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1.
Rev. peru. biol. (Impr.) ; 26(4): 469-474, Oct.-Dec 2019. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1144911

ABSTRACT

Se describe el renacuajo de Telmatobius brachydactylus desde el estadio 30 al 41 de Gosner. El renacuajo de T. brachydactylus es similar a las otras larvas de Telmatobius con morfología de tipo poza, pero se diferencia de la especie simpátrica, Telmatobius macrostomus, por tener la cola más larga en relación al cuerpo y una longitud total significativamente menor entre los estadios 33 y 41 de Gosner. Registramos por primera vez renacuajos de T. macrostomus y T. brachydactylus en sintopía.


We describe the tadpole of Telmatobius brachydactylus using specimens from Gosner stages 30 to 41. Telmatobius brachydactylus tadpole is similar to others Telmatobius larvae with pond type morphology, but differs from the sympatric species T. macrostomus by having proportionally a longer tail and significantly a smaller total length between Gosner stages 33 and 41. We recorded for the first time tadpoles of T. macrostomus in syntopy with T. brachydactylus larvae.

2.
Rev. biol. trop ; 65(1): 55-63, Jan.-Mar. 2017. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-897525

ABSTRACT

Abstract:Anuran embryos and tadpoles are daily exposed to wide thermal variations in their ponds, with maximum temperatures at midday. The aim of this research was to study the impact of three daily variable thermal environments (with maximum experimental temperatures between 10:00 and 16:00 hours), on the survival, developmental time and body size of metamorphs of four tropical anuran species from lowland habitats in Colombia. A total of 50 embryos (Gosner stage ten) to metamorphosis (Gosner stage 46) of Rhinella humboldti, Hypsiboas crepitans and Engystomops pustulosus were exposed to each one of the three daily variable temperature treatments: high temperature (mean = 27.5 °C; maximum temperature = 34 ± 1 °C; range = 23-35 °C), medium temperature (25.5 °C; 29 ± 1 °C; 23-30 °C), and low temperature (24 °C; 24 ± 1 °C; 23-25 °C). For the other species, Espadarana prosoblepon, 40 embryos to metamorphosis were exposed to each one of the following thermal treatments: high temperature (mean = 22 °C; maximum temperature = 25 ± 1 °C; range = 18-26 °C), medium temperature (20.5 °C; 22 ± 1 °C; 18-23 °C), and low temperature (19 °C; 19 ± 1 °C; 18-20 °C). For all species, the thermal variable environment with the highest temperature showed the greatest accumulated survival, reduced significantly the developmental time from embryos to metamorphs, and the snout-vent-length of metamorphs. Therefore, under field conditions where ponds are exposed to thermally variable environments, the highest temperatures may promote a decrease in the period of time to metamorphosis, and a positive increase for the anuran survival; nevertheless, extreme temperatures were also found in the microhabitat of the species studied, higher than their upper thermal limits reported, which suggest a vulnerable situation for them and other tropical anurans from similar habitats. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (1): 55-63. Epub 2017 March 01.


ResumenLos embriones y renacuajos de anuros están expuestos diariamente a amplias variaciones térmicas en sus estanques, con temperaturas máximas al mediodía. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar el impacto de tres ambientes térmicos diariamente variables, con temperaturas máximas experimentales entre las 10:00 y las 16:00 horas, sobre la supervivencia, tiempo de desarrollo y tamaño corporal de metamorfos de cuatro especies de anuros tropicales de hábitat de tierras bajas de Colombia. 50 embriones (estadio de Gosner diez) hasta la metamorfosis (estadio de Gosner 46) de Rhinella humboldti, Hypsiboas crepitans y Engystomops pustulosus fueron expuestos a cada uno de tres tratamientos de temperatura variable diariamente: temperatura alta (promedio = 27.5 °C; temperatura máxima = 34 ± 1 °C; rango = 23-35 °C), temperatura media (25.5 °C; 29 ± 1 °C; 23-30 °C), y temperatura baja (24 °C; 24 ± 1 °C; 23-25 ºC). Para la otra especie de estudio, Espadarana prosoblepon, 40 embriones hasta la metamorfosis fueron expuestos a cada uno de los siguientes tratamientos térmicos: temperatura alta (promedio = 22 °C; temperatura máxima = 25 ± 1 °C; rango = 18-26 °C), temperatura media (20.5 °C; 22 ± 1 °C; 18-23 °C), y temperatura baja (19 °C; 19 ± 1 °C; 18-20 °C). Para todas las especies, los ambientes térmicos variables con las temperaturas más altas tuvieron la mayor supervivencia acumulada, redujeron significativamente el tiempo de desarrollo de los embriones a metamorfos y la longitud hocico-cloaca de los metamorfos. Por lo tanto, bajo condiciones de campo donde las charcas están expuestas a ambientes térmicamente variables, las temperaturas más altas pueden promover una disminución en el tiempo de la metamorfosis y un aumento positivo para la supervivencia de los anuros; sin embargo, también se encontraron temperaturas extremas en los microhábitats de las especies estudiadas, más altas que sus límites térmicos máximos reportados, lo que sugiere una situación vulnerable para estas especies y otros anuros tropicales con hábitat similares.


