Study of in-hospital outcome in acute myocardial infarction in correlation with thrombolysis in myocardial infarction risk score

Background: The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk score is purportedly an integral score for mortality risk prediction in fibrinolysis-eligible patients with STEMI. Attempt was made to evaluate the same by correlating risk stratification by TIMI score with hospital outcome of such patients.Methods: There were 145 cases of STEMI were studied and TIMI risk scores were calculated and analysed vis-à-vis various relevant parameters. The patients were divided into three risk groups: ‘low-risk’, ‘moderate-risk’ and ‘high-risk’ based on their TIMI scores. All patients received routine anti-ischemic therapy and were thrombolysed subsequently, monitored in ICCU and followed during hospital stay for occurrence of post-MI complications.Results: There were 79 patients (54.5%) belonged to low-risk group, 48 (33.1%) to moderate-risk group and 18 (12.4%) to high-risk group according to TIMI risk score. The mortality (total 17 deaths) was observed to be highest in the high-risk group (55.6%), followed by moderate-risk (12.2%) and low-risk group (1.28%) respectively. Out of the 7 potentially suspect variables studied, Killips classification grade 2-4 had the highest relative risk (RR-15.85), followed by systolic BP <100mmHg (RR- 10.48), diabetes mellitus (RR- 2.79) and age >65 years (RR- 2.59).Conclusions: The TIMI risk scoring system seems to be one simple, valid and practical bed side tool in quantitative risk stratification and short-term prognosis prediction in patients with STEMI.

Combining fragmented QRS and TIMI score for predicting in-hospital short-term prognosis after acute myocardial infarction / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has a high mortality rate and poor prognosis for patients. The primary causes of death are arrhythmia and heart failure. For patients admitted because of myocardial infarction, various risk evaluations are initiated to foresee possible complications. The thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) risk score, which can be used to predict the prognosis and the need for revascularisation, is the most convenient and commonly used system, but is inadequate for AMI patients on admittance. Fragmented QRS (fQRS) has been shown to be a valuable electrocardiographic (ECG) index for predicting the prognosis of patients with coronary heart disease. Also, fQRS is considered to predict an increased likelihood of a poor outcome and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), even for some successfully revascularized AMI patients. So what would happen if fQRS and the TIMI risk score were combined? This study focused on the investigation of the short-term prognostic value of fQRS combined with the TIMI risk score for patients with AMI.

The study of TIMI Risk Score analysis and its correlation with ST segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI).

Background: Analysis of TIMI risk score & correlation with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: This is a 12 months Observational Cross- sectional study conducted at NIMS Medical College and Hospital- a tertiary hospital in rural areas close to Jaipur. In this study we included 60 patients with acute myocardial infarction who were admitted to the coronary care unit of NIMS HOSPITAL JAIPUR during the year JAN 2015 –DEC 2015. The data obtained were analysed using Excel sheet/SPSS software. Tests of significance were done using the Chi - square test at 95% confidence interval. Results: According to our study myocardial infarction was more common in male compared to female (male:female ratio 4:1) Complications rate is significantly higher in male patients(p=0.0010) compared to female patients(p=0.0114). Mortality is increased with the increase in TIMI risk score. Conclusion: TIMI Risk score for ST segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) may be readily applied at the bedside at the time of hospital presentation and captures the majority of prognostic information offered by a full logistic regression model. The mortality increased proportionally with TIMI score. This risk assessment tool is likely to be clinically useful in the triage and management of patients eligible for fibrinolytic therapy and may also serve as a valuable aid in clinical research. Sufficiently simple to be practical at the bedside and effective for risk assessment across a heterogeneous spectrum of patients, the TIMI risk score may be clinically useful in the triage and treatment of patients with STEMI who undergo acute reperfusion therapy.

