Estrategias de enseñanza aprendizaje desde la Hematología en el técnico superior de Análisis clínico y Medicina transfusional

RESUMEN El objetivo de la investigación fue diagnosticar las estrategias de enseñanza aprendizaje desde la asignatura Hematología, en el técnico superior de ciclo corto en Análisis clínico y Medicina Transfusional. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa educacional, en la Facultad Tecnológica de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey. Dentro de los métodos empíricos fue empleada la encuesta aplicada a estudiantes de la especialidad y a profesores que han impartido la asignatura por más de cinco años. Se concluye que los estudiantes tienen limitaciones en la aplicación de estrategias para el aprendizaje de ahí que, los docentes deben intencionarlas, reforzarlas y sistematizarlas mediante las tareas docentes, además el profesor debe prepararse para enseñar estrategias de aprendizaje, pues constituyen formas complejas de integración de saberes que funcionan como instrumento flexible, adaptativo para propiciar un aprendizaje desarrollador, y requieren del tratamiento didáctico en el contexto analizado.

ABSTRACT The objective of the research was to diagnose the teaching-learning strategies from the Hematology subject, in the short-cycle senior technician in Clinical Analysis and Transfusion Medicine. A qualitative educational research was carried out at the Technological Faculty of the University Of Medical Sciences Of Camagüey. Within the empirical methods, the survey applied to students of the specialty and to teachers who have taught the subject for more than five years was used. It is concluded that students have limitations in the application of learning strategies, hence, teachers must intend them, reinforce them and systematize them through teaching tasks, in addition the teacher must prepare to teach learning strategies, since they constitute complex forms of integration of knowledge that functions as a flexible, adaptive instrument to promote developer learning, and requires didactic treatment in the context analyzed.

Students perceptions about the pedagogic strategies for teaching-learning anatomy at university Eduardo Mondlane in Mozambique

Background: From the need to develop a new curriculum for the medical course, changing the traditional model used for teaching Gross Anatomy it was sought to incorporate active teaching methodologies which can allow students to be more involved in the process of knowledge construction. The way in which Gross Anatomy is delivered in most Faculties of Medicine has been seen as a big challenge to the teachers and the students too as a consequence of permanent changes that are required in order to be in line with the technological development. This study aimed to explore the student's perceptions about the effectiveness of the strategies and resources, used in teaching-learning Gross Anatomy in the medical course at EMU.Methods: Data were collected using a questionnaire administrated to those medical students who attended (1st and 2nd year) Gross Anatomy subjects, in November 2018. Descriptive statistics and data content analysis were performed. The sample comprised 171 students.Results: A convergence of strategies preferred by the students involved in the study was seen. It was recognized that Gross Anatomy curriculum was designed based on the limitations of the use of cadaver dissection, with the emphasis on applied anatomy and learning in small groups using other resources, including computer assisted learning based on the 3-D Slicer software.Conclusions: It appears that the students' desire is that the teaching-learning strategies used in Anatomy classrooms at UEM might contribute to their better training for the professional challenges when graduated. They perceived that with the strategies used for teaching Anatomy, they are being very well prepared to get in an entrepreneurial, transformative profile and are able to learn more complex contents in order to provide a qualified health care to people in the performance of their future functions as doctors.

Percepción y prácticas docentes para una educación inclusiva / Percepção e práticas docentes para uma educação inclusiva / Teacher's perception and practices for an inclusive education

Para que una sociedad evolucionada se construya como inclusiva es imprescindible reconocer, desde la escuela, la diversidad como un aspecto positivo que enriquece los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje; y garantizar la igualdad de oportunidades mediante la construcción de entornos seguros, democráticos y equitativos. Para ello, es primordial asegurar actitudes positivas hacia la inclusión entre los profesores. Se presenta una investigación cuyo principal objetivo fue conocer la percepción de docentes de Educación Primaria acerca de la educación inclusiva, así como las estrategias desarrolladas con el fin de favorecerla. Se utilizó una metodología de tipo cuantitativo, no experimental y transversal. Se encuestó a un total de cincuenta y cinco docentes de cinco centros educativos de titularidad pública y concertada de la Región de Murcia (España). Los resultados obtenidos mostraron actitudes positivas hacia la educación inclusiva, si bien los docentes consideraron que su formación inicial era insuficiente para trabajar de manera efectiva la diversidad en las aulas, al igual que los recursos de los que disponen.

