominated "Glossary of medical terms synonyms" whose validation was carried out through the comparison of the academic results, before and after its use, and the opinion of the teaching staff that used it.

Health vulnerabilities of transgender sex workers: an integrative review / Vulnerabilidades en términos de salud de las personas transgénero que ofrecen servicios profesionales de sexo: una revisión integradora / Vulnerabilidades em saúde das pessoas transgênero profissionais do sexo: revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the health vulnerabilities of transgender sex workers. Method: an integrative review conducted in July 2020 in the PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, CINAHL, IBECS and LILACS databases, with no language or time restrictions. The following descriptors indexed in DeCS and MESH and their respective synonyms were used: "Transgender persons", "Sex workers" and "Health vulnerability". The data were analyzed based on thematic analysis. Results: a total of 547 articles were retrieved and, after the selection and analysis process, 34 were included in this review. Four thematic classes emerged: "Knowledge, prevention and exposure to STIs in sex work"; "Use (and abuse) of illegal substances and alcohol"; "The social and structural dimension of vulnerabilities: from weakened support networks to violence reproduced against dissident bodies"; and "Psychosocial diseases, discrimination and challenges of transgender sex workers". Conclusion: the health vulnerabilities experienced by transgender sex workers are marked by discrimination, social exclusion, stigma, incarceration contexts, physical, psychological and sexual violence and use of illegal substances and alcohol, in addition to difficulties in accessing essential services such as health, education and leisure.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar las vulnerabilidades en términos de salud de las personas transgénero que ofrecen servicios profesionales de sexo. Método: revisión integradora realizada en julio de 2020 en las siguientes bases de datos PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, CINAHL, IBECS y LILACS, sin restricciones de idioma o de tiempo. Se utilizaron los descriptores indexados en DeCS y en MESH y sus respectivos sinónimos: "Personas transgénero", "Profesionales del sexo" y "Vulnerabilidad en términos de salud". Los datos se analizaron sobre la base del análisis temático. Resultados: se recuperó un total de 547 artículos y, luego del proceso de selección y análisis, 34 de ellos fueron incluidos en esta revisión. Surgieron cuatro clases temáticas: "El conocimiento, la prevención y la exposición a las ITS en el trabajo sexual"; "El uso (y abuso) de sustancias ilícitas y del alcohol"; "La dimensión social y estructural de las vulnerabilidades: de las redes de apoyo debilitadas a las diversas formas de violencia reproducidas contra los cuerpos disidentes"; y "Las enfermedades psicosociales, la discriminación y los desafíos de las personas transgénero que ofrecen servicios profesionales de sexo". Conclusión: las vulnerabilidades en términos de salud experimentadas por las personas transgénero que ofrecen servicios profesionales de sexo están marcadas por la discriminación, la exclusión social, el estigma, los contextos de encarcelamiento, la violencia física, psicológica y sexual y el uso de sustancias ilícitas y de alcohol, además de las dificultades para acceder a los servicios esenciales como salud, educación y recreación.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar as vulnerabilidades em saúde das pessoas transgênero profissionais do sexo. Método: revisão integrativa realizada em julho de 2020 nas bases PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, CINAHL, IBECS e LILACS, sem restrição de idioma e tempo. Utilizaram-se os descritores indexados no DECS e MESH e seus respectivos sinônimos: "Pessoas transgênero", "Profissionais do sexo" e "Vulnerabilidade em Saúde". Os dados foram analisados a partir da análise temática. Resultados: foram resgatados 547 artigos e, após o processo de seleção e análise, 34 compuseram esta revisão. Quatro classes temáticas emergiram: "O conhecimento, prevenção e exposição às ISTs no trabalho sexual"; "O uso (e abuso) de substâncias ilícitas e o álcool"; "A dimensão social e estrutural das vulnerabilidades: das redes de apoio fragilizadas às violências reproduzidas contra os corpos dissidentes." e "As doenças psicossociais, discriminação e desafios das pessoas trans profissionais do sexo". Conclusão: as vulnerabilidades em saúde vivenciadas pelas pessoas trans profissionais do sexo são marcadas pela discriminação, exclusão social, estigma, contextos de encarceramento, violência física, psicológica e sexual, uso de substâncias ilícitas e álcool, além das dificuldades de acesso aos serviços essenciais como saúde, educação e lazer.

¿Cuál es el criterio utilizado para incluir algunas variaciones anatómicas en terminologia anatomica? / What is the critera used to include certain anatomical variations in terminologia anatomica?

Desde la aprobación de la Nomina Anatomica de Basilea (BNA, 1895), Nomina Anatomica de Jena (JNA, 1933) y Nomina Anatomica de Paris (PNA, 1955) y sus posteriores ediciones, siempre fueron incorporados términos de variaciones anatómicas. En las dos primeras ediciones de Terminologia Anatomica (TA) (1998 y 2019), es posible encontrar numerosos términos anatómicos, colocados entre paréntesis, que indican que ellos, de acuerdo a su definición anatómica, no constituyen una normalidad. Cabe preguntarse ¿cuáles fueron los criterios para incorporar estos términos? Conocedores de la enseñanza anatómica, sabemos que normal es un concepto con un fuerte componente estadístico. Siempre se ha señalado que en la normalidad anatómica el criterio más importante es el estadístico, es decir, que la estructura anatómica se encuentre en el mayor porcentaje de la población, en general, sobre el 50 % de los casos. En consecuencia, aquellas estructuras que en número están bajo del promedio estadístico, no deben considerarse normales desde el punto de vista anatómico. El concepto de normalidad en anatomía humana es diferente al concepto de normalidad en un paciente, ya que en este caso normal se considera cuando la persona no está incubando o padeciendo una enfermedad. En este artículo presentamos una serie de términos incorporados a TA y que, desde nuestro punto de vista, no debiesen constar en ella. Por otra parte, indicamos algunos que, con mayor porcentaje estadístico, producto de resultados de exhaustivos trabajos de investigación, no fueron incorporados en dicha Terminología.