Subject(s)
Animals , Anura/growth & development , Temperature , Larva/growth & development , Reference Values , Species Specificity , Time Factors , Ecosystem , Embryonic Development/physiology , Acclimatization
3.
China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica ; (24): 1001-1007, 2016.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-230045

ABSTRACT

The effects of four different stocking densities and five different diets on the growth of Bufo gargarizans tadpoles were studied to determine the optimum stocking density and diet. For stocking density experiment, the tadpoles were fed respectively at different density of 200, 500, 1 000 and 2 000 tadpoles per square meter. For diet experiment, the tadpoles were divided into five groups fed respectively with five different diets. The body weight, snout-vent length and tail length were measured every seven days, and mortality was recorded. The results showed that: the survival rates of tadpole before metamorphosis and after metamorphosis were from 68.7% to 96.3% and from 5.7% to 36.0%, respectively; the optimum stocking density is 1 000 tadpoles per square meter for the stocking density had no effect on the survival rate of tadpole before metamorphosis, and the tadpoles had the relative large body weight and survival numbers in 1000 tadpoles per square meter; the diet Ⅱ(37.9% crude protein and 5.7% crude fat), Ⅳ (25.1% crude protein and 4.0% crude fat), and Ⅴ (egg yolk) were all the optimum diets for the diet had no effect on the survival rate of tadpole before metamorphosis and the tadpoles fed with three kinds of diet above had relatively large body weight, and one of these three diets based on their availability and cost should be adopted during breeding period.

4.
Acta amaz ; 44(4): 473-480, Dec. 2014. map, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1455221

ABSTRACT

The reproductive success of tropical amphibians is influenced by factors such as body size and the characteristics of breeding sites. Data on reproductive biology are important for the understanding of population dynamics and the maintenance of species. The objectives of the present study were to examine the abundance of Ameerega trivittata, analyze the use of microhabitats by calling males and the snout-vent length (SVL) of breeding males and females, the number of tadpoles carried by the males and mature oocytes in the females, as well as the relationship between the SVL of the female and both the number and mean size of the mature oocytes found in the ovaries. Three field trips were conducted between January and September, 2009. A total of 31 plots, with a mean area of 2.3 ha, were surveyed, resulting in records of 235 individuals, with a mean density of 3.26 individuals per hectare. Overall, 66.1% of the individuals sighted were located in the leaf litter, while 17.4% were perched on decaying tree trunks on the forest floor, 15.7% on the aerial roots of Cecropia trees, and 0.8% on lianas. Males were observed transporting a mean of 10.8 tadpoles on their backs. A significant correlation was found between the size of the females and the mean diameter of the oocytes. New data were collected on the size of oocytes and no pattern was found in the type of perches used by calling males of the different Ameerega species.


O sucesso reprodutivo das espécies de anfíbios tropicais sofre influência de fatores como local de reprodução e tamanho do corpo dos reprodutores. Informações sobre a biologia reprodutiva são importantes para entender a dinâmica populacional e a manutenção das espécies. Os objetivos deste estudo foram de verificar a abundância, o uso de microhabitat por machos, o comprimento rostro-cloacal (CRC) de machos e fêmeas em atividade reprodutiva, a quantidade de girinos transportados por machos e o número de oócitos maduros por fêmea, e relacionar o número de oócitos maduros e o tamanho médio dos oócitos maduros com o CRC da fêmea. Um total de 31 parcelas foi vistoriado, tamanho médio de 2,3 ha, e um registro de 235 indivíduos, média de 3,26 por hectare. Sessenta e seis por cento dos indivíduos avistados estavam na serapilheira, 17,4% sobre troncos em decomposição no chão da floresta, 15,7% sobre raízes aéreas de Cecropia sp. e 0,8% sobre cipó. Foram observados machos transportando girinos no dorso, a média de girinos transportados foi de 10,80 por macho. A quantidade média de oócitos maduros no ovário das fêmeas foi de 20,17. Houve correlação significativa entre o diâmetro médio dos oócitos e CRC. Neste estudo obtivemos dados novos relacionados ao tamanho médio de oócitos em fêmeas ativamente reprodutivas e observamos que o tipo de sítio de vocalização usado por machos varia entre as espécies do gênero Ameerega.

