Alexitimia en pacientes con asma bronquial atendidos en el servicio de alergia de previsora, Camagüey, Cuba / Alexitimia in patients with bronchial asthma treated in the allergy service of Previsora, Camagüey, Cuba

Antecedentes. Algunas conductas y enfermedades humanas están asociadas con alexitimia, que es la incapacidad de hacer corresponder las palabras con las emociones. Material y método. Del universo de 2490 individuos mayores de 15 años pertenecientes al área de salud Previsora, se obtuvo una muestra constituida por 351 asmáticos (casos) y 355 sanos (controles). Se aplicó la Escala de Alexitimia de Toronto (TAS-20); estadística descriptiva; razón de posibilidades (RP) e intervalo de confianza (IC) de 95% para asociación de alexitimia en los casos y en los controles. Chi-cuadrado (chi 2) y análisis de varianza para diferencias. Resultados. La prevalencia de alexitimia fue de 5,9% en los casos y de 4,2 % en los controles (p=0,18); RP de 1,44; IC95,0%: 0,73-2,84. No se detectaron diferencias entre sexo (p=0,322). Las puntuaciones más altas de alexitimia fueron para edades de 40 a 80 años (p=0,056). En comorbilidad, el predominio de alexitimia fue para asma/rinitis (p=0,034). Hubo asociación de alexitimia con asma moderada y grave (p=0,014). Discusión. En la muestra, la prevalencia de alexitimia fue inferior a estudios realizados en otros contextos, resultado éste que requiere nuevos investigaciones que incluyan también a otras disciplinas. Conclusiones. La prevalencia de alexitimia es baja en los pacientes con asma. Sin embargo, en asma/rinitis y en asmáticos moderados/ severos en nuestra muestra se observó incremento de alexitimia. (AU)

Background: Some human behaviors and diseases are associated with alexithymia, which is the inability to match words with emotions. Material and Method: A sample consisting of 351 asthmatics (cases) and 355 healthy (controls) was obtained from a population of 2490 individuals over 15 years of age belonging to the health area of Previsora. The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) was applied; Descriptive statistics; odds ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for association of alexithymia in cases and controls. Chi-square (chi 2) and, analysis of variance for differences.Results: The prevalence of alexithymia was 5.9% in the cases and 4.2% in the controls (p = 0, 18); RP of 1.44; CI (95.0%), 0.73-2.84. No differences were detected between sex (p = 0.322). The highest scores for alexithymia were for ages 40 to 80 years (p = 0.056). In co morbidity, the predominance of alexithymia was for asthma / rhinitis (p = 0.034). There was association of alexithymia with moderate and severe asthma (p = 0.014). Discussion: In the sample, the prevalence of alexithymia was lower than studies performed in other contexts; a result that requires new research that also includes other disciplines. Conclusions: The prevalence of alexithymia is low in patients with asthma. However, in asthma / rhinitis and in moderate / severe asthmatics in our sample, increased alexithymia was observed(AU)

Alexitimia y depresión: evidencia, controversias e implicancias / Alexithymia and depression: evidence, controversies and implications

Background: Several researches have demonstrated the relationship between alexithymia and depression. Some authors support the hypothesis that alexithymia measured by TAS-20 and BVAQ may be a personality trait and others point out that it would be a confrontation mechanism against stressful life events. Objective: To describe the concept of alexithymia, the evidence on its relationship with depression and its correlates within the context of various biopsychosocial aspects. Method: Medline/Pubmed and SciELO databases were used to look for evidence on alexithymia and depression. Results: The higher level of alexithymia, the higher severity of anxiety and depressive symptoms and a worse response to antidepressant treatment. Alexithymia is a risk factor for the development of psychopathological disorders (panic, eating disorders, substance abuse). In the acute phase of a major depressive disorder, alexithymia rates reached 46% and its prevalence was eight times higher in depressive patients than in a general population. Obssesive personality traits were significant predictors of alexithymia and in turn, a triggering and/or perpetuating factor and a prognosis index of psychosomatic illness in the development and maintenance of pain, mainly within a context of a negative affective state like depression. Conclusions: Alexithymia is significantly associated to depression. Future longitudinal studies are required to determine if both conditions are different phenomena or affective and cognitive variants of a unique psychopathological disorder.