Traditionally since their approval, the terms of anatomical variations have been incorporated in the Basle Nomina Anatomica (BNA, 1895), Jena Nomina Anatomica (JNA, 1933) and Paris Nomina Anatomica (PNA, 1955). In the first two editions of Terminologia Anatomica (TA) (1998 and 2019), numerous anatomical terms, can be found in parenthesis, which according to their anatomical definition, are indicative that they do not constitute normal standards. Therefore, it is worthwhile inquiring what criteria was used at the time these terms were incorporated. Experience and knowledge in the anatomical teaching field, has asserted that 'normal' is a concept with a strong statistical component. In anatomical normal standards, it has been noted that the statistical criterion is most important. That is to say that the anatomical structure is found in the highest percentage of the population, generally in over 50% of cases. Consequently, structures found below the statistical average in number should not be considered anatomically normal. The concept of normality in human anatomy is different from that in a patient, given that normal in that case is considered when the person is not incubating or suffering from a disease. In this article we present a series of terms incorporated into TA which, considering our point of view, should not be part of the TA. Nevertheless, as a result of exhaustive research, certain terms with higher statistical percentages are emphasized which were not incorporated in the Terminology.

Apego en niños con asistencia temprana a salas cuna en la ciudad de Punta Arenas (Chile): un estudio piloto / Attachment of children who experience early entry to daycare in Punta Arenas, Chile: a pilot study / O apego em crianças com atenção precoce em creches na cidade de Punta Arenas, Chile: um estudo piloto

Resumen (analítico) Este estudio piloto tuvo por objetivo conocer los vínculos de apego en niños y niñas que asisten a salas cuna. Se aplicó la Escala de apego durante estrés (ADS) a 25 díadas madre-infante (cuyos niños y niñas tenían entre 10 y 14 meses de edad), que asistían a salas cuna en la ciudad de Punta Arenas. La muestra fue no probabilística intencional, mientras que el diseño no experimental, transversal, descriptivo. Los resultados indican que la distribución de los tipos de apego es similar al patrón universal; sin embargo, una prolongada estadía en salas cuna se asocia a un mayor riesgo de apego inseguro aun cuando los efectos de la edad de ingreso son controlados. Se discuten los alcances e implicancias para futuras investigaciones.

Abstract (analytical) This pilot study had the objective of determining the distribution of attachment among children who experience early entry to daycare centers. The Attachment During Stress scale was implemented with 25 baby-mother dyads whose children were aged between 10 and 14 months old and were attending daycare centers in the city of Punta Arenas. The study used a deliberate non-probabilistic sample and it is a non-experimental, descriptive study. The results show that the distribution of attachment was similar to the universal pattern. However, a long period of time attending a daycare center is associated with a higher risk of insecure attachment even the effects of early entry are controlled. Implications and possibilities for future studies are also discussed.

Resumo (analítico) Este estudo piloto teve com objetivo conhecer os vínculos de apego em crianças que frequentam creches. Foi aplicada a Escala de Apego durante Stress (ADS) a 25 duplas materno - infante, cujas crianças estavam na faixa etária entre 10 a 14 meses de idade que frequentavam creches na cidade de Punta Arenas. A amostra foi não probabilística intencional e o desenvolvimento não experimental, transversal, descritivo. Os resultados indicam que a distribuição dos tipos de apego são similares ao padrão universal; contudo, a permanência prolongada em creches pode estar associada a um risco maior de apego inseguro mesmo quando os efeitos da idade de ingresso na creche são controlados. São discutidos os alcances e implicâncias para pesquisas futuras.

Nursing Student's Knowledge Assessment about Chagas Disease / Evaluación del conocimiento de estudiantes de enfermería sobre la enfermedad de Chagas

Abstract Objective: To determine the level of knowledge about Chagas disease that nursing students possess in a higher education institution in the department of Santander. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study, with students of VIII and X nursing level. For the collection of information, a questionnaire based on nursing outcome indicators was applied: knowledge of the disease process related to Chagas. A univariate and bivariate descriptive analysis of the information was carried out presenting qualitative variables by absolute and relative frequencies, quantitative variables through median and range, test hypothesis by Mann Whitney U. Results: Statistically significant evidence is present in the process indicators of the disease and complications of the disease, value p <0.02. Regarding the indicator process of the disease, 48.7% of the students obtained substantial classified knowledge and 29% moderate knowledge. 55.3% have knowledge of the complications of the disease, being substantial; Similar degree of knowledge was obtained in indicators: measures to minimize the progression of the disease (60.5%) and causes or contributing factors (52.6%); in the indicator of signs and symptoms of the disease, 52.6% of the students obtained extensive knowledge, with a NOC score of 5. Conclusion: The indicator that showed a greater degree of knowledge of Chagas disease by students was signs and symptoms with extensive knowledge. This level obtained is crucial for the diagnosis, early treatment and control of the disease by the health team.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de conocimiento sobre la enfermedad de Chagas que poseen los estudiantes de enfermería en una institución de educación superior en departamento de Santander Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal, con estudiantes de VIII y X nivel de enfermería. Para la recolección de información se aplicó un cuestionario basado en indicadores resultado de enfermería: conocimiento proceso de enfermedad relacionado con Chagas. Se realizó análisis descriptivo univariado y bivariado de la información presentando variables cualitativas mediante frecuencias absolutas y relativas, las variables cuantitativas a través de mediana y rango, prueba hipótesis por U de Mann Whitney. Resultados: Presenta evidencia estadísticamente significativa en los indicadores proceso de la enfermedad y complicaciones de la enfermedad, valor p < 0.02. Con relación al indicador proceso de la enfermedad, 48,7% de los estudiantes obtuvo conocimiento clasificado sustancial y el 29% conocimiento moderado. El 55.3% tiene conocimiento de las complicaciones de la enfermedad, siendo sustancial; similar grado de conocimiento fue obtenido en indicadores: medidas para minimizar la progresión de la enfermedad (60.5%) y Causas o factores contribuyentes (52.6%); en el indicador de signos y síntomas de la enfermedad, el 52,6% de los estudiantes obtuvieron un conocimiento extenso, con puntaje del NOC de 5. Conclusión: El indicador que evidenció un mayor grado de conocimiento de la enfermedad de Chagas por parte de los estudiantes, fue signos y síntomas con grado de conocimiento extenso. Este nivel obtenido, es trascendental para el diagnóstico, tratamiento precoz y control de la enfermedad por parte del equipo de salud.