For an evolved society to be built as inclusive, it is essential to recognize diversity from school as a positive aspect that enriches teaching and learning processes and guarantees equal opportunities through the construction of safe, democratic and equitable environments. In order to achieve this, it is essential to ensure positive attitudes towards inclusion among teachers. Aresearch is presented in which the main objective was to know the perception of Primary Education teachers regardinginclusive education, as well as the strategies developed in order to favor it. A quantitative, non-experimental and transverse/cross-sectional methodology was used. A total of fifty-five teachers from five publicly-owned and subsidized schools in the Region of Murcia (Spain) were surveyed. The results demonstrated positive attitudes towards inclusive education, although teachers considered that their initial training was insufficient to effectively work with diversity in the classroom, as well as the resources available to them.

Para que uma sociedade evoluída se construa como inclusiva, é imprescindível reconhecer, desde a escola, a diversidade como um aspecto positivo que enriquece os processos de ensino e aprendizagem, assegurando, assim, a igualdade de oportunidades através da construção de ambientes seguros, democráticos e equitativos. Para isso, é essencial garantir, entre os professores, atitudes positivas em relação à inclusão. Essa pesquisa tem como objetivo conhecer a percepção dos professores do ensino fundamental sobre a educação inclusiva, assim como as estratégias desenvolvidas para favorecê-la. Foi utilizada uma metodologia de tipo quantitativa, não experimental e transversal. Cinquenta e cinco professores de cinco instituições educativas públicas da região de Murcia (Espanha) foram entrevistados. Os resultados obtidos mostraram atitudes positivas em relação à educação inclusiva, embora os professores considerassem que sua formação inicial era insuficiente para trabalhar efetivamente a diversidade nas salas de aula, bem como consideraram insuficientes os recursos disponíveis.

Experiences with web 2.0 in school settings: a framework to foster educational practices based on a personal learning environment perspective / Experiências com a web 2.0 no contexto escolar: uma proposta para fomentar práticas educacionais baseadas na perspectiva de ambientes pessoais de aprendizagem

Abstract: Studies involving the use of digital technologies in educational settings, based on the concept of Personal Learning Environments (PLE), show the possibilities of enhancing educational processes through a pedagogical approach, which benefits from the affordances of technologies. We understand that a PLE is organized with tools, mechanisms, and activities that each student uses to read, produce and share. These actions are possible through different web 2.0 applications. This study aims to foster educational practices with technologies in the context of the classroom from the perspective of the PLE. The research, based on a qualitative approach, is organized into two phases. First, we propose a framework to assist teachers in the selection of web tools to foster educational practices based on PLE. Second, we present and analyze the results of a qualitative study, which involves the use of the proposed framework in educational practices conducted in the final years of elementary education in a private school in Brazil. Results point out that the proposed framework can be used to support the teachers in designing educational practices involving the use of digital technologies to promote the student's PLE.

Resumo: Estudos envolvendo o uso de tecnologias digitais em ambientes educacionais, com base no conceito de Ambientes Pessoais de Aprendizagem (PLE), mostram as possibilidades de aprimorar processos educacionais por meio de uma abordagem pedagógica que reconhece o benefício dessas tecnologias. Entendemos que um PLE é organizado a partir de ferramentas, mecanismos e atividades que cada aluno usa para ler, produzir e compartilhar. Essas ações são possíveis por meio de diferentes aplicações da web 2.0. Este estudo tem como objetivo apresentar uma proposta para fomentar práticas educacionais com tecnologias no contexto da sala de aula na perspectiva do PLE. A pesquisa, baseada em uma abordagem qualitativa, está organizada em duas fases. Em primeiro lugar, propomos um modelo para auxiliar os professores na seleção de aplicações web para promover práticas educacionais baseadas no PLE. Em segundo lugar, apresentamos e analisamos os resultados de um estudo qualitativo, que envolve o uso do modelo proposto em práticas educacionais realizadas nos últimos anos do ensino fundamental em uma escola particular no Brasil. Os resultados apontam que a proposta pode ser usada para apoiar os professores no desenvolvimento de práticas educativas envolvendo o uso de tecnologias digitais para promover o PLE do aluno.