5.
Braz. j. biol ; 74(2): 438-443, 5/2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-719226

ABSTRACT

Life tables and survival curves of tadpoles from Rhinella icterica species were studied in the laboratory, under abiotic conditions controlled by a purification filter, a timer and a chiller. The survival curve for larval stage confirms a great mortality trend in the initial stages, which decreases when reaching the mature morphological condition (r = –0.94). Stages 37, 38, 39, 40 and 41 showed gradual values for their age structures, while stages 42, 43 and 44 presented high variations. Based on the results under laboratory conditions, it can be concluded that the maturity of R. icterica tadpoles development between 37 and 44 stages has a negative correlation and their predicted life expectancy is a logarithmic growth curve (y=–761.96Ln(x)+5298.5).


Tabelas de vida e curvas de sobrevivência em estágios larvais de girinos da espécie Rhinella icterica foram estudadas em laboratório, sob condições abióticas controladas com uso de filtro de depuração, timer e chiller. A curva de sobrevivência por estágio larval confirma a tendência de maior mortalidade para os estágios iniciais e menor mortalidade para o avanço da condição morfológica madura (r = –0,94). Os estágios 37, 38, 39, 40 e 41 apresentaram valores gradativos para sua estrutura etária, enquanto nos estágios 42, 43 e 44 ocorreram variações acentuadas. Com base nos resultados obtidos, nas condições de laboratório, pode-se concluir que a maturidade de desenvolvimento de girinos de R. icterica entre os estágios 37 e 44, apresenta correlação negativa e a predição de esperança de vida a uma curva logarítmica de crescimento (y=–761,96Ln(x)+5298,5).


Subject(s)
Animals , Bufonidae/physiology , Longevity/physiology , Bufonidae/classification , Bufonidae/growth & development , Laboratories , Models, Biological
6.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 34(4): 369-373, abr. 2014. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-712727

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to evaluate alterations to the physiological profile of cortisol in pro-metamorphose phase tadpoles of Lithobates catesbeianus exposed to hypoxia stressor in a capture experiment and in a crowding experiment. The capture study was performed by the treatments: stress due to individual capture with a hand net, stress due to batch capture with a hand net and stress due to capture by emptying. Three simultaneous replicates was done witch 12 animals were sampled (6 normoxia - immediately blood collection) and 6 hypoxia - blood collection after 15 min of air exposition) in two collection times with 5 days by intervals. The crowding study was performed by the treatments 1 tadpole L-1, 5 tadpoles L-1 and 10 tadpoles L-1. Three simultaneous replicates was done witch 8 animals (4 normoxia and 4 hypoxia) were sampled in the zero moment (ZM) - blood collection before the experiment, 6 animals/treatment (3 normoxia and 3 hypoxia) to 4 and 8 days and 18 animals/treatment (9 normoxia and 9 hypoxia) to 12 days. The average values to plasmatic cortisol varying from 1.7 to 5.1ng mL-1 (capture study) and 1.0 to 4.2ng mL-1 (crowding study). It concludes that the biomarker tested (cortisol) showed no alterations front of the stressor used. Alternatively, a larger response pattern to these stimuli may have been expressed in another level of an unmeasured hormone (corticosterone). And the bullfrog has great ability to adapt to different management compared to other aquatic organisms, which demonstrates the plasticity of these animals.