Multi-factorial risk stratification in Acute Coronary Syndrome

Background: ST elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST elevated myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and unstable anginas (UA) are continual spectrum of coronary artery disease (CAD).These are terminal events arising as a result of coronary artery atherosclerosis and superimposed thrombosis.Materials and methods: A prospective study in which a total of 91 patients of either sex aged 20 to 60 years were recruited, of which 30 were STEMI, 31 were NSTEMI/ unstable angina and 30 were age and sex matched healthy controls. Patients with following complaints of maximum 24 hours duration were registered in the emergency department and were included in the study (ACC/AHA Guidelines, 2002).Results: In the present study, 91 subjects were recruited from medical emergency department. All of the subjects were meeting the inclusion criteria. Of the total 91 subjects 30 were of STEMI (Group 1),15 were of NSTEMI (Group 2), 16 were of unstable angina (Group 3) and 30 were controls (Group4).Conclusion: In patients of ACS, MPO is raised as compared to controls. Also in complicated ACS,irrespective of other risk factors, MPO was significantly raised as compared to controls and can beused to predict immediate clinical complication. There is no significant association between MPO, hs Chowdhury P, Pandey V, Avasthi R, Kandukuri MK, Giri S, Sharma S. Multi-factorial risk stratification in Acute Coronary Syndrome. IAIM, 2016; 3(1): 36-45.Page 37 CRP and CK-MB when taken together to predict complications. TIMI risk score is a simple prognostication scheme that categorizes a patient's risk of death and ischemic events and provides a basis for therapy.

Validación de las escalas de riesgo TIMI y GRACE para el síndrome coronario agudo en una cohorte contemporánea de pacientes / Validation of GRACE and TIMI risk scales for acute coronary syndrome in a contemporary cohort of patients

Introducción: la estratificación de riesgo es uno de los principales objetivos en el manejo integral de los síndromes coronarios agudos (SCA). En la actualidad las guías de práctica clínica recomiendan la estratificación por medio de los puntajes de riesgo TIMI y GRACE. Teniendo en cuenta la alta prevalencia de esta enfermedad, consideramos de gran importancia conocer en nuestro medio la utilidad de estas escalas para el tratamiento integral de nuestros pacientes con SCA y determinar cuál escala tiene mejor capacidad de predicción para morbimortalidad. Objetivo: evaluar la validez de las escalas TIMI y GRACE para predecir el riesgo de muerte e infarto en los pacientes que se presentan con diagnóstico de síndrome coronario agudo en la unidad de dolor torácico del Hospital San Vicente de Paúl Fundación, y establecer cuál de estas dos escalas tiene mejor capacidad de predicción en nuestro medio en SCA sin elevación del segmento ST. Métodos: estudio de validez de una escala de pronóstico, observacional, analítico, con análisis retrospectivo de la calibración del modelo y la discriminación del riesgo, en una cohorte de pacientes en hospital de cuarto nivel en Medellín, Colombia. Resultados: 164 sujetos con SCA fueron identificados. 141 pacientes con seguimiento completo hasta los seis meses. El TIMI promedio fue de 3.5 puntos y el GRACE promedio de 124. La estratificación del TIMI para SCA sin elevación del segmento ST mostró: 19.1% de pacientes en riesgo bajo, 59.6% en riesgo intermedio y 21.3% en riesgo alto; según la escala de riesgo GRACE encontramos para muerte hospitalaria: 38.3% de pacientes en riesgo bajo, 32.6% en riesgo intermedio y 29.1% en riesgo alto. Para estratificación de muerte a seis meses se encontró 39.7% en riesgo bajo, 36.2% en riesgo intermedio y 24.1% en riesgo alto. La evaluación del componente de calibración mostró que ambas escalas se ajustan a nuestra muestra para SCA sin elevación ST (Prueba de Hosmer-Lemeshow p > 0.05). La evaluación del componente de discriminación mostró que ambas escalas pueden distinguir la población de mayor riesgo a seis meses (estadístico C mayor a 0.7). La escala TIMI discriminó mejor el riesgo de muerte intrahospitalaria comparada con el GRACE (estadístico C= 0.9 versus 0.8). La escala GRACE por el contrario, presentó mejor poder de discriminación de muerte a seis meses (0.86 versus 0.65). Conclusión: ambas escalas se ajustaron a la población estudiada, son útiles y pueden recomendarse para determinar el riesgo de mortalidad de nuestros pacientes con SCA. Para el SCA sin ST, la escala de riesgo TIMI discriminó mejor el riesgo a nivel hospitalario, mientras que la escala GRACE fue mejor para predecir el riesgo a los seis meses después del SCA sin elevación del segmento ST.