Pisotón: un programa de desarrollo psicoafectivo, como alternativa para construir la paz / Pisotón: Program in the psycho-emotional development in order to determine its possible contribution to peace-building process / Pisotón: um programa de desenvolvimento psicoafectivo como ferramenta para construir a paz

Resumen (analítico): Este artículo evalúa los resultados de la implementación del Programa Pisotón en el desarrollo psicoafectivo de niños y niñas colombianos entre tres y siete años, para determinar su posible aporte a la construcción de paz en el país. Con este fin, se empleó un estudio cualitativo, utilizando como instrumento las Fábulas de Düss, las cuales se aplicaron a 6808 niños y niñas, antes y después de haber participado del Programa. Los resultados evidencian la reorganización emocional y la reducción de defensas maladaptativas en todas las dimensiones emocionales evaluadas. Estos resultados permiten concluir que el Programa brinda herramientas válidas para la elaboración de los conflictos emocionales, tanto aquellos que son propios del desarrollo, como también aquellos que surgen de contextos de violencia.

Abstract (analytic): This article evaluates the results of the Pisotón Program in the psychoemotional development of Colombian children between the ages of 3 and 7 in order to determine its possible contribution to the country's future peace-building process. To this end, a qualitative research was realized, using the Fábulas de Düss as a research instrument. These were applied with 6,808 boys and girls, before and after participating in the program. The results show the emotional reorganization and reduction of defense mechanisms in all of the evaluated emotional dimensions. These results lead to the conclusion that Pisotón provides valid tools for the resolution of conflicts, both those that are common for this age as well as those that arise from contexts of violence.

Resumo (analítico): Este artigo avalia os resultados da implementação do Programa Pisotón, no desenvolvimento psico-emocional das crianças colombianas com idades entre 3 e 7 anos, para determinar a sua possível contribuição para a construção da paz no país. Para este fim, um estudo qualitativo foi realizado utilizando como instrumento Fábulas de DUSS, que foram aplicados a 6.808 crianças, antes e depois de participar no programa. Os resultados mostram a reorganização emocional e redução de defesas mal adaptadas em todas as dimensões emocionais avaliadas. Estes resultados sugerem que o programa fornece ferramentas válidas para o desenvolvimento de conflitos emocionais, tanto aqueles que estão próprio desenvolvimento, como tambem as decorrentes de situações de violência.

Orchid Diversity of the Palizada-del Este Fluvial Deltaic Lagoon System, in the Area de Protectión de Flora y Fauna Laguna de Términos, Campeche, Mexico / Diversidad de orquídeas del sistema fluvio lagunar deltaico palizada-del este, en el área de protección de flora y fauna laguna de términos, campeche, méxico

RESUMEN Se contribuye al conocimiento de la diversidad florística de la familia Orchidaceae presente en el sistema fluvio-lagunar-deltaico Palizada-del Este (SFLD-PE) a partir de los datos obtenidos de 15 recolectas realizadas en diez sitios, durante agosto 2013 a febrero 2014. El listado incluye 27 especies en 17 géneros. Ocho especies son nuevos registros para el SFLD-PE: Bletia purpurea, Catasetum integerrimum, Habenaria pringlei, H. repens, Laelia (Schomburgkia) rubescens, Myrmecophila tibicinis, Ornithocephalus inflexus y Rhetinantha friedrichsthalii. Los géneros con el mayor número de especies son Epidendrum (4) y Prosthechea (4). En lo que respecta al hábito de crecimiento, 23 especies son epífitas (85 %), tres especies son terrestres o semiacuáticas (12 %) y una especie es exclusivamente terrestre (3 %). Las especies mejor representadas en los sitios son Brassavola grandiflora (8), Bletia purpurea (7) y Habenaria repens (6). Los hospederos con mayor número de especies son Pachira aquatica (20) y Zygia latifolia (7). Epidendrum isthmi fue la única especie que se encuentra en alguna categoría de riesgo, de acuerdo a la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. Diversas acciones antrópicas inciden negativamente en el SFLD-PE: deforestación, incendios y apertura de canales de agua provocan el deterioro y fragmentación de los hábitats, lo que pone en peligro el futuro de este grupo taxonómico y de otros grupos de plantas, por lo que el conocimiento de la biodiversidad de esta área es necesario para establecer estrategias de conservación, restauración y manejo sustentable.