Avaliou-se o cortisol em girinos de rã-touro (Lithobates catesbeianus), no estágio de pró-metamorfose ao mecanismo estressor de hipóxia juntamente com captura (1º experimento) e adensamento (2º experimento). O experimento de captura foi composto pelos tratamentos: Captura individual com puçá, Captura em massa com puçá e Captura por escoamento, com 3 réplicas simultâneas onde 12 organismos foram amostrados (6 normoxia - coleta imediata de sangue e 6 hipoxia - coleta de sangue após 15 min de exposição ao ar) em 2 tempos de coleta com intervalo de 5 dias. O experimento de densidade foi composto pelos tratamentos: 1 girino L-1, 5 girinos L-1 e 10 girinos L-1, com 3 réplicas simultâneas onde 8 animais (4 normoxia e 4 hipoxia) foram amostrados no momento zero (MZ) - coleta de sangue anterior ao experimento, 6 animais/tratamento (3 normoxia e 3 hipoxia) para 4 e 8 dias e 18 animais/tratamento (9 normoxia e 9 hipoxia) para 12 dias. Os valores médios para o cortisol plasmático foram de 1,7 a 5,1ng mL-1 (Experimento de Captura); e 1,0 a 4,2ng mL-1 (Experimento de Densidade). Conclui-se que o marcador biologico de estresse utilizado (cortisol) não foi alterado pelo agente extressor. Alternativamente a resposta a este estímulo pode ser expressa em outro nível hormonal (corticosterona). E a rã-touro apresenta ótima capacidade de se adaptar aos diferentes manejos se comparados a outros organismos aquáticos, o que demonstra a plasticidade destes animais.


Subject(s)
Animals , Hypoxia/veterinary , Stress, Physiological/physiology , Hydrocortisone/analysis , Larva/growth & development , Rana catesbeiana/physiology , Hypoxia/complications , Corticosterone , Population Density
7.
Biota neotrop. (Online, Ed. port.) ; 13(2): 205-217, Apr-Jun/2013. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-682382

ABSTRACT

The Cerrado is a tropical savannah with a diversified anuran assemblage, with 209 to 271 known species, of which approximately 51% are endemic. In this study, we report results of an anuran survey performed in the Extractivist Reserve of the Lago do Cedro, located in the northwestern region of the state of Goiás, Brazil. In this area, we recorded 36 anuran species, distributed in five families, from which five species are Cerrado endemics. This high species richness found in the Extractivist Reserve of the Lago do Cedro could be explain by the different vegetational types within the reserve boundaries that promote a high local heterogeneity. Species richness and representativeness per family are similar to other assemblages reported for different areas in the Cerrado domain, being the local anuran assemblage composed by generalist and widely distributed species. The families Hylidae and Leptodactylidae are the most diversified in the studied area, a common pattern found in neotropical assemblages. The Extractivist Reserve Lago do Cedro is an important area for Cerrado conservation because of the anuran diversity and geographic location, which allows the connection among other protected areas within the Araguaia basin.


O Cerrado é uma savana tropical que abriga uma anurofauna muito diversa, sendo estimado de 209 espécies à 271 espécies conhecidas, das quais a metade (51%) são endêmicas. Neste trabalho, apresentamos o inventário da anurofauna da Reserva Extrativista Lago do Cedro (RELC), noroeste do estado de Goiás. Ao todo, registramos 36 espécies de anuros, distribuídas em cinco famílias, das quais cinco espécies são endêmicas do Cerrado. A alta riqueza de espécies encontrada pode ser explicada pela heterogeneidade de habitats, promovida pelas diferentes fitofisionomias dentro da unidade de conservação. A riqueza de espécies e a representatividade por família apresentam valores semelhantes aos encontrados em outras taxocenoses no Cerrado, com a anurofauna local formada por espécies generalistas e de ampla distribuição. As famílias com maior diversidade de espécies foram Hylidae e Leptodactylidae, padrão frequentemente encontrado nas assembleias neotropicais. A RELC é uma importante unidade de conservação do Cerrado, servindo de abrigo para populações de anuros, sendo representativa da diversidade de anfíbios no bioma, e apresentando localização estratégica devido a posição central com relação a áreas de preservação na bacia do Araguaia.

8.
Braz. j. biol ; 73(1): 195-199, Feb. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-671379

ABSTRACT

A fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which can cause morbidity and death of anurans, has affected amphibian populations on a worldwide basis. Availability of pure cultures of Bd isolates is essential for experimental studies to understand the ecology of this pathogen. We evaluated the relationships of body length of Hylodes cf. ornatus and Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles to depigmentation of mouthparts and determined if dekeratinization indicated an infection by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. A strong association existed for both species, one from South America (Brazil: São Paulo) and one from North America (USA: Maine). We believe it prudent not to kill adult amphibians if avoidable, thus obtaining tissue for isolating Bd from tadpoles is reasonable because infected specimens of some species can be selectively collected based on depigmentation of mouthparts.


