Validação da eficácia de desinfetantes após diluição para uso em laboratório farmacêutico oficial / Validation of the efficacy of disinfectants after dilution for use in official pharmaceutical laboratory / Validación de la eficacia de los desinfectantes después de la dilución en un laboratorio farmacéutico oficial

Todos os procedimentos da indústria farmacêutica devem ser validados com a finalidade de garantir que os métodos demonstrem resultados confiáveis e aceitáveis pelo controle de qualidade. Assim, este estudo objetivou validar a eficácia de desinfetantes após diluição para uso em laboratório farmacêutico oficial. Foi elaborado o protocolo de validação e após sua aprovação foi iniciada a diluição dos desinfetantes para os tempos (T) 0, 7, 15 e 30 dias. Foram preparados os meios de cultura, realizada a promoção de crescimento dos microrganismos, preparada a suspensão microbiana e após a incubação foi realizada a diluição seriada de 10-1 a 10-10, o inóculo foi padronizado e a eficácia foi analisada. Os testes de eficácia foram realizados em triplicata, as colônias foram lidas nas placas e os dados planilhados eletronicamente. Do T0 ao T7, todos os microrganismos foram sensíveis aos desinfetantes, exceto Aspergillus brasiliensis, que reprovou três desinfetantes. A partir do T15, os microrganismos Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Bacillus subtilis apresentaram crescimento. No T30, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus e Candida albicans continuaram sem crescimento. Foram aprovados cinco desinfetantes que inibiram o crescimento no período de até 7 dias, sendo definido o prazo de 7 dias como validade para os desinfetantes após diluição.

All procedures in the pharmaceutical industry must be validated to ensure that the methods show reliable and acceptable results according to quality control. This study aimed to validate the efficacy of disinfectants after dilution for use in official pharmaceutical laboratory. The validation protocol was elaborated and, after its approval, the dilution of the disinfectants for the times (T) 0, 7, 15, and 30 days was initiated. The culture media were prepared, the growth of the microorganisms was promoted, the microbial suspension was prepared, and after incubation the serial dilution of 10-1 to 10-10 was performed, the inoculum was standardized, and the efficacy was analyzed. Efficacy tests were performed in triplicates, the colonies were read on the plates, and the data were electronically arranged in spreadsheets. From T0 to T7, all microorganisms were sensitive to disinfectants, except for Aspergillus brasiliensis, which excluded three disinfectants. The microorganisms Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis showed growth from T15 onward. At T30, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans continued to lack growth. The protocol of this study approved five disinfectants that inhibited growth in a period of up to 7 days and defined 7 days as the validity period for disinfectants after dilution.

Todos los procedimientos de la industria farmacéutica deben ser validados para garantizar que los métodos demuestren resultados confiables y aceptables por el control de calidad. Este estudio tuvo por objetivo validar la eficacia de los desinfectantes diluidos para su uso en laboratorio farmacéutico oficial. Para ello, se elaboró el protocolo de validación y, luego de su aprobación, se inició la dilución de los desinfectantes para los tiempos (T) 0, 7, 15 y 30 días. Se prepararon los medios de cultivo, se promovió el crecimiento de los microorganismos, se preparó la suspensión microbiana, y después de la incubación se realizó la dilución seriada de 10-1 a 10-10, se estandarizó el inóculo y se analizó la eficacia. Las pruebas de eficacia se realizaron por triplicado, las colonias se analizaron en las placas cuyos resultados se pusieron en hojas de cálculo en línea. De T0 a T7, todos los microorganismos fueron sensibles a los desinfectantes, excepto Aspergillus brasiliensis, que falló tres desinfectantes. A partir de T15, los microorganismos Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Bacillus subtilis mostraron crecimiento. En T30, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus y Candida albicans continuaron sin crecimiento. Se aprobaron cinco desinfectantes que inhibieron el crecimiento en un período de hasta 7 días, y se definió un período de 7 días como el período de validez de los desinfectantes después de la dilución.

