ABSTRACT
Influenza virus infection is a respiratory infectious disease that can seriously affect human health. Influenza viruses can have antigenic variation and changes frequently, which results in rapid and widespread transmission resulting in annual epidemics and outbreaks in population gathering places such as schools, kindergartens and nursing homes. WHO estimated that seasonal influenza epidemics could cause 3 to 5 million severe cases annually, and 290 000 to 650 000 deaths globally. Pregnant women, young children, the elderly, and persons with chronic illnesses are at high risk for severe illness and death associated with influenza virus infection. Seasonal influenza vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza virus infection and complications from infection. Currently, China has licensed trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3) which includes split-virus influenza vaccine and subunit vaccine, and quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4) which is split. Except a few major cities, influenza vaccine is a category Ⅱ vaccine, which means influenza vaccination is voluntary, and recipients should pay for it. In 2018, China CDC issued the "Technical Guidelines for Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in China (2018-2019)" (Guide 2018). In the past year, new research evidences have been published both in China and abroad, and new seasonal influenza vaccine has been licensed in China. To strengthen the technical guidance for prevention and control of influenza and operational research on influenza vaccination in China, the Influenza Vaccination Technical Working Group (TWG) of National Immunization Advisory Committee (NIAC) updated the Guide 2018 and compiled the "Technical Guidelines for Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in China (2019-2020)" . Major updates include the following: First, new research evidences especially studies of China, including disease burden, effectiveness, vaccine-avoidable disease burden, vaccine safety monitoring, and cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit. Second, policies and measures for influenza prevention and control issued by National Health Commission (PRC) in the past year. Thirdly, new type seasonal influenza vaccine licensed and issued in 2019-2020 in China. Fourth, northern hemisphere influenza vaccination composition for the 2019-2020 season was updated for both IIV3 and IIV4. The recommendations include: Points of vaccination clinics (PoVs) should provide influenza vaccination to all persons aged 6 months and above who are willing to be vaccinated and do not have contraindications. No preferential recommendation is made for one influenza vaccine product over another for persons whom can accept more than one licensed, recommended and appropriate products. To decrease the risk of severe infections and complications due to influenza virus infection among high risk groups, the recommendations prioritize seasonal influenza vaccination for children aged 6 to 59 months, adults ≥60 years of age, persons with specific chronic diseases, healthcare workers, the family members and caregivers of infants <6 months of age, and pregnant women or women who plan to become pregnant during the influenza season. Children aged 6 months through 8 years require 2 doses of influenza vaccine administered a minimum of 4 weeks apart during their first season of vaccination for optimal protection. If they were vaccinated in 2018-2019 influenza season or prior, 1 dose is recommended. People ≥9 years old require 1 dose of influenza vaccine. It is recommended that people receive their influenza vaccination by the end of October. Influenza vaccination should be offered as soon as available. For the people unable to be vaccinated before the end of October, influenza vaccination will continue to be offered for the whole season. Influenza vaccine is also recommended for use in pregnant women during any trimester. These guidelines are intended for use by staff members of the CDCs at all levels who work on influenza control and prevention, PoVs staff members, healthcare workers from the departments of pediatrics, internal medicine, and infectious diseases, and staff members of maternity and child care institutions at all levels. These guidelines will be updated periodically as new evidence becomes available.
ABSTRACT
Influenza virus infection is a respiratory infectious disease that can seriously affect human health. Influenza viruses can have antigenic variation and changes frequently, which results in rapid and widespread transmission resulting in annual epidemics and outbreaks in population gathering places such as schools, kindergartens and nursing homes. WHO estimated that seasonal influenza epidemics could cause 3 to 5 million severe cases annually, and 290 000 to 650 000 deaths globally. Pregnant women, young children, the elderly, and persons with chronic illnesses are at high risk for severe illness and death associated with influenza virus infection. Seasonal influenza vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza virus infection and complications from infection. Currently, China has licensed trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3) which includes split-virus influenza vaccine and subunit vaccine, and quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4) which is split. Except a few major cities, influenza vaccine is a category Ⅱ vaccine, which means influenza vaccination is voluntary, and recipients should pay for it. In 2018, China CDC issued the "Technical Guidelines for Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in China (2018-2019)" (Guide 2018). In the past year, new research evidences have been published both in China and abroad, and new seasonal influenza vaccine has been licensed in China. To strengthen the technical guidance for prevention and control of influenza and operational research