O fungo patógeno Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) é apontado como o causador de morbidade e morte em anuros, e tem afetado populações de anfíbios em uma base mundial. Avaliar culturas puras de isolados de Bd é essencial para estudos experimentais para o entendimento da ecologia desse patógeno. Avaliou-se a relação entre o comprimento do corpo em girinos de Hylodes cf. ornatus e Lithobates catesbeianus com a despigmentação das peças bucais, para verificar se a desqueratinização indica uma infecção por Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Uma forte associação existe para ambas as espécies, uma da América do Sul (Brasil: São Paulo) e uma da América do Norte (USA: Maine). Acredita-se ser prudente este uso, para evitar a morte de anfíbios adultos; dessa forma, obter tecidos para isolar o Bd de girinos é razoável, porque espécimes infectados podem ser coletados seletivamente com base na despigmentação do aparelho bucal.


Subject(s)
Animals , Anura/microbiology , Chytridiomycota/isolation & purification , Mouth/microbiology , Mycoses/veterinary , Hypopigmentation/microbiology , Larva/microbiology , Mycoses/diagnosis , Mycoses/microbiology
9.
Braz. j. biol ; 72(3): 623-629, Aug. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-649354

ABSTRACT

The plasticity of the anurans' development is probably related to their great ecological and geographic diversity. Therefore, the understanding of environmental occupation by tadpoles is related to their morphological peculiarities. We evaluated the morphologic development of the larval phases 23, 25, 30, 37, 39 and 42 of Rhinella icterica with the aim of establishing the ratio of growth, the increase in corporal mass in relation to growth and the isometry of the corporal variables for each evaluated stage. We submitted the corporal variables to the Multivariate Allometry and the relation between these variables was evaluated using the Principal Components Analysis. We verified the isometric growth and correlation between the different variables, evaluated the growth according to the body mass and established the proportionality ratio between the corporal regions. Each corporal region evaluated presented a fixed proportionality ratio, regardless of the stage, and the size of this portion was found when its proportionality index was multiplied by the tadpole's total length. This study demonstrates that the larval phase of R. icterica presents an isometric growth with proportional development of the corporal parts regardless of the evaluated stage.


A plasticidade do desenvolvimento dos anuros é em razão, provavelmente, da sua grande diversidade ecológica e geográfica, além de que a compreensão da ocupação do ambiente por suas larvas está relacionada às suas peculiaridades morfológicas intra e interespecíficas. Avaliamos aqui o desenvolvimento morfológico das fases larvais 23, 25, 30, 37, 39 e 42 de Rhinella icterica, objetivando estabelecer as suas razões de crescimento, o aumento da massa em relação ao crescimento e a isometria de desenvolvimento corporal para cada estágio avaliado. Para tal, submetemos as variáveis corpóreas à Alometria Multivariada, sendo o relacionamento entre essas variáveis avaliado pela análise dos Componentes Principais. Verificamos a isometria do crescimento e a correlação entre as diversas variáveis, além de avaliarmos o crescimento em função da massa corpórea e estabelecermos a razão de proporcionalidade entre as regiões corpóreas. Cada região corpórea avaliada apresentou uma razão de proporcionalidade fixa, independente do estágio, sendo o tamanho dessa região encontrada quando seu índice de proporcionalidade era multiplicado pelo comprimento total. Este estudo demonstra que a fase larvar de R. icterica apresenta crescimento isométrico com desenvolvimento proporcional das regiões corpóreas independentemente do estágio avaliado.


Subject(s)
Animals , Bufonidae/anatomy & histology , Bufonidae/growth & development , Larva/anatomy & histology , Larva/growth & development , Species Specificity
10.
Acta sci., Biol. sci ; 32(2): 121-124, abr.-jun.2010. graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1460654

ABSTRACT

The objective of this work were to analyze the effect of predation byOdonata naiads on two amphibian species with distinct habits – benthic and mid-water –and to verify whether the presence and architecture of macrophytes can mediate thisinteraction. All tadpoles and Odonata larvae were captured in a temporary pond. Sixteentanks were used for three different treatments: Pistia, Salvinia and no macrophytes. Tentadpoles of each species and two Odonata larvae were placed in each tank. The survival oftadpoles according to treatments was assessed through analysis of repeated measures. Weconcluded that the survival of P. cuvieri and S. fuscovarius tadpoles was not affected by thepresence and architecture of the macrophytes (Pistia and Salvinia) or by their behavior.