ABSTRACT This paper is a contribution to the knowledge of the diversity of Orchidaceae in the Palizada del Este (SFLD-PE) fluvial-lagoon-deltic system based upon data generated from 15 collection events at ten sites conducted August 2012 through February 2014. The checklist includes 27 species in 17 genera. Eight species are new records for the SFLD-PE: Bletia purpurea, Catasetum integerrimum, Habenaria pringlei, H. repens, Laelia (Schomburgkia) rubescens, Myrmecophila tibicinis, Ornithocephalus inflexus, and Rhetinantha friedrichsthalii. The genera with the largest number of species are Epidendrum (4) and Prosthechea (4). As regards to life form, 23 species are epiphytic (85 %), three species are terrestrial or semiaquatic (12 %), and one species is terrestrial (3 %). The species present in more sites are Brassavola grandiflora (8), Bletia purpurea (7), and Habenaria repens (6). The hosts with the largest number of species are Pachira aquatica (20) and Zygia latifolia (7). Epidendrum isthmi is found in a risk category according to NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. Several anthropic actions negatively affect the SFLD-PE: deforestation, fires, and open water channels lead to deterioration and fragmentation of habitats, which threatens the future of this taxonomic group as well as that of other groups of plants. Thus, knowledge of the biodiversity of this area is necessary for developing sound strategies for conservation, restoration, and sustainable management.

Términos económicos más utilizados en la salud (II parte) / Most used economic terms in health (II part)

En este artículo se ofrece el resto de los términos económicos, organizados alfabéticamente de la letra E a la Z, con lo cual se completa el glosario iniciado en el número anterior de esta revista. Se espera que pueda ser útil a todos los estudiantes y profesionales de las ciencias médicas que lo necesiten como material de consulta, y para todos aquellos lectores que deseen incrementar su acervo cultural en la esfera económica.

In this work the rest of the economic terms alphabetically organized are offered from E to Z letters, with which the glossary initiated in the previous number of the present journal is completed. It is expected that this glossary can be useful to all the students and professionals of the medical sciences that need it as consultation material, and for all those readers that want to increase their cultural heritage in the economic sphere.

Términos económicos más utilizados en la salud (II parte) / Most used economic terms in health

Se ofrecen 525 términos económicos organizados alfabéticamente, cuya mayoría comúnmente se emplean en la salud; algunos han sido actualizados por los autores según los cambios de la economía en los momentos actuales, lo que puede contribuir a enriquecer la cultura de estudiantes, profesores y trabajadores no vinculados directamente a la esfera económica, pero que indirectamente participan de ella. El empleo de una serie de vocablos en los Lineamientos de la Política Económica y Social del Partido y la Revolución aprobados en el VI Congreso del Partido Comunista de Cuba, que no eran de uso común en este país por su diferencia socioeconómica con la economía imperante en el mundo, constituyó el motivo fundamental para la confección de este glosario.

Five hundred and twenty five economic terms alphabetically organized are offered, the majority of them are commonly used in health; some of them have been updated by the authors according to the changes of economy in the current moments, which can contribute to enrich the culture of students, professors and workers not directly linked to the economic sphere, but that participate of it indirectly. The use of a series of words in the Guidelines of the Party and Revolution Economic and Social Politics approved in the VI Congress of the Cuban Communist Party, that were not commonly used in this country due to its socioeconomic difference with the prevailing economy in the world, constituted the fundamental reason for making this glossary.

Sobre ensambles y ensamblajes ecológicos - respuesta a Monge-Nájera / Ecological ensembles and assemblages - a reply to Monge-Nájera

ResumenEvaluar críticamente la terminología que usamos en ecología es importante para evitar el uso de palabras que no ayudan a facilitar la comunicación científica. En este trabajo contestamos el comentario de Monge-Najera sobre el uso de los términos ensamble y ensamblaje, argumentando que estas palabras son válidas y útiles en el idioma español.Además, ambos términos tienen su lugar en la ecología, por lo que proveemos información para usarlos en un contexto ecológico apropiado.

AbstractCritical evaluation of terminology use in ecology is important to avoid using jargon that helps little to facilitate communication. Here we reply to Monge-Najera’s comment on the use of the terms ensemble and assemblage, we argue for the use of the words ensamble and ensamblaje in Spanish. In addition, both terms have a proper place in ecology and we provide a case for their use in proper ecological context. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (2): 817-819. Epub 2016 June 01.

Composición fitpplanctónica en los sistemas fluio-lagunares pom-atasta y palizzada del este, adyacentes a la laguna de términos campeche, México / Phytoplankton Composition in the Fluvial-lagoon Systems Pom-Atasta and Palizada del Este, Adjacent to the Terminos Lagoon Campeche, México

Se evaluó la composición y la abundancia de la comunidad fitoplanctónica y su relación con los factores físicos y químicos en los sistemas fluvio-lagunares Pom-Atasta (PA) y Palizada del Este (PE). En febrero de 2011, se recolectaron muestras de agua, tanto en la superficie como a medio fondo, en diez sitios para cada laguna, utilizando una botella van Dorn, para medir la temperatura, salinidad, oxígeno disuelto, nutrientes inorgánicos, clorofila a, y la composición y abundancia de la comunidad fitoplanctónica. Para describir el comportamiento del fitoplancton se calculó la abundancia de las especies, el índice de diversidad de Shannon (H’) y la equidad de Pielou (J’). Para analizar la relación de la abundancia de las especies con respecto a las variables ambientales se aplicó un análisis de correspondencias canónicas. Los resultados mostraron, que PE fue la laguna que presentó la mayor diversidad de especies, con 348 taxa, y los valores más altos de abundancia (269 x10³ 103 céls L-1), de H’ (3,2) y de J’ (0,95). Cylindrotheca closterium fue la especie más abundante en los dos sistemas, presentando su mayor abundancia (52,5 x10³ 103 céls L-1) en PA, formando incipientes florecimientos algales no tóxico. La salinidad fue la variable ambiental que más influyó en la composición y abundancia del fitoplancton.

