Impact of Fungicide Residues on Polymerase Chain Reaction and on Yeast Metabolism

ABSTRACT The indiscriminate use of pesticides on grape crops is harmful for consumers´ healthin "in natura" consumption and in the ingestion of wine and grape juice. During winemaking, a rapid and efficient fermentation stage is critical to avoid proliferation of contaminating microorganisms and to guarantee the product´s quality. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has the advantage of detecting these contaminants in the early stages of fermentation. However,this enzymatic reaction may also be susceptible to specific problems, reducing its efficiency. Agricultural practices, such as fungicide treatments, may be a source of PCR inhibiting factors and may also interfere in the normal course of fermentation.The action of the pesticides captan and folpet on PCR and on yeast metabolism was evaluated, once these phthalimide compounds are widely employed in Brazilian vineyards. DNA amplification was only observed at 75 and 37.5 µg/mL of captan concentrations, whereas with folpet, amplification was observed only in the two lowest concentrations tested (42.2 and 21.1µg/mL).Besides the strong inhibition on Taq polymerase activity, phthalimides also inhibited yeast metabolism at all concentrations analyzed.Grape must containing captan and folpet residues could not be transformed into wine due to stuck fermentation caused by the inhibition of yeast metabolism. Non-compliance with the waiting period for phthalimide fungicides may result in financial liabilities to the viticulture sector.The use of yeasts with high fungicide sensitivity should be selected for must fermentation as a strategy for sustainable wine production and to assure that products comply with health and food safety standards.

Topoisomerase IB of Deinococcus radiodurans resolves guanine quadruplex DNA structures in vitro.

Deinococcus radiodurans genome contains a large number of guanine repeats interrupted by a few non-guanine bases, termed G motifs. Some of these G motifs were shown forming guanine quadruplex (G4) DNA structure in vitro. How is the formation and relaxation of G4 DNA regulated in the genome of D. radiodurans is not known and is worth investigating. Here, we showed that the topoisomerase Ib of D. radiodurans (DraTopoIB) could change the electrophoretic mobility of fast migrating intramolecular recF-G4 DNA into the slow migrating species. DraTopoIB also reduced the positive ellipticity in circular diachroism (CD) spectra of intramolecular recF-G4 DNA structures stabilized by K+. On the contrary, when DraTopoIB is incubated with G-motifs annealed without K+, it showed neither any change in electrophoretic mobility nor was ellipticity of the CD spectra affected. DNA synthesis by Taq DNA polymerase through G4 DNA structure was attenuated in the presence of G4 DNA binding drugs, which was abrogated by DraTopoIB. This implies that DraTopoIB could destabilize the G4 DNA structure, which is required for G4 drugs binding and stabilization. Camptothecin treatment inhibited DraTopoIB activity on intramolecular G4 DNA structures. These results suggested that DraTopoIB can relax intramolecular G4 DNA structure in vitro and it may be one such protein that could resolve G4 DNA under normal growth conditions in D. radiodurans.

Comparación de cuatro métodos de restauración del ADN en muestras de plasma y láminas de citología cérvico-uterina como una herramienta para mejorar la calidad de la muestra / Comparison of four methods of DNA restoration in samples from plasma and pap smears as a tool for better the samples

Objetivos: comparar cuatro métodos de restauración del ADN en plasma y láminas cérvico-uterinas como una herramienta para mejorar la calidad de la muestra. Métodos: a 20 muestras de plasma sanguíneo y 20 muestras de láminas citológicas, se les realizó aislamiento de ADN mediante kit comercial y fenol-cloroformo. A todas las muestras se les realizó un tratamiento pre-PCR con cuatro diferentes tipos de actividad de ADN polimerasa: 1. Exonucleasa y endonucleasa 5'-3'. 2. Exonucleasa 5'-3'. 3. Klenow, y 4. Klenow más ligasa. Los diferentes métodos se evaluaron mediante PCR en tiempo real con el gen ALU. Resultados: todos los métodos de restauración mejoran la calidad del ADN en los dos tipos de muestras. El método 3 mostró mejores resultados en plasma y en lámina, incrementando la concentración del ADN de 0,0022 ng/µL a 0,6474 ng/µL en láminas de citología y de 0,0039 ng/µL a 0,435 ng/µL en plasma sanguíneo. Conclusiones: ADN de las muestras de plasma y lámina al ser tratadas con un proceso de restauración aumenta la calidad del ADN en comparación a las muestras no tratadas.

Objetives: To compare four methods of restoration of DNA in plasma and PAP smears as a tool to improve the quality of the samples. Methods: 20 blood samples and 20 PAP smears samples, we performed DNA isolation by commercial kit and phenol-chloroform respectively. Then all samples underwent a pre-PCR treatment with four different types of activity DNA polymerase: 1. Exonuclease and endonuclease 5'-3'. 2. Exonuclease 5'-3'. 3. Klenow, and 4. Klenow more ligase. Different restoration methods were evaluated quantitatively by real-time PCR with gene ALU. Results: All restoration methods improve the quality of DNA in both types of samples. However, the 3th method showed better results in both plasma and PAP smears, increasing the concentration of DNA from 0.0022 ng/mL to 0.6474 ng/mL in PAP smears and 0.0039 ng/mL to 0.435 ng/mL in blood plasma. Conclusions: DNA from plasma samples and PAP smears to be treated with a restoration process increases the quality of DNA compared to untreated samples.

Development of a rapid triplex TaqMan real-time PCR assay for the detection of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae / 中华检验医学杂志

for the detection of their virulent abilities simultaneously.