How to identify “Material basis–Quality markers” more accurately in Chinese herbal medicines from modern chromatography-mass spectrometry data-sets: Opportunities and challenges of chemometric tools / 中草药·英文版

Modern chromatography - mass spectrometer (MS) technology is an essential weapon in the exploration of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) which is based on the “effectiveness-material basis-quality markers (Q-markers)”. Nevertheless, the hardware bottleneck and irregular operation will limit the accuracy and comprehensiveness of test results. Chemometrics was thereby used to solve the existing problems: 1) The method of ‘design-modeling-optimization’ can be adopted to solve the multi-factor and multi-level problems in sample preparation/ parameter setting; 2) The approaches of signal processing can be used to calibrate the deviation from retention time (rt) dimension and mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) dimension in different types of instruments; 3) The methods of multivariate calibration and multivariate resolution can be utilized to analyze the co-eluting peaks in complex samples. When the researchers need to capture essential information on raw data sets extracting the higher level of information on essential features, 1) The significant components which affects the drug properties/efficacy can be find by the pattern recognition and variable selection; 2) Fingerprint-efficacy modeling is explored to clarify the material basis, or to screen out the Q-markers of biological significance; 3) Chemometric tools can apply to integrate chemical (metabolic) fingerprints with network pharmacology, bioinformatics, omics and others from a multi-level perspective. Under these programs, the qualitative/quantitative works will achieve in chemical (metabolic) fingerprint and metabolic trajectories, which leads to an accurate reflection of “material basis and Q-markers” in TCMs. Likewise, an in-depth hidden information can be disclosed, so that the components of drug properties/efficacy will be found. More importantly, multidimensional data can be integrated with fingerprints to acquire more hidden information.

Progress in the analysis of adulterated additives in traditional Chinese medicines and health care products / 中国药科大学学报

@#In recent years, cases of illegal addition of chemical substances into the TCMs and health-care products happened regularly. Therefore, it is particularly important to develop fast, sensitive and accurate analysis methods for detection of the adulterated chemical substances. Through literature survey of relevant papers published in 2016-2017, this article summarizes the application of various analytical techniques for adulterated chemical substances to the TCMs and health-care products with useful information for the further development of new methods and technologies in this field.

Progress on lipidomics analytical methods and their applications in studies of traditional Chinese medicines / 中国中药杂志

Lipids have been documented to play comprehensive and significant role in many biological processes. As a branch of metabolomics,lipidomics research mainly involves the analysis of the variation of lipid metabolism profiles under different physiologic,pathologic conditions or drug intervention,the discovery of key lipid biomarkers of a disease in lipid metabolic networks,and the study of the mechanism of action of lipid metabolic regulation during disease onset and progression,and drug treatment. Traditional Chinese medicines( TCMs)are characterized with integrated effects by multi-components,multi-targets and integrated effects. It is urgent to develop methods suitable for the study of complex TCMs to reveal the active constituents and integrated mechanism of action. Systems biology such as lipidomics provides valuable strategy and approach to illustrate the complex mechanisms of TCMs. In this paper,in order to provide technical references for TCMs,we have reviewed the analytical techniques applied in lipidomics and the applications of lipidomics in TCMs researches.

A holistic strategy for quality and safety control of traditional Chinese medicines by the"iVarious"standard system / 药物分析学报

An effective quality control system is the key to ensuring the quality, safety and efficacy of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). However, the current quality standard research lacks top-level design and systematic design, mostly based on specific technologies or evaluation methods. To resolve the challenges and questions of quality control of TCMs, a brand-new quality standard system, named "iVarious", was proposed. The system comprises eight elements in a modular format. Meaning of every element was specifically illustrated via corresponding research instances. Furthermore, frankincense study was taken as an example for demonstrating standards and research process, based on the "iVarious" system. This system highlighted a holistic strategy for effectiveness, security, integrity and systematization of quality and safety control standards of TCMs. The establishment of "iVarious" integrates multi-disciplinary technologies and progressive methods, basis elements and key points of standard construction. The system provides a novel idea and technological demonstration for regulation establishment of TCMs quality standards.

A holistic strategy for quality and safety control of traditional Chinese medicines by the"iVarious"standard system / 药物分析学报

An effective quality control system is the key to ensuring the quality, safety and efficacy of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). However, the current quality standard research lacks top-level design and systematic design, mostly based on specific technologies or evaluation methods. To resolve the challenges and questions of quality control of TCMs, a brand-new quality standard system, named "iVarious", was proposed. The system comprises eight elements in a modular format. Meaning of every element was specifically illustrated via corresponding research instances. Furthermore, frankincense study was taken as an example for demonstrating standards and research process, based on the "iVarious" system. This system highlighted a holistic strategy for effectiveness, security, integrity and systematization of quality and safety control standards of TCMs. The establishment of "iVarious" integrates multi-disciplinary technologies and progressive methods, basis elements and key points of standard construction. The system provides a novel idea and technological demonstration for regulation establishment of TCMs quality standards.

