ABSTRACT
No Brasil, as doenças causadas pelo tabagismo são responsáveis por 47,6% do total de mortes, com destaque para as doenças do aparelho circulatório (31,3% dos óbitos) e as neoplasias (16,3%). Ocorre nesse momento período de transição epidemiológica caracterizada por três mudanças básicas: substituição das doenças transmissíveis por não transmissíveis, o deslocamento da morbimortalidade dos grupos mais jovens para os mais idosos e a transformação de situação em que predomina a mortalidade para outra em que se observa dominância da morbidade. A prevalência atual do tabagismo no Brasil diminuiu de 12,1% (2012) para 11,3% (2013); e houve redução em ambos os gêneros, de 9,2% para 8,6% para as mulheres e 15,5% para 14,4% para os homens. Os valores percentuais da prevalência do tabagismo nas capitais brasileiras e Distrito Federal foram na grande maioria menores.
In Brazil, diseases caused by smoking account for 47.6% of total deaths, especially diseases of the circulatory system (31.3% of deaths) and neoplasias (16.3%). Currently, an epidemiological transition characterized by three basic changes is observed: the replacement of transmissible diseases by non-transmissible diseases, the offset of morbidity and mortality from younger to elderly groups, and the transition from the situation in which mortality predominates to that in which morbidity dominates. The current prevalence of smoking in Brazil decreased from 12.1% (2012) to 11.3% (2013); with a reduction in both genders, from 9.2% to 8.6% among women and 15.5% to 14.4% among men. The percentage values of the prevalence of smoking were mostly low among Brazilian capitals and the Federal District.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The level of urine cotinine is an indicator of tobacco smoke exposure. The purpose of this study is to investigate urine cotinine for the purpose of assessing the smoking status of Korean smokers and non-smokers exposed to tobacco smoke. METHODS: The subjects were identified from the 2007-2009 and the 2010 data sets of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). They were assigned as non-smokers, current smokers and ex-smokers. Non-smokers were also divided into three subset groups according to the duration of smoke exposure. Each group was stratified by gender prior to analysis. RESULTS: The median value of urine cotinine in the male current smokers was 1,221.93 ng/mL which was the highest among all groups. The difference between levels of urine cotinine for male and the female groups was statistically significant (p<0.01). In the female group, passive smoke exposure groups reported higher urine cotinine levels than non-exposure groups (p=0.01). The cutoff point for the discrimination of current smokers from non-smokers was 95.6 ng/mL in males and 96.8 ng/mL in females. The sensitivity and specificity were 95.2% and 97.1%, respectively, in males, 96.1% and 96.5% in females. However, the determination of urine cotinine level was not useful in distinguishing between passive smoke exposure groups and non-exposure groups. CONCLUSION: Urine cotinine concentration is a useful biomarker for discriminating non-smokers from current smokers. However, careful interpretation is necessary for assessing passive smoke exposure by urine cotinine concentration.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Cotinine , Discrimination, Psychological , Korea , Nutrition Surveys , Smoke , Smoking , NicotianaABSTRACT
Objectlive To explore the health effects of passive smoking on children. Methods During the period of March 1,2000-Feb. 28, 2001, the frequencies of respiratory diseases (eg. cold,chathitis,pneumonia and asthma)were investigated among 1031 4-6-year old children in 4 day-care nursing schools in Lanzhou, 485 children of which were selected for the determinations of the concentration of sulphocyanate,bacteriolytic enzyme and immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, lgM)in saliva. Results The proportion of the numbers of children suffering from respiratory diseases and cold at least 4 times per year to all of 1031 children increased with the increase of intensity of passive smoking exposure (respiratory disease: X2=13,8, P