on influenza vaccination in China, the Influenza Vaccination Technical Working Group (TWG) of National Immunization Advisory Committee (NIAC) updated the Guide 2018 and compiled the "Technical Guidelines for Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in China (2019-2020)" . Major updates include the following: First, new research evidences especially studies of China, including disease burden, effectiveness, vaccine-avoidable disease burden, vaccine safety monitoring, and cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit. Second, policies and measures for influenza prevention and control issued by National Health Commission (PRC) in the past year. Thirdly, new type seasonal influenza vaccine licensed and issued in 2019-2020 in China. Fourth, northern hemisphere influenza vaccination composition for the 2019-2020 season was updated for both IIV3 and IIV4. The recommendations include: Points of vaccination clinics (PoVs) should provide influenza vaccination to all persons aged 6 months and above who are willing to be vaccinated and do not have contraindications. No preferential recommendation is made for one influenza vaccine product over another for persons whom can accept more than one licensed, recommended and appropriate products. To decrease the risk of severe infections and complications due to influenza virus infection among high risk groups, the recommendations prioritize seasonal influenza vaccination for children aged 6 to 59 months, adults ≥60 years of age, persons with specific chronic diseases, healthcare workers, the family members and caregivers of infants <6 months of age, and pregnant women or women who plan to become pregnant during the influenza season. Children aged 6 months through 8 years require 2 doses of influenza vaccine administered a minimum of 4 weeks apart during their first season of vaccination for optimal protection. If they were vaccinated in 2018-2019 influenza season or prior, 1 dose is recommended. People ≥9 years old require 1 dose of influenza vaccine. It is recommended that people receive their influenza vaccination by the end of October. Influenza vaccination should be offered as soon as available. For the people unable to be vaccinated before the end of October, influenza vaccination will continue to be offered for the whole season. Influenza vaccine is also recommended for use in pregnant women during any trimester. These guidelines are intended for use by staff members of the CDCs at all levels who work on influenza control and prevention, PoVs staff members, healthcare workers from the departments of pediatrics, internal medicine, and infectious diseases, and staff members of maternity and child care institutions at all levels. These guidelines will be updated periodically as new evidence becomes available.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Pregnancy , China , Cities , Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Seasons , VaccinationABSTRACT
Seasonal influenza vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza virus infection and its complications.Currently,China has licensed trivalent (IIV3) and quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4),including split-virus influenza vaccine and subunit vaccine.In most parts of China,influenza vaccine is a category Ⅱ vaccine,which means influenza vaccination is voluntary,and recipients need to pay for it.To strengthen the technical guidance for prevention and control of influenza and the operational research on influenza vaccination in China,the National Immunization Advisory Committee (NIAC),Influenza Vaccine Technical Working Group (TWG),updated the 2014 technical guidelines and compiled the "Technical guidelines for seasonal influenza vaccination in China (2018-2019)",based on most recent existing scientific evidences.The main updates include:epidemiology and disease burden of influenza,types of influenza vaccines,northern hemisphere influenza vaccination composition for the 2018-2019 season,and,IIV3 and IIV4 vaccines' major immune responses,durability of immunity,immunogenicity,vaccine efficacy,effectiveness,safety,cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit.The recommendations include:Points of Vaccination clinics (PoVs) should provide influenza vaccination to all persons aged 6 months and above who are willing to be vaccinated and do not have contraindications.No preferential recommendation is made for any influenza vaccine product for persons who can accept ≥ 1 licensed,recommended,and appropriate products.To decrease the risk of severe infections and complications due to influenza virus infection among high risk groups,the recommendations prioritize seasonal influenza vaccination for children aged 6-60 months,adults ≥60 years of age,persons with specific chronic diseases,healthcare workers,the family members and caregivers of infants ＜6 months of age,and pregnant women or women who plan to pregnant during the influenza season.Children aged 6 months to 8 years old require 2 doses of influenza vaccine administered a minimum of 4 weeks apart during their first season of vaccination for optimal protection.If they were vaccinated in previous influenza season,1 dose is recommended.People ≥ 9 years old require 1 dose of influenza vaccine.It is recommended that people receive their influenza vaccination by the end of October.Influenza vaccination should be offered as soon as the vaccination is available.Influenza vaccination should continue to be available for those unable to be vaccinated before the end of October during the whole season.Influenza vaccine is also recommended for use in pregnant women during any trimester.These guidelines are intended for CDC members who are working on influenza control and prevention,PoVs members,healthcare workers from the departments of pediatrics,internal medicine,and infectious diseases,and members of materuity and child care institutions at all levels.