Antecedentes: Numerosas investigaciones han demostrado la relación entre alexitimia y depresión. Algunos autores apoyan la hipótesis de que la alexitimia, evaluada por la TAS-20 y el BVAQ, puede ser un rasgo de personalidad y otros señalan que sería un mecanismo de afrontamiento ante eventos vitales estresantes. Objetivo: Describir el concepto de alexitimia y la evidencia de su relación con la depresión y su correlación con diversos aspectos biopsicosociales. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica de evidencia sobre alexitimia y depresión mediante las bases de datos Medline/PubMed, SciELO y textos especializados. Resultados: A mayor nivel de alexitimia, mayor severidad de síntomas ansiosos y depresivos y peor respuesta a antidepresivos. La alexitimia es un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de trastornos psicopatológicos (pánico, conducta alimentaria, abuso de sustancias). En la fase aguda de un trastorno depresivo mayor, la tasa de alexitimia alcanzó un 46%, siendo su prevalencia ocho veces superior entre depresivos que en la población general. Los rasgos obsesivos de personalidad fueron predictores significativos de alexitimia, siendo ésta además un factor desencadenante y/o perpetuante e índice pronóstico de enfermedades psicosomáticas, favoreciendo el desarrollo y mantención del dolor, principalmente en el contexto de un afecto negativo como la depresión. Conclusiones: La alexitimia se encuentra significativamente asociada a la depresión. Se requieren futuros estudios longitudinales para determinar si ambas condiciones corresponden a fenómenos distintos o a variantes afectivas y cognitivas de un mismo desorden psicopatológico.

Psychometric Properties of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale in a Group of Italian Younger Adolescents

OBJECTIVE: Alexithymia is a personality construct that inhibits and interferes with normal affect regulating abilities. The purpose of our study was to assess psychometric properties of TAS-20 in younger adolescents. METHODS: Data were collected from 508 younger adolescents (48.8% male and 51.2% female) with a mean age of 12.56 years (DS=0.50, range: 12-13 years). We administered the following scales: 20-Item-Toronto Alexithymia Scale. RESULTS: The confirmatory factor analysis performed on the second random subsample showed reasonable goodness-of-fit for the oblique bi-factorial model: [chi]2 (32, n=254)=54.22; p=0.008; chi2/df=1.69; NNFI=0.92; CFI=0.95; SRMR=0.05; RMSEA=0.05; 90% confidence interval=0.027-0.078. CONCLUSION: Based on the outcomes of our research we support the idea of evaluating adolescents for alexithymia.

Ubicación de la alexitimia en relación a los rasgos psicopatológicos de personalidad del MMPI