Background: risk stratification is one of the main objectives in the comprehensive management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Currently, clinical practice guidelines recommend stratification by the TIMI and GRACE risk scores. Given the high prevalence of this disease, we attach great importance to know in our environment the usefulness of these scales for the comprehensive treatment of our patients with ACS and determine which scale has better predictive power for morbidity and mortality. Objective: to assess the validity of the TIMI and GRACE risk scores to predict death and infarction in patients presenting with diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome in the chest pain unit of the Hospital San Vicente de Paul Fundación, and establish which of these two scales has better predictive power in ACS without ST segment elevation in our environment. Methods: validation study of a prognostic scale, observational, analytical, with retrospective analysis of model calibration and risk discrimination in a cohort of patients at a fourth level hospital in Medellin, Colombia. Results: 164 subjects with ACS were identified. 141 patients with complete follow-up to 6 months. The average TIMI was 3.5 points and the GRACE average 124. TIMI stratification for ACS without ST-segment elevation showed 19.1% of patients at low risk, 59.6% at intermediate risk and 21.3% at high risk; according to the GRACE risk score for hospital death, were found: 38.3% of patients at low risk, at intermediate risk 32.6% and 29.1% at high risk. For stratification of death at six months, was found: 39.7% at low-risk, 36.2% at intermediate risk and 24.1% at high risk. The evaluation of the component of calibration showed that both scales fit our sample for ACS without ST elevation (Hosmer-Lemeshow test p> 0.05). The evaluation of the component of discrimination showed that both scales can distinguish the population of higher-risk to 6 months (C statistic greater than 0.7 C). The TIMI scale better discriminated risk of hospital death compared with GRACE (C statistic = 0.9 versus 0.8). On the contrary, the GRACE scale showeda better discrimination power of death at 6 months. (0.86 versus 0.65). Conclusion: both scales were adjusted to the population studied, are useful and can be recommended to determine the risk of mortality in our patients with ACS. For ACS without ST elevation, the TIMI risk score discriminated better the hospital risk, while GRACE scale was better at predicting risk at 6 months after ACS without ST segment elevation.

Características epidemiológicas, clínicas, tratamiento y pronóstico de los pacientes con diagnóstico de síndrome coronario agudo en unidad especializada / Epidemiological and clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of patients with acute coronary syndrome in a specialized unit