Effectiveness of Pilates-based exercises on the diastasis recti abdominis in climacteric women: a randomized controlled trial

Introduction: Recent studies have related the climacteric period with changes in connective tissue elasticity that may be related to diastasis recti abdominis. Mat Pilates is a method of exercise without impact that currently has more practitioners, due to its satisfactory results. However, there are no studies that evaluate the effectiveness of mat Pilates for women with diastasis recti abdominis. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the mat Pilates program in climacteric women with diastasis recti abdominis. Methods: This randomized single-blinded clinical trial evaluated climacteric women with diastasis recti abdominis. The participants were randomized into the experimental group, which participated in 3 weekly sessions of mat Pilates for 12 weeks for a total of 36 sessions, and the control group (without exercises). The inter-rectus distance was measured with a digital caliper. The G*Power Version 3.1.9.2. software was used for the sample calculation, and the SPSS 20.0 program was used for statistical analysis. Results: The study comprised 21 women, including 10 in the control group and 11 in the experimental group, with mean ages of 54.3 ± 7.1 and 55.3 ± 6.0 years and body mass index values of 28.8 ± 5.5 kg/m2 and 29.9 ± 4.48 kg/m2, respectively. In the experimental group, reductions were observed in all the measures related to diastasis recti abdominis (p<0.05) in the supraumbilical, umbilical, and infra-umbilical regions. Conclusion: The mat Pilates method is effective for reducing diastasis recti abdominis in the climacteric period.

Sutura em Polia Retificada para síntese de feridas de pele tensionadas / Rectified Pulley Suture for the synthesis of tensioned skin wounds

Introdução: A síntese de feridas de pele tensionadas é uma área que tem sido alvo de estudos para o desenvolvimento de técnicas de sutura que sejam capazes de realizar o fechamento primário dessas feridas com alívio de tensão, garantindo uma cicatrização adequada e evitando complicações como deiscência, edema, sangramento e infecção. Método: Esta pesquisa tratou-se de um estudo piloto, sendo a primeira apresentação da técnica de Sutura em Polia Retificada para síntese de feridas de pele tensionadas através do acompanhamento prospectivo, duplo-cego, de uma série de casos de 8 pacientes randomicamente admitidos no centro cirúrgico de um hospital de alta complexidade de uma cidade de médio porte. Resultados: A Sutura em Polia Retificada é uma técnica versátil e apta para lidar com feridas de pele tensionadas, uma vez que no intraoperatório conseguiu fechar por primeira intenção lesões de até 6,5 centímetros e de diferentes regiões tensionadas sem necessidade do uso de técnicas mais complexas, como retalhos, enxertos, zetaplastia e fechamento por segunda intenção. Além disso, no pós-operatório, houve redução dos escores da POSAS, indicando um processo de cicatrização satisfatório tanto para os observadores quanto para o paciente. É imprescindível mencionar, também, que o desfecho mais temido no seguimento dos pacientes com feridas tensionadas submetidos a fechamento primário - a deiscência - foi completamente evitado. Conclusão: A técnica é simples, confiável, segura e reprodutível, com curta curva de aprendizagem, de forma que a Sutura em Polia Retificada pode ser considerada como uma nova ferramenta a ser integrada ao arsenal cirúrgico.

Introduction: The synthesis of tensioned skin wounds is an area that has been the subject of studies for the development of suturing techniques that are capable of performing the primary closure of these wounds with tension relief, ensuring adequate healing, and avoiding complications such as dehiscence, edema, bleeding, and infection. Method: This research was a pilot study, being the first presentation of the Rectified Pulley Suture technique for the synthesis of tensioned skin wounds through prospective, double-blind monitoring of a series of cases of 8 patients randomly admitted to the surgical center of a high-complexity hospital in a mediumsized city. Results: Rectified Pulley Suture is a versatile technique suitable for dealing with tensioned skin wounds, since intraoperatively it was able to close, by first intention, lesions measuring up to 6.5 centimeters and in different tensioned regions without the need for the use of more extensive techniques. complex, such as flaps, grafts, Z-plasty, and secondary intention closure. Furthermore, post-operatively, there was a reduction in POSAS scores, indicating a satisfactory healing process for both observers and the patient. It is also essential to mention that the most feared outcome in the follow-up of patients with tension wounds undergoing primary closure - dehiscence - was completely avoided. Conclusion: The technique is simple, reliable, safe, and reproducible, with a short learning curve, so the Rectified Pulley Suture can be considered a new tool to be integrated into the surgical arsenal.