The composition and abundance of phytoplankton community, and its relation to physical and chemical factors was evaluated in the fluvial-lagoon systems Pom-Atasta (PA) and Palizada del Este (PE), in February, 2011. Water samples were collected in ten sampling sites in each lagoon, with a van Dorn bottle at the surface and in the middle of the water column to measure temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, inorganic nutrients, chlorophyll a and the composition and abundance of phytoplankton. In order to describe the behavior of phytoplankton it was calculated species abundance, Shannon-Wiener diversity and Pielou equitability indices were used, and to analyze the relationship between the abundance of phytoplankton species and environmental variables, a canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was applied. The results showed that PE was the lagoon that presented a great biodiversity with 348 identified taxa, maximum abundance values (269 x10³ 103 cells L-1), H’ (3.2) and J’ (0.95). Cylindrotheca closterium was the most abundant species in both systems, observing the highest abundance (52.5 x10³ 103 célls L-1) in PA, forming incipient toxic algal blooms. It should be noted that salinity was the most influential environmental variable in the composition and abundance of phytoplankton.

Research fronts on vitiligo, a Scopus based bibliometric survey / Frentes de investigación sobre vitiligo, un enfoque bibliométrico basado en Scopus

Bibliometrics is frequently used to analyze the structural evolution of research fields, especially in biomedical areas. The present paper provides a macrostructure for scientific research on vitiligo conducted in the last fifty years using bibliometric methods. The data were retrieved from Scopus. A total 6 109 papers related to vitiligo were processed. An analysis was conducted of specialized terms based on the structure of the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) thesaurus of the US National Library of Medicine. A structural approach was developed using term co-occurrence analysis. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify the macrostructure, applying the CONCOR (CONvergence of iterated CORrelations) algorithm. Global scientific production on vitiligo was found to have increased exponentially in the last fifty years. Structural analysis revealed eight research areas divided in two blocks. On the one hand, an experimental block comprising studies on vitiligo, its relationships with cancer and other autoimmune diseases, its pathophysiology and pathogenesis; and on the other, a block including clinical studies covering various therapeutic approaches as well as the incidence and prevalence of the disease. The methodology applied constitutes a valid tool for the description and classification of biomedical knowledge domains. It also makes it possible to obtain a macrostructure which may be validated through bibliographic reviews

La bibliometría se usa frecuentemente para analizar la evolución estructural de campos de investigación, especialmente en áreas biomédicas. El presente trabajo ofrece una macroestructura de la investigación científica sobre vitiligo durante los últimos 50 años a partir de métodos bibliométricos. Los datos fueron recuperados de Scopus. Un total de 6 109 artículos relacionados con el vitiligo fueron procesados. Fueron analizados los términos especializados basados en la estructura del tesauro Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) de la Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina de los Estados Unidos. Se desarrolló un enfoque estructural a partir del análisis de la co-ocurrencia de términos. Se utilizó el análisis de agrupamientos jerárquicos para identificar la macroestructura, a partir de la aplicación del algoritmo CONCOR (CONvergencia de CORrelaciones iteradas). La producción científica mundial sobre vitiligo mostró un crecimiento exponencial durante los últimos 50 años. El análisis estructural reveló ocho áreas de investigación divididas en dos bloques temáticos. En primer lugar, un bloque experimental que agrupa los estudios sobre el vitiligo, sus relaciones con el cáncer y otras enfermedades autoinmunes, su patofisiología y su patogénesis; y en segundo lugar, un bloque de estudios clínicos que agrupa diferentes enfoques terapéuticos, así como la incidencia y prevalencia de la enfermedad. La metodología aplicada ofrece una herramienta válida para la descripción y clasificación de dominios del conocimiento biomédicos. Además, permite obtener una macroestructura que puede ser validada a partir de revisiones bibliográficas

Líneas de desarrollo epistemológico por las que han trascurrido las disciplinas informativas en Cuba y resultados a partir de estudios de términos / Epistemological development lines followed by information disciplines in Cuba and results obtained from terminology studies

Sobre la base de los canales formales de comunicación de las disciplinas informativas en Cuba se realizó un estudio terminológico de los títulos de la producción profesional desde 1905 hasta 2008, que en su conjunto esclarecieron su campo epistémico y evidenciaron líneas de desarrollo disciplinar por las cuales estas han transcurrido, a la vez que marcaron momentos de gestación, evolución o crisis y consolidación. El estudio terminológico basado en elementos de la estadística descriptiva y el empleo de las series temporales se vinculó con la investigación teórico-histórica, que permitió contextualmente estudiar el fenómeno como un todo, independientemente de los intentos de homogeneización que brinda cualquier propuesta de periodización histórica. Se arribó como conclusión a una propuesta de periodización histórica que permitió establecer el devenir de las disciplinas, así como la productividad terminológica por categorías de términos y líneas disciplinares

Based on the formal communication channels of information disciplines in Cuba, a terminological study was conducted of the titles used for professional production from 1905 to 2008, which, taken together, shed light on their epistemic field and revealed the lines of discipline development they have followed, identifying moments of gestation, evolution or crisis, and consolidation. Elements of descriptive statistics and the use of time series provided the terminological study with a theoretical-historical approach, allowing to examine the phenomenon contextually and as a whole, regardless of the attempts at homogenization typical of historical periodizations. The conclusion of the study is a proposal of historical periodization reflecting the evolution of disciplines as well as their terminological production by term category and discipline line

Análisis del conocimiento de la terminología anatómica internacional (TAI) por el cirujano general / Analysis of the general surgeon´s knowledge of international anatomical terminology (IAT)