Estrategias y técnicas didácticas de la relación numérica docente - estudiante en Anatomía Humana / Teaching strategies and techniques of the numerical relationship teacher-student in Human Anatomy

Introducción: las estrategias y técnicas didácticas se fundamentan en la misión institucional, como herramientas del proceso pedagógico. En la cátedra de Anatomía Humana, el docente, es responsable de seleccionarlas; considerando: estrategias y técnicas de enseñanza-aprendizaje. La asignatura, se divide en: componente teórico y práctico. Objetivo: identificar las estrategias y técnicas didácticas aplicadas en las tres escuelas de medicina A, B, C; dentro de la relación numérica docente /estudiante, durante el periodo 2005-2009. Materiales y Métodos: la información se recolectó mediante un cuestionario, administrado a 296 estudiantes activos, de la carrera de doctorado en medicina y 15 docentes laborando en el departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas (Anatomía) de las tres escuelas de medicina: A, B, C de El Salvador. Las estrategias de enseñanza identificadas: objetivos (72.89%) y manual guía (100%). La técnica de enseñanza que predominó en el componente teórico fue la clase magistral (59.98%). En el componente práctico, se aplica la técnica grupal con supervisión, (100%). Resultados: la estrategia de aprendizaje, en los componentes teórico y práctico: Recirculación de la información (48.47%). Técnica de aprendizaje, componente teórico: toma de apuntes (42.48%). Componente práctico: repaso con repetición (46.82%). Relación numérica docente/estudiante: Escuela A, 1/11; Escuela B, 1/44; Escuela C, 1/34. Conclusiones: dentro del entorno de la relación numérica, las estrategias y técnicas didácticas, aplicadas por los docentes, en las tres instituciones; son estáticas y responden a un modelo educativo tradicional, representativo de una educación masiva (AU).

Introduction: strategies and techniques are based by the institutional mission, as tools of pedagogic process. In the chair of Human Anatomy, the teacher is responsible for selecting them; considering strategies and technics teaching and learning. The subject is divided: theoretical and practical component. Objective: To identify strategies and teaching techniques applied in the three medical schools within the teacher / student numerical ratio during the period 2005-2009. Materials and Methods: The information was collected through a questionnaire administered to 296 active students, career doctorate in medicine and 15 teachers of the Department of Morphological Sciences (Anatomy) from three medical schools: A, B, C of El Salvador. Result: teaching strategies identified: objectives (72.89%) and manual guide (100%). Teaching technique that prevailed in the theoretical component was the master class (59.98%). In the practical component, group monitoring technique is applied (100%). The learning strategy, in the theoretical and practical components: Recirculation of information (48.47%). Learning technique, theoretical component: notetaking (42.48%). Practical component: review with repetition (46.82%). Numeric relationship teacher / student: school A, 1/11; School B, 1/44; School C, 1/34. Conclusions: within the environment of the numerical relationship, strategies and teaching-learning techniques applied by the teacher, are statics in the three institutions and respond to a representative of a mass education (AU).

Sistematização de estratégias de ensinar-aprender pesquisa na graduação / Systematization of strategies for teaching-learning research in an undergraduate course / Sistematización de estrategias de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la pesquisa en la graduación

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a sistematização de práticas pedagógicas de ensinar-aprender pesquisa no cotidiano das disciplinas de um curso de graduação da área da saúde. Os dados foram levantados em documentos referentes a atividades pedagógicas desenvolvidas e analisados pela técnica de análise de conteúdo seguindo categorias do referencial de sistematização de práticas sociais adotado: delimitação do objeto; tempo e contexto; objetivos e finalidades; referenciais utilizados; conteúdo das práticas e estratégias utilizadas; dinâmica das atividades e sentimentos gerados; resultados; conclusões e propostas de encaminhamentos. Os resultados apresentam um método de ensinar-aprender pesquisa, criado coletivamente, constituído por referencial teórico-metodológico próprio que orienta, no decorrer de todas as disciplinas, o desenvolvimento de estratégias para construção de conhecimentos em nível de complexidade crescente, com base em situações-problema da saúde e dados qualitativos e quantitativos de diferentes fontes e contextos socioambientais.

This study aimed to analyze the systematization of pedagogical practices related to the teaching and learning of research methods in the daily routine of the disciplines of a health undergraduate course. The data were obtained from documents referring to developed pedagogical activities and analyzed through a content analysis technique, following the categories of the adopted social practices systematization framework, namely: object delimitation; time and context; objectives and purposes; employed frameworks; content of the utilized practices and strategies; dynamics of the activities and generated feelings; results; conclusions and proposals for further activities. The results present a teaching-learning research method, collectively created, that has its own theoretical-methodological framework. This framework guides, throughout all the disciplines, the development of strategies to build knowledge on an increasing complexity level, based on problematic health situations and on qualitative and quantitative data arising from different sources and socio-environmental contexts.