Harmonização orofacial: evolução normativa e conflitos legais no reconhecimento da especialidade / Orofacial harmonization: normative evolution and legal conflicts for the recognition of the specialty

A Harmonização Orofacial (HOF) é especialidade odontológica reconhecida pelo Conselho Federal de Odontologia (CFO) e, no reconhecimento dessa especialidade, discussões internas e externas à classe odontológica surgiram. O presente artigo tem como objetivo levantar reflexões acerca do processo judicial n° 1003948-83.2019.4.01.3400 julgado pelo Tribunal Regional Federal (Seção Judiciária do Distrito Federal - 8ª Vara Federal) referente a HOF enquanto especialidade odontológica. Inicialmente, são discutidos os documentos que norteiam o ensino dos cursos de graduação e pós-graduação em odontologia. Em seguida, faz-se uma reflexão sobre o processo de reconhecimento da HOF como especialidade odontológica. Por fim, discute-se acerca do citado processo judicial, os principais pontos elencados pelas partes envolvidas no processo e eventuais consequências do desfecho desse processo para a classe odontológica. O reconhecimento da HOF enquanto especialidade odontológica não seguiu os trâmites que outras especialidades odontológicas seguiram e gerou debates educacionais e formativos sob uma perspectiva ética e legal. Ademais, tal reconhecimento fomentou debates relacionados ao conflito dos procedimentos dessa especialidade odontológica com procedimentos de especialidades médicas. Tais conflitos chegaram ao Poder Judiciário, que interveio em favor da Odontologia, contudo, isso não impede que o cirurgião-dentista seja responsabilizado profissionalmente pela realização de procedimentos que fogem ao escopo da odontologia

Orofacial Harmonization (HOF) is dental specialty recognized by the Federal Council of Dentistry (CFO) and, in recognition of this specialty, internal and external discussions of the dental class have arisen. This article aims to raise reflections on judicial process number 1003948-83.2019.4.01.3400 judged by the Federal Regional Court (Judicial Section of the Federal District - 8th Federal Court) referring to HOF as a dental specialty. Initially, the documents that guide the teaching of undergraduate and graduate courses in dentistry are discussed. Then, a reflection is made on the recognition process of HOF as a dental specialty. Finally, it discusses the judicial process number 1003948-83.2019.4.01.3400, the main points listed by the parties involved in the process, and the possible consequences of the outcome of this process for the dental class. The recognition of HOF as a dental specialty did not follow the procedures that other dental specialties followed and generated educational and training debates from an ethical and legal perspective. Furthermore, such recognition has fostered debates related to the conflict between procedures in this dental specialty and procedures in medical specialties. Such conflicts reached the Judiciary, which intervened in favor of Dentistry, however, this does not prevent the dental surgeon from being held professionally responsible for carrying out procedures that fall outside the scope of dentistry

Gestação de Substituição em Portugal: Orientações para a prática clínica

Introdução: A aprovação na Assembleia da República, em dezembro de 2021, da lei aplicável à Gestação de Substituição, suscita a reflexão acerca dos aspetos práticos em que o regime se concretizará e das orientações necessárias para os profissionais de saúde envolvidos. Por esse motivo, foram definidos como objetivos: analisar um conjunto de recomendações para a prática clínica no âmbito da Gestação de Substituição em países com experiência no procedimento e promover uma discussão com peritos na área da Procriação Medicamente Assistida. Material e Métodos: Foi realizada uma análise documental das publicações e documentos oficiais sobre o tema que serviu de base para o estudo de desenho qualitativo baseado em grupos focais com diferentes profissionais -médicos e psicólogos- com experiência em Procriação Medicamente Assistida. A discussão foi concretizada através de sessões via Zoom®, realizadas separadamente com os dois grupos focais. Resultados: Na discussão os peritos fizeram as suas apreciações e propostas de melhoria em relação à versão inicial do documento resultante da análise documental. Conclusão: Obteve-se uma versão consolidada do conjunto de orientações para os profissionais de saúde com as dimensões a avaliar e acompanhar junto da gestante e parte beneficiária na Gestação de Substituição.