Hace más de un siglo que se llevan adelante constantes discusiones internacionales para lograr unificar criterios respecto al lenguaje universal en Anatomía, buscando priorizar básicamente un término sobre otros equivalentes, mediante la elección de una nominación única para designar un solo concepto. En el último esfuerzo por consensuar los términos anatómicos, se creó la "Terminología Anatómica Internacional" (TAI) que actualmente ha desplazado a la anteriormente llamada "Nómina Anatómica". Estudio estadístico retrospectivo a través de una encuesta anónima a 96 médicos especialistas en Cirugía General que se realizó en la III Cátedra de Anatomía de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, durante el período de mayo/2005 a mayo/2006. Se consideraron los años de graduado y de especialista, el conocimiento de las nomenclaturas anatómicas y la actualización bibliográfica en la especialidad. Luego fue comparada con la repetición de dicha encuesta a 92 médicos especialista en Cirugía General, durante el período julio 2010 a julio 2011. De los 96 médicos especialistas en Cirugía General encuestados en el primer período, 30 (31,25 por ciento) desconocía la existencia de un listado oficial de nombres de estructuras anatómicas y 66 (68,75 por ciento) conocía su existencia. De estos 66 que conocían la existencia de un listado oficial, 60(90,91 por ciento) presentó dificultades para la denominación de dicho listado y 6 (9,09 por ciento) enunciaron correctamente a la TAI. De los 92 médicos especialistas en Cirugía General encuestados en el segundo período, 9 (9,78 por ciento) desconocía la existencia de un listado oficial de nombres de estructuras anatómicas y 83 (90,22 por ciento) conocía su existencia. Al interrogarlos a los 83 sobre la denominación oficial del listado de nombres de estructuras anatómicas, 32 (38,55 por ciento) presentó dificultades para la denominación de dicho listado y 51 (61,45 por ciento) enunciaron correctamente a la TAI...

Ongoing international discussions have been carried out for over a century in order to coordinate criteria regarding universal Anatomy language prioritizing the search for an equivalent term by choosing only one nomination to designate a single concept. In the latest effort to agree on anatomical terms the "International Anatomical Terminology" (IAT) which replaced the previously called "Anatomical Nomination". A retrospective statistical study was carried out through an anonymous survey of 96 medical specialists in General Surgery at the anatomy chairmanship of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires during May/2005 to May/2006. We considered the years as a graduate and a specialist, knowledge of anatomical nomenclature and specialty reference review. It was then compared with a repeat survey of 92 specialist physicians in General Surgery during July 2010 to July 201l. Of the 96 medical specialists in General Surgery, respondents in the first period 30 (31.25 percent) were unaware of an official list of names of anatomical structures and 66 (68.75 percent) knew of its existence. Of these, 66 were aware of an official list, 60 (90.91 percent) presented difficulties in naming the listing and 6 (9.09 percent) correctly enunciated the IAT. Of the 92 medical specialists in General Surgery respondents in the second period, 9 (9.78 percent) were unaware of an official list of names of anatomical structures and 83 (90.22 percent) knew of its existence. By questioning the 83 on the official name of the listing of names of anatomical structures, 32 (38.55 percent) had difficulty naming the listing and 51 (61.45 percent) correctly named the AIT...

Discrepâncias de assentamento ocorridas em copings cerâmicos confeccionados pelos sistemas IPS Empress 2 e In-Ceram, variando-se ostérminos cervicais e os agentes cimentantes: estudo in vitro / Adjustment discrepancies in ceramic copings made in IPS Empress and In-Ceram systems, varying the cervical end and the cements used: an in vitro study

Este trabalho avaliou as adaptações cervicais de copings cerâmicos, confeccionados pelos Sistemas Empress 2 e In-Ceram, variando-se os términos cervicais dos preparos em chanfro largo e ombro 90° arredondado; em preparos com 15° de conicidade, e 2 tipos de agentes para cimentação: o cimento de fosfato de zinco e um cimento resinoso. Foram confeccionados dois modelos-padrão de aço inoxidável. A partir destes obtiveram-se 40 troquéis em gesso tipo V, sendo 20 para cada sistema e 10 para cada tipo de término cervical e os copings cerâmicos correspondentes para cada sistema. Em seguida, o conjunto foi levado ao metroscópio horizontal para a primeira leitura (L0). Procedeu-se a cimentação, inicialmente sob pressão digital, em seguida com a aplicação de carga padronizada e efetuou-se a segunda medida (L1).Após a coleta dos dados, foi realizada a análise estatística das médias das medidas aferidas e as seguintes conclusões foram alcançadas: a) o cimento de fosfato apresentou um valor médio de discrepância de assentamento, para os dois sistemas, menor do que o resinoso; b) término cervical em chanfro e ombro arredondado, para qualquer um dos sistemas, mostraram resultados semelhantes; c) o sistema In-Ceram apresentou um valor médio de discrepância assentamento menor que o IPS Empress 2, porém não significante estatisticamente.

The aim of this study was to assess the cervical adjustments of ceramic copings, using two ceramic systems, the Empress 2 and In-Ceram, varying the cervical end of the preparations and the types of cements: zinc phosphate and resin cement. Initially two standard models of stainless steel were made. From these models 40 stone dies were made, 20 for each system and 10 for each type of cervical end. A specialized commercial laboratory made the ceramic copings corresponding to each system. Then, the set was brought to the horizontal metroscopic for first measure, called L0. The cementing process was done, initially under digital pressure, and then with the implementation of standardized load, when the second measure, called L1, was done. After collecting the data, statistical analysis was carried out. We could conclude that- a) zinc phosphate cement showed less settlement discrepancy, for both systems, than the resin cement b) rounded shoulder and chamfer ends showed similar results, c) In-Ceram system had less settlement discrepancy, but not statistically significant, than IPS Empress 2.