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Abstract: The objectives of the present study are: 1) to determine the relationship between alexithymia and depression to contrast if they both are related, although distinguishable; 2) to observe the relationship between alexithymia, measured by the TAS-20 and with the validation and clinical scales of the MMPI, especially in connection with depression and somatization, centering the analysis in the underlying dimensions; and 3) to establish if the relationship between alexithymia and somatization is direct or mediated by depression (indirect). It should be pointed out that all the psychopathological variables of this study are considered as features and these are defined by the MMPI but not by diagnostic criteria. The study sample was integrated by 362 students and obtained during the students' selection process of the UANL Psychology School. Alexithymia was measured by the TAS-20 and the psychopathological variables by the MMPI. The TAS-20 is a Likert scale of 20 elements, constituted by three orthogonal factors: difficulty in expressing feelings (DEF), difficulty in identifying feelings (DIF) and externally oriented thinking (EOT). Data was analyzed through the Pearson's lineal correlation technique, partial correlation and factor analysis. The factorial analysis was done by the method of principal components with an orthogonal rotation Varimax. The criterion of Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (eigenvalues over one) was used to determine the number of factors. It was hypothesized that: 1) The total score of the TAS-20 and their first two factors (DEF and DIF) would correlate positive and significantly with depression, and that both concepts would be perfectly distinguishable based on the factorial saturations of the scales inside the components that arise when factoring the TAS-20 and the MMPI clinical and validation scales. 2) A positive and significant correlation was expected between alexithymia and the somatoform dimension (in regard to the scales of Hysteria and Hypochondriasis). 3) If the relationship between alexithymia and the somatoform dimension was direct, then the correlation would be increased, in some degree, when eliminating the effect of depression; consequently, the correlation between alexithymia and depression would be increased when eliminating the influence of the somatoform dimension. On the contrary, if the relationship were indirect or if this reflected a masked or somatoform depression, then the correlation of alexithymia with the somatoform dimension would be weaker than with the depression. Besides, the correlation between alexithymia and somatoform dimension would be diminished or would not become significant if the effect of the depression was eliminated. Consequently, the correlation between alexithymia and depression would diminish if the influence of somatoform dimension was partialized. The MMPI Scale 2 (depression) correlated in a direct, significant (p <.01) but in a low way (from .265 to .199), with the TAS-20 total score, and the first two factors (DEF and DIS), remained independent from externally oriented thinking (EOT). In the study of the factorial structures, the TAS-20 total score and the difficulty identifying feelings (DIF) appeared associated to a defensive style of low defensiveness and social desirability, remaining both variables independent of the depression and so cial introversion factor. Externally oriented thinking (EOT) was associated to the manifestation of an instrumental and not very expressive (masculine) gender role, not showing any association with depression. Only difficulty expressing feelings (DEF) formed part of the depression and social introversion factor. When contemplating the three factors of the TAS-20 simultaneously with the MMPI Scales, difficulty identifying feelings and difficulty expressing feelings were associated to a style of low defensiveness; externally oriented thinking was associated to a masculine gender role and low suspiciousness, remaining the three scales of the TAS-20 independent of the depression and social introversion factorial component. This data justify to consider depression and alexithymia as related but perfectly distinguishable concepts. Once the factorial structure of the MMPI clinical scales was estimated in our control sample of 362 students, three dimensions were observed: 1) Psychoticism characterized mainly by a very inadequate social behavior; 2) Depression and social introversion; and 3) Somatoform related with conversion symptoms, hypochondriac complaints or concerns and adoption of an expressive and not very instrumental (feminine) gender role. As it was expected, the strongest relationship was with the Depression dimension. This first MMPI clinical scale dimension was related both with the TAS-20 total score and its three factors (DEF, DIF and EOT), showing the higher magnitude correlation coefficients (from .351 to .129). In second place appears the psychoticism dimension. This second MMPI clinical scale dimension presented significant correlations both with the TAS-20 total score (.214) and with the difficulty identifying and expressing feelings (.239 with DIF and .173 with DEF). The somatoform dimension (conversion symptoms, hypochondriac complaints and feminine gender role) was the one that presented the weakest relationship with alexithymia. This third MMPI clinical scale dimension had more explanatory capacity in the third factor of the TAS-20 (-.200 with EOT) and a little less in the TAS-20 total scale (-.145) and its first factor (-.135 with DEF). In our sample of 362 students, alexithymia remained independent of the MMPI scale 3 (Hysteria) (with regard to somatization and conversion symptoms) and was very weakly associated with MMPI Hypochondriasis scale. Only difficulty identifying feelings (DIF) presented a direct relationship with the Hypochondriasis Scale (.111). The Somatoform dimension of the MMPI clinical scales correlated in a significant, inverse, but weak way with EOT (-.200), the TAS-20 total score (.154) and DEF (-.135). None of these correlations showed masking of depression. When the influence of depression was eliminated in the relationship between alexithymia and somatoform dimension, this did not diminish or stopped being significant, but rather it became clearer. In turn, when the effect of the somatoform dimension was eliminated in the relationship between alexithymia and depression, this did not decrease, but emerged even more definite. This shows a direct relationship of alexithymia both with the depression dimension and the somatoform dimension, being these two latter dimensions related to each other. The association of alexithymia is stronger with the depression dimension than with the somatoform dimension. Based on the given data, alexithymia cannot be considered as a depressive feature neither as a form of masked somatoform depression, at least in general population. The association between alexithymia and the somatoform dimension disagrees with the expectations of the early alexithymia literature. A direct association was expected. Nevertheless, an inverse correlation was obtained. The more definie the features of externally oriented thinking are, the higher the score in the TAS-20 is, or the more difficult it is to express feelings; the less conversion symptoms, hypochondriac complaints and feminine manifestation of the gender role will shown by the subjects. These results are in agreement with those of other recent studies that were done in clinical population. The fact that both, the TAS20 total punctuation and the difficulty identifying feelings, in the factorial analyses, conform a dimension of defensive style with affective isolation and negation of conflicts and problems, gives more support to this result. From the results of this study that was carried out in a 362 university students' non-clinic sample, one can affirm that alexithymia (measured by the TAS-20) and depression (measured by the MMPI) are two variables that are correlated in a significant, direct and moderately low way; being two clearly distinguishable concepts because of their form of grouping in the factorial analyses. Alexithymia is related especially with a defensive style of scarce defensiveness and low social desirability. Their relationship with the Somatoform dimension (in regard to conversion, hypochondriac complaints and adoption of an expressive and not very instrumental gender role) is significant, inverse, weak and very lightly attenuated by depression. The more alexithymic the subjects seem to be, the less conversion symptoms, somatization complaints, and hypochondria they will have, and they will show a more definitive masculinity in performing their gender role. In general, the results are consistent with the idea that alexithymia cannot be reduced to a depressive feature and even less to a feature of masked or somatoform depression, at least in non clinic university student population.

Alexithymia in Patients with Alopecia Areata / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: Alexithymia has been regarded as the general personality of psychosomatic disease, but it's controversial. The object of the study is to find out the relationship between alexithymia and alopecia areata. METHODS: Thirty one alopecia areata patients were compared to 31 normal healthy persons in alexithymic tendency using TAS-20K. Also MMPI and SCL-90-R were checked in both groups. Psychiatric diseases were ruled out. RESULTS: The scores of F, K, Hs, D, Hy, Pd, Pa, Pt and Sc of MMPI in alopecia areata patients were different from those in normal healthy persons. The scores of SOM, O-C, I-S, DEP, ANX, HOT, PHOB, PAR, PSY, GSI, PSDI, and PST of SCL-90-R in alopecia areata patients were significantly higher than those in normal healthy persons. In TAS-20K, the scores of Factor 1 and Total in alopecia areata patients were higher than those in normal healthy persons. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that alopecia areata patients are more alexithymic than normal healthy persons.