Introducción : La aprobación por el Parlamento portugués, en diciembre de 2021, de la ley aplicable a la Gestación Subrogada, plantea la reflexión sobre los aspectos prácticos en los que se implementará el esquema y las directrices necesarias para los profesionales de la salud involucrados. Por este motivo, se definieron los siguientes objetivos: analizar un conjunto de recomendaciones para la práctica clínica en el ámbito de la gestación subrogada en países con experiencia en el procedimiento y promover un debate con expertos en el campo de la Reproducción Médicamente Asistida. Material y Métodos : Se realizó un análisis documental de publicaciones y documentos oficiales sobre el tema, que sirvió de base para el estudio de diseño cualitativo basado en focus group con diferentes profesionales -médicos y psicólogos- con experiencia en Reproducción Médicamente Asistida. La discusión se realizó a través de sesiones via Zoom®, celebradas por separado con los dos focus group. Resultados : En la discusión, los expertos realizaron sus apreciaciones y propuestas de mejora respecto a la versión inicial del documento resultante del análisis documental. Conclusión : Se obtuvo una versión consolidada del conjunto de directrices para los profesionales de la salud con las dimensiones para evaluar y dar seguimiento a la madre sustituta y a los beneficiarios en la Gestación Subrogada.

Introduction: The approval by the Portuguese Parliament, in December 2021, of the law applicable to Surrogate Pregnancy, raises reflection on the practical aspects in which the scheme will be implemented and the necessary guidelines for health professionals involved. For this reason, the following objectives were defined: to analyze a set of recommendations for clinical practice in surrogacy in countries with experience in the procedure and to promote a discussion with experts in Medically Assisted Reproduction. Material and Methods: A documental analysis of publications and official documents on the theme was conducted. This served as a basis for the qualitative design study based on focus groups with different professionals -physicians, and psychologists- with experience in Medically Assisted Reproduction. The discussion was realized through sessions via Zoom®, held separately with the two focus groups. Results : In the debate, the experts made their appreciation and proposals for improvement concerning the initial version of the document resulting from the document analysis. Conclusion : A consolidated version of the set of guidelines for health professionals was obtained with the dimensions to evaluate and follow up with the surrogate and beneficiaries in Surrogacy.

A feasible in vitro method to evaluate bacterial infiltration in three implant-abutment connection systems / Método in vitro factible para evaluar la infiltración bacteriana en tres sistemas de conexión implante-pilar

Introduction: Microorganism infiltration through the im-plant-abutment interface causes oral health problems such as periimplantitis, leading to implant loss. Materials and Methods: A feasible new method to quantify the Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) infiltration through the implant-abutment interface gap is introduced in the present work. Internal hexagon (IH; n = 10), external hexagon (EH; n = 10), Morse taper (MT; n = 10), and a control for each group (n = 1) were tested. Bacteria suspension was prepared at 1.5x108 CFU/mL (CFU: colony forming units), and the implants were individually submerged up to the connection level, allowing the bacteria to contact it. The abutment was removed, and bacteria count was performed. Results: The implant sets were tested under normal bacterial growth and early and late biofilm growth conditions. Colony-forming units per mL were obtained, and the results were compared among groups. Differences in bacterial count between the MT and EH (p<0.001) and the MT and IH (p<0.001) groups were significantly higher in the MT-type implant. There was a significant increment of bacterial infiltration in the MTs submitted to late biofilm growth conditions. EH and IH connections are more effective in preventing bacterial infiltration independent of the growth condition. Conclusions: The proposed methodology is feasible to evaluate the infiltration of microorganisms through the implant-abutment interface.