Evocação de termos mentais por pré-escolares: um estudo com narrativa por imagem / Evocation of mental terms for pre-school: a study with narrative by imagen / Evocación de términos mentales por preescolares: un estúdio con narrativa por imagen

O estudo investigou a evocação de termos mentais em pré-escolares. As crianças foram recrutadas em uma escola particular de uma cidade mineira, as quais realizaram a leitura de um livro contendo narrativa por imagem. Mediante critério de conveniência, selecionaram-se 17 crianças de 5 anos e 17 de 6. Realizou-se a leitura individual do livro; os relatos foram gravados, transcritos e codificados com base na seguinte taxonomia: termos cognitivos, emocionais, de desejo/intenção e perceptivos. Os resultados evidenciaram que as crianças de 5 anos evocaram mais termos mentais (362) do que as de 6 (289). As mais velhas evocaram termos mais sofisticados, sugerindo que estas tendem a expressar uma linguagem mental mais elaborada em relação às crianças de 5 anos. A ênfase nos termos perceptivos evidencia que os dois grupos focalizaram as ações físicas dos personagens, colocando em discussão a estrutura do livro Truks (FURNARI, 1998) e realçando a necessidade de novas pesquisas com outros livros que contenham estruturas diferenciadas.

This study investigated pre-school children's evocation of mental terms. The children were enrolled on a private school of one of Minas Gerais city. Children had to read a narrative by image storybook. Seventeen 5-year-old children and seventeen 6-year-olds were selected by a convenience criterion. Children read the books individually. The reports were recorded, transcribed and encoded using the following taxonomy: cognitive, emotional terms, wish / intention and perceptive. The results showed that the 5-year-old children evoked more mental terms (362) than the 6 year-olds ones (289). The eldest children evoked more sophisticated terms, suggesting that they have a tendency to express mental language more often than the 5-year-olds children. The emphasis in the perceptive terms shows that the two groups focused the physical actions of the characters, questioning the structure of the used books and highlighting the need for new inquiries to be answered using other books that contain differentiated structures.

El estudio investigó la evocación de términos mentales en preescolares de uma escuela pública de una ciudad de Minas Gerais, a partir de la lectura de un libro contiendo narrativa por imagen. Mediante criterio de conveniencia habían sido seleccionados 17 niños de 5 años y 17 de 6 años. Fue realizada la lectura individual del libro; los relatos habían sido grabados, transcritos y codificados a partir de la siguiente taxonómia: términos cognitivos, emocionales, deseo/intención y perceptivos. Los resultados evidenciaron que los pequeños de 5 años evocaron más términos mentales (362) que a los de 6 años (289). Las mayores evocaron términos más sofisticados, sugiriendo que estas tienden expresar uno lenguaje mental más elaborada en relación con los más jovenes de 5 años. El énfasis en los términos perceptivos evidencia que los dos grupos focalizaron las acciones físicas de los personajes, poniendo en discusión la estructura del libro pesquisado y realzando la necesidad de nuevas investigaciones con otros libros que contengan estructuras diferenciadas.

La respuesta emocional a la música: atribución de términos de la emoción a segmentos musicales / The emotional response to music: attribution of emotions words to musical segments