ABSTRACT
Seasonal influenza vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza virus infection and its complications.Currently,China has licensed trivalent (IIV3) and quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4),including split-virus influenza vaccine and subunit vaccine.In most parts of China,influenza vaccine is a category Ⅱ vaccine,which means influenza vaccination is voluntary,and recipients need to pay for it.To strengthen the technical guidance for prevention and control of influenza and the operational research on influenza vaccination in China,the National Immunization Advisory Committee (NIAC),Influenza Vaccine Technical Working Group (TWG),updated the 2014 technical guidelines and compiled the "Technical guidelines for seasonal influenza vaccination in China (2018-2019)",based on most recent existing scientific evidences.The main updates include:epidemiology and disease burden of influenza,types of influenza vaccines,northern hemisphere influenza vaccination composition for the 2018-2019 season,and,IIV3 and IIV4 vaccines' major immune responses,durability of immunity,immunogenicity,vaccine efficacy,effectiveness,safety,cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit.The recommendations include:Points of Vaccination clinics (PoVs) should provide influenza vaccination to all persons aged 6 months and above who are willing to be vaccinated and do not have contraindications.No preferential recommendation is made for any influenza vaccine product for persons who can accept ≥ 1 licensed,recommended,and appropriate products.To decrease the risk of severe infections and complications due to influenza virus infection among high risk groups,the recommendations prioritize seasonal influenza vaccination for children aged 6-60 months,adults ≥60 years of age,persons with specific chronic diseases,healthcare workers,the family members and caregivers of infants ＜6 months of age,and pregnant women or women who plan to pregnant during the influenza season.Children aged 6 months to 8 years old require 2 doses of influenza vaccine administered a minimum of 4 weeks apart during their first season of vaccination for optimal protection.If they were vaccinated in previous influenza season,1 dose is recommended.People ≥ 9 years old require 1 dose of influenza vaccine.It is recommended that people receive their influenza vaccination by the end of October.Influenza vaccination should be offered as soon as the vaccination is available.Influenza vaccination should continue to be available for those unable to be vaccinated before the end of October during the whole season.Influenza vaccine is also recommended for use in pregnant women during any trimester.These guidelines are intended for CDC members who are working on influenza control and prevention,PoVs members,healthcare workers from the departments of pediatrics,internal medicine,and infectious diseases,and members of materuity and child care institutions at all levels.
ABSTRACT
Seasonal influenza vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza virus infection and complications from infection. Currently, China has licensed trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3) and quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4), including split-virus influenza vaccine and subunit vaccine. Except for a few major cities, influenza vaccine is a category Ⅱ vaccine, which means influenza vaccination is voluntary, and recipients must pay for it. To strengthen the technical guidance for prevention and control of influenza and operational research on influenza vaccination in China, the National Immunization Advisory Committee (NIAC) Influenza Vaccine Technical Working Group (TWG), updated the 2014 technical guidelines and compiled the "Technical guidelines for seasonal influenza vaccination in China (2018-2019)" . The main updates in this version include: epidemiology, disease burden, types of influenza vaccines, northern hemisphere influenza vaccination composition for the 2018-2019 season, IIV3 and IIV4 immune response, durability of immunity, immunogenicity, vaccine efficacy, effectiveness, safety, cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit. The influenza vaccine TWG provided the recommendations for influenza vaccination for the 2018-2019 influenza season based on existing scientific evidence. The recommendations described in this report include the following: Points of Vaccination clinics (PoVs) should provide influenza vaccination to all persons aged 6 months and above who are willing to be vaccinated and do not have contraindications. No preferential recommendation is made for one influenza vaccine product over another for persons for whom more than one licensed, recommended, and appropriate product is available. To decrease the risk of severe infections and complications due to influenza virus infection among high risk groups, the recommendations prioritize seasonal influenza vaccination for children aged 6-59 months, adults ≥60 years of age, persons with specific chronic diseases, healthcare workers, the family members and caregivers of infants <6 months of age, and pregnant women or women who plan to become pregnant during the influenza season. Children aged 6 months through 8 years require 2 doses of influenza vaccine administered a minimum of 4 weeks apart during their first season of vaccination for optimal protection. If they were vaccinated in 2017-2018 influenza season or a prior season, 1 dose is recommended. People more than 8 years old require 1 dose of influenza vaccine. It is recommended that people receive their influenza vaccination by the end of October. Influenza vaccination should be offered as soon as the vaccination is available. For the people unable to be vaccinated before the end of October, influenza vaccination will continue to be offered for the whole season. Influenza vaccine is also recommended for use in pregnant women during any trimester. These guidelines are intended for use by staff members of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at all levels who work on influenza control and prevention, PoVs staff members, healthcare workers from the departments of pediatrics, internal medicine, and infectious diseases, and staff members of maternity and child care institutions at all levels.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of intra-arterial perfusion chemotherapy for locally advanced and recurrent breast cancer is to gain the chance of operative excision and to control the clinical symptoms.Intra-arterial perfusion chemotherapy has been widely employed in clinical practice and has already achieved satisfactory therapeutic results.Based on the medical documents concerning the interventional therapy of breast cancer,which have been published both at home and abroad,the authors attempt to make some suggestions in order to standardize the clinical application of this interventional technique.This paper will focus on the blood supply and imaging findings of the breast cancer,as well as on the preoperative preparation,indications and contraindications,medication,complications and therapeutic efficacy of intra-arterial perfusion chemotherapy.