Os objetivos deste trabalho foramanalisar o efeito da predação por náiades de Odonata em duas espécies de anfíbios com hábitosdistintos, um bentônico e outro meia-água, e verificar se a presença e a arquitetura das macrófitaspodem mediar essa interação. Todos os girinos bem como as larvas de Odonata foram capturadosem poça temporária. Dezesseis aquários foram utilizados nos três diferentes tratamentos: Pistia,Salvinia e sem macrófitas. Dez girinos de cada espécie e duas larvas de Odonata foram colocadosem cada aquário. Uma análise de medidas repetidas foi realizada para se determinar asobrevivência dos girinos em função dos tratamentos. Concluímos que a sobrevivência dosgirinos de P. cuvieri e S. fuscovarius não foi afetada pela presença e arquitetura das macrófitas (Pistiae Salvinia) nem pelo seu comportamento.


Subject(s)
Animals , Predatory Behavior , Larva , Macrophytes , Odonata
11.
Rev. biol. trop ; 57(supl.1): 291-299, nov. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, SaludCR | ID: lil-637943

ABSTRACT

Embryonic development and larva of the toad Incilius aucoinae (Bufonidae) in Golfito, Costa Rica. The larva and developmental stages of Incilius aucoinae are described using specimens from Río Cañaza, Golfito, Costa Rica. We collected the individuals in January 1997, and January and February 1998. The total sample was 696 individuals, 317 eggs in 1-12 stages, 176 eggs with embryos in stages 15-16, and 204 tadpoles in stages 21-43. The average number of eggs per nest was 8 940 (n = 4). These eggs were laid in strings, attached to the river strata. Eggs in stages 1-12 had an average diameter of 1.75 (s = 0.38) mm and eggs with embryos in stages 15 -16 measured 1.33 (0.34) mm wide and 3.06 (1.46) mm long. The description of the tadpole based on UCR 19982 is as follows: dorsal, ventral surfaces, and tail are brown with dark brown spots. Length of tail 9.43 mm, body length 6.18 mm (total length 15.62). Translucent light brown small fins, dorsal fin with scattered spots, ventral fin without dark pigments. Dorsal-ventral flattened oval body with anteroventral snout. A few individuals had varied colors, from black (3.4%) to uniform (0.5-1.5%). Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (Suppl. 1): 291-299. Epub 2009 November 30.


Se describe la larva y los estadios del desarrollo del huevo y larva de Incilius aucoinae utilizando especímenes del río Cañaza, Golfito, Costa Rica, recolectados en enero de 1997 y enero-febrero de 1998. La muestra fue de 696 individuos, 317 huevos en estadios 1-12, 176 huevos con embriones en estadios 15-16, y 204 renacuajos en estadios 21-43. El promedio del número de huevos por nidada fue de 8 940 (n = 4), los cuales fueron colocados en una hilera, sujetos al sustrato del río. Los huevos en estadios 1-12 tienen un promedio de diámetro de 1.75 (s = 0.38) mm y los huevos con embriones en estadios 15-16 miden 1.33 (0.34) de ancho y 3.06 (1.46) mm de largo. La descripción del renacuajo basada en el espécimen UCR 19982, es como sigue: el dorso, el vientre y la cola son de color café y punteado de café oscuro; la cola mide 9.43 mm y el cuerpo 6.18, para un tamaño total de 15.62; las aletas son pequeñas café claro translúcidas, la dorsal con puntos dispersos y la ventral sin ningún tipo de pigmento oscuro. También es el único renacuajo ovoide con una tendencia a ser aplastado dorso-ventralmente, y con la boca antero-ventral. Dentro de la variación observada, algunos individuos son de color negro (3.4 %) y pocos son uniformes (0.5- 1.5 %).