Reliability and Concurrent Validity of Korean Version of the Trunk Control Measurement Scale (K-TCMS) for Children with Cerebral Palsy

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to develop a Korean version of the trunk control measurement scale (TCMS) and examine the reliability and concurrent validity of the K-TCMS in children with cerebral palsy. METHODS: Subjects for the study were 23 children with cerebral palsy (CP)(mean age: 84.70 months) recruited from one CP clinic. For the interrater and test-retest reliabilities, four raters (A, B, C, D) measured the K-TCMS two times using video clips with an interval of two weeks. For the concurrent validity, the Korean version of the gross motor function measure (K-GMFM) was chosen. Inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability of the three K-TCMS subscale (static sitting balance, dynamic sitting balance and dynamic reaching) scores and the total scores were investigated using the intra-correlation coefficient (ICC₃,₁). Spearman's correlation coefficient (r) was calculated to investigate the concurrent validity. RESULTS: The inter-rater reliability of the K-TCMS subscales and total scores were all high (ICC₃,₁=0.968-0.992). For the test-retest reliability, ICC₃,₁=0.827–0.962. The concurrent validity between the K-TCMS's total and three subscale scores and K-GMFM's total score were r=0.600–0.667. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the K-TCMS can be used in clinical and research settings as a standardized tool for CP children. The K-TCMS might be also useful for selecting treatment goals and planning interventions for children with cerebral palsy.

Frecuencia y tipo de fracturas en traumatismos maxilofaciales: Evaluación con Tomografía Multislice con reconstrucciones multiplanares y tridimensionales / Frequency and types of fractures in maxillofacial traumas: Assessment using MDCT with multiplanar and 3D reconstructions

Introducción. Los traumatismos maxilofaciales (TMF) representan un motivo de consulta común en los servicios de Urgencias. La compleja anatomía del macizo facial requiere de métodos de imágenes multiplanares para su correcta evaluación. Objetivos. Describir la frecuencia y tipos de fracturas en una serie de pacientes con TMF evaluados mediante tomografía computada multislice (TCMS) con reconstrucciones multiplanares y tridimensionales. Materiales y Métodos. Se revisaron en forma retrospectiva las tomografías de macizo facial, solicitadas por TMF a través del servicio de Emergencias durante el período junio 2008- diciembre 2009. Se recabaron los siguientes datos: edad, sexo, causa del traumatismo, presencia y tipo de fracturas. Los pacientes fueron evaluados utilizando un TCMS de 8 filas de detectores. En todos los casos se realizaron reconstrucciones multiplanares con ventana de alta resolución para hueso y con ventana para partes blandas, así como reconstrucciones tridimensionales. Resultados. Fueron realizadas 137 tomografías por TMF, de las cuales 78 (57%) presentaron 131 fracturas. De estos 78 pacientes, 52 (66%) eran hombres y 26 (34%) mujeres. Edad promedio: 33 años (rango 14-90 años). Causas: 58% accidentes de tránsito; 24% lesiones por enfrentamientos o peleas; 13% lesiones deportivas; y 7% causas varias. Tipo y frecuencia de fracturas: de piso de órbita 18,3%; de senos maxilares 16%; nasales 15,3%; de mandíbula 13%; orbitarias 9,2%; del complejo zigomático- malar 12,3%; y dos fracturas Le Fort tipo II-III. Conclusiones. Las fracturas fueron más frecuentes en hombres y en el grupo etario de 15 a 35 años. La mayor cantidad, así como las más complejas, fueran causadas por accidentes de tránsito; la más común, aislada o asociada a otras, fue la del piso orbitario.

Introduction. Maxillofacial trauma (MFT) is a common reason for attendance at Emergency Departments. The complex anatomy of the facial bones requires multiplanar imaging techniques for a proper evaluation. Objectives. To describe frequency and types of fractures in a series of patients with MFT evaluated by multi-slice computed tomography (MDCT) with multiplanar and 3D reconstructions. Materials and Methods. Facial bone CTs ordered for MFT by the Emergency Department from June 2008 to December 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. The following data were obtained: age, gender, cause of trauma, presence and type of fractures. Patients were evaluated with an 8-channel MDCT. Multiplanar reconstructions were performed in all cases using high resolution bone window and soft tissue window, as well as 3D reconstructions. Results. One-hundred and thirty-seven CTs were performed for MFT: 78 (57%) showed 131 fractures. Of these 78 patients, 52 (66%) were males and 26 (34%) were females; mean age 33 years old (range: 14-90 yrs.). Causes: 58 % were injuries from traffic accidents; 24% were injuries from fights; 13% were sport injuries; and 7% were due to miscellaneous etiologies. Type and frequency of fractures: 18.3% were orbital floor fractures, 16% were maxillary sinus fractures, 15.3% were nasal fractures, 13% were jaw fractures, 9.2% were orbital fractures, and 12.3% were fractures of the zygomatic-malar complex; two cases of Le Fort II-III fractures were also observed. Conclusions. Fractures were more common in males, in the age range from 15 to 35 years old. Most fractures, and the most complex ones, were caused by traffic accidents. The most common fracture, either isolated or associated with other fractures, was the orbital floor fracture.