Este estudio analiza la sistematización de prácticas pedagógicas de enseñanza y aprendizaje de la pesquisa en el cotidiano de las asignaturas de un curso de graduación del área de la salud. Los datos provienen de documentos concernientes a las actividades pedagógicas desarrolladas y analizados por la técnica de análisis de contenido, siguiendo categorías del referencial de sistematización de prácticas sociales adoptado: delimitación del objeto; tiempo y contexto; objetivos y finalidades; referenciales utilizados; contenido de las prácticas y estrategias utilizadas; dinámica de las actividades y sentimientos creados; resultados; conclusiones y propuestas de encaminamientos. Los resultados presentan un método de enseñanza y aprendizaje de la pesquisa creado en colectivo, constituido por un referencial teórico-metodológico propio que orienta, en todas las asignaturas, el desarrollo de estrategias para que se construyan conocimientos a nivel de complejidad creciente, basados en situaciones-problema de la salud y datos cualitativos y cuantitativos de diferentes frentes y contextos socio-ambientales.

Calidad en Salud: la articulación de contenidos como estrategia en la formación de enfermeros / Quality in health: the articulation of content as a strategy in the training of nurses

La integración de conocimientos en proyectos formulados desde distintos abordajes posibilita la transferencia de aprendizajes, la potenciación de recursos y la creación de alternativas novedosas para la resolución de problemas comunes. El tratamiento globalizado, interdisciplinar y de integración de contenidos de aprendizajes involucra una organización curricular general que permite la interpretación unitaria de la realidad. La estructura del conocimiento a construir supone relaciones de dependencia y de independencia de las partes integrantes en un orden de secuencia, estableciendo cuándo ha de hacerse conciliando estos aspectos con intereses de los alumnos para facilitar el aprendizaje significativo. La articulación se da en las asignaturas “Didacticas”, “Administracion”, e “Investigación en Enfermería”. Para evitar la repetición de contenidos, manteniendo una secuenciación lógica y la adecuación a cada disciplina, se desarrollan saberes tratando de hacer la mayor transferencia para el logro de competencias profesionales, respetando los intereses de los educandos en relación con motivaciones específicas. Se aplica el método científico en proyectos educativos, de administración y de investigación donde el estudiante va realizando cambios cuali-cuantitativos en su estructura congnitiva, que lo llevan progresivamente a resolver problemas más complejos en escenarios comunes con un enfoque totalizador. El trabajo conjunto de docentes y alumnos posibilita la elaboración de proyectos interdisciplinarios que tratan cuestiones comunes, pero con abordajes científicos diferentes, considerando las áreas de competencia. Formar para el desarrollo de competencias profesionales implica necesariamente articular saberes en un todo coherente y significativo que dé respuestas a las necesidades que plantea el sector salud en la atención de enfermería, dirigida al paciente, la familia y la comunidad.

Different approaches taken by projects enable the integration of knowledge and eases the transfer of learning, resources are better exploited and new alternatives are found to solve common problems. A global, interdisciplinary andintegrated approach implies a general curricular organization that interprets reality, The structure of the knowledge to be constructed presupposes both dependent and independent relationships among parties in sequencial order, establishing whenthey are to be taken and conciliating such aspects with students’ interests so that meaningful knowledge is facilitated.The articulation takes place in: Didactics, Management and Research in Nursing. In order to avoid repeating contents, keeping a logical sequencing and an adaptation to each of the disciplines, different kinds of knowledge are dealt with maximizing transferto achieve professional competence, respecting at the same time students’ interests as regards specific motivations. A scientific method is applied to educational, management and research projects and quali-quantitative changes in students progressivelylead them to the overall resolution of more complex problems and scenarios.The joint work of staff and students makes the elaboration of interdisciplinary projects possible. Those projects deal with commonconcerns but taking into account different scientific approaches according to the area of competence. To educate in the development of professional competence necessarily implies articulatind different types of knowledge into a meaningful andcoherent whole that may provide the answers to the needs posed by the health area, in nursing care towards the patient, the family and the community.