Resumen Introduccion: el síndrome coronario agudo es una de las principales causas de consulta en los servicios de urgencias y cardiología, con una alta tasa de mortalidad y con altos costos para la sociedad.Existe muy poca información con respecto a población latinoamericana y de Colombia en los estudiosmulticéntricos internacionales. Se convierte en un reto conocer a profundidad las características epidemiológicas, clínicas, de laboratorio, escalas de riesgo usadas, hallazgos angiográficos, tratamientoinstaurado y mortalidad en pacientes que han sido atendidos en un hospital de cuarto nivel de la ciudadde Medellín. Material y métodos: estudio epidemiológico, observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal, retrospectivo tipo serie de casos. La población de estudio corresponde a los pacientes mayores de 18 años de edad, que consultaron a la unidad de dolor torácico del Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación con diagnóstico de síndrome coronario agudo en un periodo de tres meses. Los pacientes continuaron su tratamiento según las recomendaciones y guías tanto internacionales como locales para dolor torácico. Luego de seis meses del síndrome coronario agudo, se realizó un contacto con el paciente por varios medios, evaluaciones de consulta externa, historia clínica y llamada telefónica. Se obtuvo información de su evolución clínica, estado funcional y complicaciones incluyendo reintervención, hospitalización o muerte, de igual forma se evaluó la adherencia al manejo médico. Resultados: un total de 154 pacientes fueron analizados, 30% (n=47) por angina inestable, 37% (n=56) por IAMST y 33% (n=51) por IAMNST. El promedio de edad fue de 62 ± 13 años, hombres 54% (n=83). Los factores de riesgo asociados fueron: hipertensión arterial 66% (n=101), dislipidemia 23% (n=35), diabetes mellitus 18% (n=27), obesidad 5,1% (n=8) y tabaquismo 52% (n=80). El total de cateterismos realizados fue de 129; normales el 21.8% (n=28) y lesiones obstructivas significativas en 78.2% (n=101). De los pacientes con IAMST (n=56), sólo 28% recibieron reperfusión primaria. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue de 7% (n=11). Luego de seis meses de seguimiento se presentaron seis muertes más (12%). La adherencia a los tratamientos farmacológicos a los seis meses estuvo entre 54 y 86%. De los pacientes que egresaron con orden de rehabilitación cardiaca, sólo 3% la habían realizado luego de seis meses del egreso. Conclusiones: los pacientes que ingresan a la unidad de dolor torácico del Hospital San Vicente Fundación con síndrome coronario agudo presentan unas características epidemiológicas de base similares a las reportadas en la literatura médica. Sin embargo, la mortalidad es superior. Se documentó un bajo número de pacientes con IAMST que pudieron recibir tratamiento de reperfusión. También se encontró baja adherencia al manejo farmacológico y a la rehabilitación cardiaca, esto posiblemente en relación con acceso limitado a los servicios de salud de alta complejidad de forma oportuna. (Acta Med Colomb 2014; 39: 21-28).

Abstract Introduction: acute coronary syndrome is one of the major causes of consultation in the emergency and cardiology services, with a high mortality rate and high costs to society. There is very little information regarding Colombian and Latin American population in international multicenter studies. It becomes a challenge to know in depth the epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics, the risk scales used, angiographic findings, established treatment and mortality in patients who have been treated at a fourth level hospital of Medellin. Material and methods: epidemiological , observational, descriptive , longitudinal , retrospective case series study. The study population corresponds to patients over 18 years of age, who consulted the chest pain unit of the Hospital Universitario San Vicente Foundation with diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome in a period of three months. Patients continued treatment according to the local and international chest pain recommendations and guidelines. After six months of the acute coronary syndrome, a patient contact was made by various means, including outpatient evaluations , medical records and telephone call. Details about clinical outcome, functional status and complications including reoperation,hospitalization or death was obtained, and the adherence to medical management was also assessed. Results: a total of 154 patients were analyzed , 30% (n = 47) for unstable angina, 37% (n = 56) for STEMI and 33% (n = 51) for NSTEMI . The mean age was 62 ± 13 years. 54% were men (n = 83). The associated risk factors were: hypertension 66 % (n = 101) , dyslipidemia 23% (n = 35), diabetes mellitus18% (n = 27), obesity 5.1% (n = 8) and 52% smoking (n = 80). The total catheterizations performed was 129; 21.8 % (n = 28) of these were normal and 78.2 % (n = 101) had significant obstructive lesions. Only 28 % of the patients with STEMI (n = 56) received primary reperfusion. In-hospital mortality was 7% (n = 11). After six months of follow-up 6 more deaths (12%) were presented. Adherence to drug treatment at six months was between 54 and 86%. Of the patients who were discharged with order of cardiac rehabilitation, only 3% had done it after 6 months of discharge. Conclusions: patients who are admitted to the chest pain unit at St. Vincent Hospital Foundation with acute coronary syndrome present epidemiological characteristics similar to those reported in the medical literature. However, mortality is higher. A low number of patients with STEMI who could receive reperfusion therapy was documented. Poor adherence to pharmacological management and cardiac rehabilitation was also found , possibly in relation with a limited access to health services of high complexity in a timely manner. (Acta Med Colomb 2014; 39: 21-28).