Subject(s)
Bufonidae/embryology , Larva/growth & development , Costa Rica
12.
Biota neotrop. (Online, Ed. port.) ; 9(2): 165-176, Apr.-June 2009. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-529219

ABSTRACT

A morfologia bucal interna das larvas de Eupemphix nattereri, Physalaemus albonotatus, P. centralis, P. cuvieri, Leptodactylus furnarius, L. fuscus, L. petersii e L. podicipinus são descritas e comparadas utilizando microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A larva de E. nattereri apresenta muitas diferenças quando comparada à larvas de anuros do gênero Physalaemus. As larvas de P. albonotatus, P. centralis e P. cuvieri apresentam semelhanças em sua morfologia bucal interna, tais como o número de papilas infralabiais e papilas laterais à crista mediana. P. centralis difere na quantidade de papilas pós-nasais e papilas da arena do teto bucal. Entre as larvas de Leptodactylus é possível perceber um padrão na distribuição e quantidade das estruturas bucais internas (papilas infralabiais e linguais, papilas das arenas do assoalho e teto bucal, crista mediana, papilas laterais da crista e papilas pós-nasais) nos grupos de espécies. Os caracteres da morfologia bucal larvária podem ser úteis quando utilizados conjuntamente com outros dados auxiliando na compreensão das relações sistemáticas da ordem Anura.


The internal buccal morphology of the tadpoles of Eupemphix nattereri, Physalaemus albonotatus, P. centralis, P. cuvieri, Leptodactylus furnarius, L. fuscus, L. petersii and L. podicipinus are described and compared using scanning electron microscopy. The tadpole of E. nattereri has major differences when compared to other tadpoles of the Physalaemus genus. The tadpoles of P. albonotatus, P. centralis and P. cuvieri present similarities in internal buccal morphology, such as the number of the infralabial and lateral ridge papillae, but P. centralis differ in the number of the post-narial and buccal roof arena papillae. Among the tadpoles of the Leptodactylus species is possible to observe patterns, in distribution and quantity of the internal buccal structures (infralabial and lingual papillae, buccal floor and roof arena papillae, median ridge, lateral ridge papillae and postnarial papillae) in the species groups. The characteristics of the internal buccal morphology may be useful when used together with other data helping in comprehension of the systematic of the order Anura.


Subject(s)
Amphibians , Anatomy, Comparative , Anura , Anatomy/classification , Feeding Behavior , Larva/anatomy & histology , Larva/classification
13.
Biota neotrop. (Online, Ed. port.) ; 8(4): 219-224, Oct.-Dec. 2008. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-509801

ABSTRACT

O gênero Phasmahyla Cruz, 1990 é composto por pequenos anuros, cujas desovas são depositadas em folhas acima de córregos na mata. Seus girinos são neustônicos e apresentam funil bucal dorsal. Na cidade do Rio de Janeiro o gênero está representado por P.guttata (Lutz 1924). Girinos desta espécie foram coletados no Rio dos Macacos, Horto Florestal, Rio de Janeiro e sua ontogenia foi estudada. A larva eclode no estágio 25 (com cerca de 16,5 mm), permanecendo neste estágio até um comprimento médio de 18,4 mm. O funil bucal cresce de 1,9 mm (estágio 25) a 7,1 mm (estádio 40), sendo completamente absorvido no final do estágio 42. A cauda cresce gradualmente até o estágio 41, quando os girinos alcançam as maiores dimensões (comprimento médio de 55,1 mm). No estágio 41, a cauda começa a ser absorvida, desaparecendo completamente no estágio 46. Nos córregos, os girinos são distribuídos em cardumes, compostos por indivíduos de diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento. A composição dos cardumes variou ao longo do ano. Nos meses de junho e julho a ocorrência de girinos recém-eclodidos não foi observada, com o aparecimento dos primeiros recém-eclodidos em agosto. Um maior número de girinos recém-eclodidos foi observado em março, abril e maio. Cinco desovas foram coletadas, todas depositadas em ninhos de folhas enroladas em forma de funil. Para a confecção dos ninhos, o casal usou apenas folhas vivas, mais longas do que largas.


The genus Phasmahyla Cruz, 1990 is composed of small anurans, whose spawns are deposited on leaves above forested streams. Their tadpoles are neustonic and presents dorsal buccal funnel. In the city of Rio de Janeiro the genus is represented by P.guttata (Lutz 1924). Tadpoles of this species were collected in the Rio dos Macacos, Horto Florestal, Rio de Janeiro and their ontogenetical development were studied. Larvae hatch in the stage 25 (ca 16.5 mm), remaining in this stage until an average length of 18.4 mm. The buccal funnel grows from 1.9 mm (stage 25) to 7.1 mm (stage 40), been completely absorbed in the end of stage 42. The tail grows gradually until stage 41, when the tadpoles reach theirs biggest size (average length of 55.1 mm). In stage 41, tail start to be absorbed, disappearing completely in the stage 46. In the streams, the tadpoles are distributed in schools, constituted by tadpoles of several development stages. The composition of schools changed throughout the year. In the months of June and July the occurrence of newly hatched tadpoles was not observed, with the appearance of the first newly hatched in the month of August. A greater number of newly hatched tadpoles were observed in March, April and May. Five spawns were collected, all deposited in nests of leaves rolled into funnel shape. To make up the nests, the pair used only fresh leaves, which are longer than wide.