Stroke isquémico en pacientes jóvenes: un desafío diagnóstico / Ischemic stroke in young adults: a challenging diagnosis

Introducción. El stroke isquémico en pacientes jóvenes (entre 15 y 45 años) es un evento inesperado, cuyas causas incluyen patologías diversas y poco frecuentes en la población adulta. Objetivo. Destacar el creciente rol de las neuroimágenes en el diagnóstico, la terapéutica y el pronóstico del accidente cerebrovascular isquémico (ACV) en pacientes jóvenes. Materiales y Métodos. Se incluyeron retrospectivamente 30 pacientes entre 15 y 45 años con stroke isquémico agudo estudiados en nuestra institución en el último año. Resultados. De los 30 pacientes, la mitad de ellos fueron hombres con una edad media de 35 años. En el 86% de los casos (n=26) se estableció la causa del ACV: el 7% (n=2) presentó ateroesclerosis de grandes vasos, el 10% (n=3) se relacionó a cardioembolismo, en el 27% (n=8) las disecciones arteriales fueron la causa y en el 43% (n=13) las etiologías fueron misceláneas. En el 13% (n=4) no se estableció la causa. Conclusiones. El rol de las neuroimágenes en el desafiante estudio de pacientes jóvenes con ACV incluye la confirmación de la naturaleza isquémica de la lesión, la determinación de su localización y extensión, y el estudio en forma rápida y no invasiva de los vasos extra e intracraneanos. En estos aspectos la tomografía multicorte (TCMS) y la resonancia magnética (RM) de alto campo ofrecen alta sensibilidad y especificidad.

Introduction. Ischemic stroke in patients between the ages of 15 and 45 is an unexpected event. Its causes involve diverse pathologies which are not frequent in the older population. Purpose. To highlight the important role of neuroimaging in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutical approach of these patients. Materials and Methods. 30 young adult patients between the ages of 15 and 45 with diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke were retrospectively studied. Results. Of these 30 patients, half of them were men with a mean age of 35 years. Stroke etiology was established in 86% of the cases (n=26), 7% (n=2) due to atherosclerosis, 10% (n=3) due to cardioembolism, 27% (n=8) because of arterial dissection, and 43% (n=13) due to miscellaneous diseases. In 13% (n=4) of the cases the cause was undetermined. Conclusions. Neuroimages play a comprehensive role in the neuroradiological work-up which include: the confirmation of the presence of an acute ischemic lesion, determination of its topography, extension and evaluation of extracranial and intracranial arteries. In this sense, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Multislice Computed Tomography (MSCT) offer high sensitivity and resolution.

Applications of HPLC/MS in the analysis of traditional Chinese medicines / 药物分析学报

In China, traditional Chinese medicines （TCMs） have been used in clinical applications for thousands of years. The successful hyphenation of high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） and mass spectrometry （MS） has been applied widely in TCMs and biological samples analysis. Undoubtedly, HPLC/MS technique has facilitated the understanding of the treatment mechanism of TCMs. We reviewed more than 350 published papers within the last 5 years on HPLC/MS in the analysis of TCMs. The present review focused on the applications of HPLC/MS in the component analysis, metabolites analysis, and pharmacokinetics of TCMs etc. 50% of the literature is related to the component analysis of TCMs, which show that this field is the most popular type of research. In the metabolites analysis, HPLC coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry has been demonstrated to be the powerful tool for the characterization of structural features and fragmentation behavior patterns. This paper presented a brief overview of the applications of HPLC/MS in the analysis of TCMs. HPLC/MS in the fingerprint analysis is reviewed elsewhere.

Applications of HPLC/MS in the analysis of traditional Chinese medicines / 药物分析学报

In China.traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have been used in clinical applications for thousands of years.The successful hyphenation of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) has been applied widely in TCMs and biological samples analysis.Undoubtedly.HPLC/MS technique has facilitated the understanding of the treatment mechanism of TCMs.We reviewed more than 350 published papers within the last 5 years on HPLC/MS in the analysis of TCMs.The present review focused on the applications of HPLC/MS in the component analysis,metabolites analysis,and pharmacokinetics of TCMs etc.50% of the literature is related to the component analysis of TCMs,which show that this field is the most popular type of research.In the metabolites analysis,HPLC coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry has been demonstrated to be the powerful tool for the characterization of structural features and fragmentation behavior patterns.This paper presented a brief overview of the applications of HPLC/MS in the analysis of TCMs.HPLC/MS in the fingerprint analysis is reviewed elsewhere.