Even though music is usually considered a source of intense, diverse, and specific affective states, at the present time there is not a standardized scientific procedure that reveals with reliable confidence the emotional processes and events evoked by music. The progress in understanding musical emotion crucially depends in the development of reasonable secure methods to record and analyze such a peculiar and universally-sought affective process. In 1936 Kate Hevner published a pioneer study where she used a list of 66 adjectives commonly used to categorize musical compositions arranged in a circle of eight groups of similar emotions. The volunteers selected the terms that seemed appropriate to categorize their emotional experience while they listened to masterpieces by Debussy, Mendelssohn, Paganini, Tchaikovsky, and Wagner. The results were presented in histograms showing a different profile for each piece. Subsequent studies have advanced in the methods and techniques to assess the emotions produced by music but there are many still unresolved difficulties concerning the criteria to choose the musical pieces, the terms of emotion, the design of the experiment, the proper controls, and the relevant statistical tools to analyze the results. The present study was undertaken in order to test and advance an experimental technique designed to evaluate and study the human emotions evoked by music. Specifically, the study intends to prove if different musical excerpts evoke a significant agreement in the selection of previously organized emotion terms within a relatively homogeneous population of human subjects. Since music constitutes a form of acoustic language that has been selected and developed through millennia of human cultural evolution for the expression and communication of emotional states, it is supposed that there will be a significant agreement in the attribution of terms of emotion to musical segments among human evaluators belonging to a relatively homogeneous population. The attribution system allowed both to obtain objective responses derived from introspection and to analyze the data by means of an appropriate statistical processing of data obtained in groups of subjects submitted to carefully selected musical stimuli. Volunteer subjects were 108 college-level students of both sexes with a mean age of 22 years from schools and universities located in the central Mexico. The audition and attribution sessions lasted for 90 min and were conducted in a specially adapted classroom located in each institution. Four criteria were established for the selection of the musical excerpts: instrumental music, homogeneous melody and musical theme, clear and distinct affective tone, and samples of different cultures. The ten selected pieces were: 1. Mozart's piano concerto no. 1 7, K 453, third movement; 2. A sound of the magnetic spectra of an aurora borealis, a natural event; 3. Mussorgsky's Gnome, from Pictures at an Exhibition orchestrated by Ravel; 4. Andean folk music; 5. Tchaikovsky's Fifth Symphony, second movement; 6. << Through the Never>>, heavy metal music by Metallica; 7. Japanese Usagi folk music played with koto and shyakuhachi; 8. Mahler's Fifth Symphony, second movement; 9. Taqsim Sigah, Arab folk music played with kamandja, and 1 0. Bach's Inventions in three parts for piano, BMW 797. The selected fragments and their replicas were divided in two to five musically homogeneous segments (mean segment duration: 24 seconds) and were played in different order in each occasion. The segments were played twice during the test. During the first audition, the complete piece was played in order for the subjects to become familiar with the composition and freely express their reaction in writing. During the second hearing, the same piece was played in the separate selected segments and the volunteers were asked to choose those emotion-referring terms that more accurately identified their music-evoked feelings from an adjunct chart obtained and arranged from an original list of 328 Spanish words designing particular emotions. The terms had been previously arranged in 28 sets of semantically related terms located in 14 bipolar axes of opposing affective polarity in a circumflex model of the affective system. The recorded attributions from all the subjects were captured and transformed into ranks. The non-parametric Friedman test of rank bifactorial variance for k related samples was selected for the statistical analysis of agreement. All the data were gathered in the 28 categories or sets of emotion obtained in the previous taxonomy of emotion terms and the difference among the musical segments was tested. The difference was significant for 24 of the 28 emotional categories for α=0.05 and 33 degrees of freedom (Fr ≥43.88). In order to establish in which segments were the main significant differences, the extension of the Friedman test for comparison of groups to a control was undertaken. Thus, after applying the appropriate formula, a critical value of the difference - R1 - Ru - was established at ≥18.59. In this way it was possible to plot the significance level of all 28 emotion categories for each music segment and thereby to obtain the emotion profile of each selected music fragment. The differences obtained for the musical pieces were established both for the significant response of individual emotion, groups of emotions, and the global profile of the response. In all the pieces used, one or more terms showed significance. Sometimes as many as seven terms appear predominant (Mahler, Mozart). In contrast other segments produce only one or two responses (aurora borealis, Arab music). In most musical segments there were null responses implying that there was an agreement concerning not only the emotions that were present, but also those that did not occur. Concerning the global response, there were several profiles recognizable among different pieces. The histogram is slanted to the left when positive and vigorous emotions are reported (Tchaikovsky, Bach). The predominance of emotions in the center-right sector corresponds to negative and quiet emotions (Arab music) or in the fourth sector of negative and agitated emotions (Mahler). Sometimes a <> shaped profile was obtained when vigorous emotions predominated (Mahler, Metallica). A bell-shaped response was obtained when calm emotions were reported, both pleasant and unpleasant (Japanese music). There is also music that globally stimulates one of the four quadrants defined in the affective circle, such as pleasant (Mozart), unpleasant (Mussorgsky), exciting (Metallica) or relaxing emotions (Japanese music). The only segment that produced scattered responses in the four sectors of emotions was the aurora borealis. Very similar profiles were obtained with very different pieces, such as the identical responses to Mozart and Andean music. It is necessary to analyze the individual emotion terms to distinguish them. Several common characteristics can be detected in these two pieces, such as fast speed in tempo allegro, binary rhythm, counterpoint figures, and ascending melody, well known features in music composition. In contrast other segments evoked unpleasant responses (Mussorgsky), where fear, tension, doubt or pain was reported. The listener probably concedes a high value to a piece that evokes emotions that normally avoids in the context of a controlled artistic experience.

Hábitos alimenticios y ecología trófica del pez Lutjanus griseus (Pisces: Lutjanidae) asociado a la vegetación sumergida en la Laguna de Términos, Campeche, México

Feeding habits and trophic ecology of the fish Lutjanus griseus (Pisces: Lutjanidae) associated with submerged vegetation in Laguna de Términos, Campeche, Mexico. In Campeche, Mexico, the Laguna de Términos has Thalassia testudinum beds inhabited by the grey snapper, Lutjanus griseus (Linnaeus 1758). Along one year, we collected 994 individuals and 672 had food in their stomachs; we recorded number, weight, and frequency of trophic groups, and the index of relative importance. Dominant food components were Farfantepenaeus duorarum and Palemonetes octaviae, Eucinostomus gula (Cuvier 1830) and Libinia dubia. Salinity and temperature were related to the number of individuals collected and with greater fish consumption by large L. griseus. The trophic niche breadth index was calculated for six size-classes of fish. The smallest and the largest fish had the lowest index values, whereas medium-size snappers had higher values. This snapper has a preference for habitats with submerged vegetation. The percentage of fish with food in their stomachs was higher during dark hours, providing evidence of the nocturnal habits of this fish. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 989-1004. Epub 2007 December, 28.

Se presentan los resultados de un estudio de los hábitos alimenticios de Lutjanus griseus asociado a la vegetación sumergida en El Cayo, Laguna de Términos, Campeche, México. La investigación se realizó siguiendo un diseño de muestreo intensivo tanto en escala espacial como temporal. Se recolectaron un total de 994 individuos, de los cuales 672 tenía alimento en sus estómagos. Se analizaron los porcentajes en número, peso y frecuencia de los grupos tróficos, así como el índice de importancia relativa. Los componentes alimenticios dominantes fueron Farfantepenaeus duorarum, Palaemonetes octavie, Eucinostomus gula y Libinia dubia. La salinidad y la temperatura se relacionaron con el número de individuos colectados así como con un incremento en el consumo de peces por los individuos de mayor talla. Se calculó el índice de diversidad de dieta para seis clases de talla de los peces, examinándose su variación a través del año. Los peces de menor y mayor talla mostraron los valores más bajos de este índice, mientras que los organismos de las tallas intermedias presentaron los valores más altos. Los resultados mostraron que L. griseus tiene preferencia por hábitats con vegetación sumergida. El porcentaje de peces con alimento en sus estómagos fue mayor durante la noche que durante el día, evidenciando los hábitos nocturnos de esta especie.