Subject(s)
Amphibians , Anatomy , Anura/classification , Fauna , Ecosystem/classification , Ecosystem/adverse effects , Larva
14.
Braz. j. biol ; 67(2): 309-312, May 2007. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-460003

ABSTRACT

The larval morphology of Hypsiboas leptolineatus was studied. The tadpole has an ovoid body in lateral view, wider than deep; snout rounded with dorsal reniform nostrils; spiracle sinistral with lateral wall attached to body; anal tube dextral; tail fins convex with acuminate tip; oral disc ventral; labial tooth row formula is 2(2)/3(1); moderately developed beaks with serrated jaw sheaths. These external oral features are compared with those of the known tadpoles in the Hypsiboas polytaenius clade. The oral cavity was studied using an electron microscope. Life history aspects are commented.


A morfologia larval de Hypsiboas leptolineatus foi estudada. O girino possui corpo ovóide em vista lateral, mais largo que alto; focinho redondo com narinas dorsais; espiráculo esquerdo, com parede lateral junto ao corpo; tubo anal destro; nadadeiras convexas, com ponta acuminada; disco oral ventral; fórmula dentária 2(2)/3(1); bico córneo moderadamente desenvolvido serrilhado. Estas características externas são comparadas com as dos outros girinos conhecidos do clado Hypsiboas polytaenius. A cavidade oral foi estudada usando microscopia eletrônica. Aspectos de história natural são comentados.


Subject(s)
Animals , Anura/anatomy & histology , Larva/anatomy & histology , Metamorphosis, Biological/physiology , Anura/classification , Anura/growth & development , Brazil , Larva/growth & development , Larva/ultrastructure
15.
Acta Anatomica Sinica ; (6)1955.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-681189

ABSTRACT

Objective To investigate the effect of tadpole extract(T871 3) on tumor cells and its mechanism. Methods We studied the effects of T871 3 on proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of HL 60 cells by cytomorphological observation, cytochemistry and TUNEL method. We also examined gene expression during the induction of apoptosis and differentiation in tadpole extract treated HL 60 cells by in situ hybridization and intact cell mRNA dot blot techniques. Results 1 T871 3 was able to inhibite HL 60 cells proliferation. 2 T871 3 was able to induce HL 60 cells to differentiate along monocyte macrophage lineage at low concentration, and apoptosis at higher concentration. 3 The differentiation of HL 60 cells was accompanied by downregulations of c myc,c myb gene expression, The apoptosis of HL 60 cells was accompanied by downregulations of c\|myc bcl 2 gene expression, suggesting that these genes may be involved in the apoptosis and differentiation process. Conclusion Tadpole extract may have effects on HL 60 cells through changing the oncogene expression. [

16.
Acta Anatomica Sinica ; (6)1953.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-569201

ABSTRACT

The tadpole extract without large molecular protein(T-871) was prepared from dry tadpoles. This extract and RPMI1640 medium were mixed in the ratio of 1:50(V/V) to form T-871 medium. HeLa cells were cultured in the T-871 medium in order to study the possible mechanism of HeLa cell differentiation induced by tadpole extract. We found that there was a decreased acitivity of LDH which may be released through HeLa cell membrane in the 2 day's cultured T-871 medium. After 3 day's culture in the T-871 medium we found that on the HeLa cell membranes, Na-K-ATPase activity reduced and the content of Con A receptors increased. When these cells were analyzed by flow cytometry(FACS-420), the results indicated that HeLa cells accumulated in G_2 and M phases of the cell cycle and the influence on DNA and RNA content of the HeLa cells was insignificant. HeLa cells cultured by RPMI 1640 medium or T-871 medium for 3 days were inoculated into the dorsal hypodermis of 12 nude mice, respectively. Then after 24 hours this extract was injected to each nude mouse at dose of 0.3 ml each day. Our study showed that T-871 could result in decrease of tumor formation such as delay of tumor nodule appearance and reduce of tumor weight. This study suggested that the changes of the cell membrane may be caused by the tadpole extract. It may also reduce malignancy of the HeLa cells.

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