Introducción: La infiltración de microorganismos a través de la interfaz implante-pilar provoca problemas de salud bucal como la periimplantitis, que conduce a la pérdida del implante. Materiales y Métodos: En el presente trabajo se presenta un nuevo método factible para cuantificar la infiltración de Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) a través de la brecha de la interfaz implante-pilar. Se probaron el hexágono interno (IH; n = 10), el hexágono externo (EH; n = 10), el cono Morse (MT; n = 10) y un control para cada grupo (n = 1). Se preparó una suspensión de bacterias a 1,5x108 UFC/mL y los implantes se sumergieron individualmente hasta el nivel de conexión, permitiendo que las bacterias entraran en contacto con él. Resultados: Se retiró el pilar y se realizó recuento de bacterias. Los conjuntos de implantes se probaron en condiciones de crecimiento bacteriano normal y de crecimiento temprano y tardío de biopelículas. Se obtuvieron unidades formadoras de colonias por ml y los resultados se compararon entre grupos. Las diferencias en el recuento bacteriano entre los grupos MT y EH (p<0,001) y MT e IH (p<0,001) fueron significativamente mayores en el implante tipo MT. Hubo un incremento significativo de la infiltración bacteriana en los MT sometidos a condiciones tardías de crecimiento de biopelículas. Las conexiones EH e IH son más efectivas para prevenir la infiltración bacteriana independientemente de las condiciones de crecimiento. Conclusión: La metodología propuesta es factible para evaluar la infiltración de microorganismos a través de la interfaz implante-pilar.

Influence of different opacities and layering technique of nanotechnology composite resins regarding the wavelength and fluorescence intensity: in vitro study / Influencia de diferentes opacidades y la técnica de estratificación de resinas compuestas de nanotecnología en la longitud de onda e intensidad de fluorescencia: estudio in vitro

Objective: To evaluate the influence of opacity and the layering technique on the fluorescence of different composite resins. Materials and Methods: Two opacities (enamel and dentin) and the layering technique (enamel + dentin) of the composite resins: Filtek® Z350 and Palfique LX5 were evaluated in vitro. Composite resin discs were fabricated using a preformed matrix of 10 mm diameter and 0.5 mm thick for the single opacity groups and 10 mm thick for the layering technique groups, using 2 layers of 0.5 mm thickness of each opacity (n = 5). Specimens were analyzed using the Raman spectroscopy method. Data were analyzed using the Kruskall-wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: When evaluating the intensity of fluorescence, no statistically significant difference was found when comparing the layering technique and enamel opacity (p2> 0.05) and an increase in the dentin opacity value for both brands of composite resin. Regarding wavelength, no statistically significant difference was found when comparing the layering technique with enamel opacity and dentin opacity for both Filtek® Z350 and Palfique LX5® composite resins (p2 > 0.05). Conclusions: The fluorescence intensity of the layering technique is similar to enamel opacity for both composite resins. Likewise, the wavelength of the layering technique is similar to the enamel opacity and dentin opacity for both brands.

Objetive: Evaluar la influencia de la opacidad y de la técnica de estratificación en la fluorescencia de diferentes resinas compuestas. Materiales y Métodos: Se evaluó in vitro 2 opacidades (Esmalte y Dentina) y la técnica de estratificación (Esmalte + Dentina) de las resinas compuestas: Filtek® Z350 y Palfique LX5. Se fabricaron discos de resina compuesta, utilizando una matriz preformada de 10 mm de diámetro y 0,5 mm de grosor para los grupos de opacidad única y 10 mm de grosor para los grupos de técnica estratificada, utilizando 2 capas de 0,5 mm de cada opacidad (n = 5). Los especímenes se analizaron mediante el método de Espectroscopía Raman. Los datos se analizaron utilizando la prueba de Kruskall-wallis y Prueba U de Mann Whitney. Resultado: Al evaluar la intensidad de fluorescencia no se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los pares: Técnica estratificada versus Opacidad Esmalte para ambas marcas de resina compuesta Filtek® Z350 y para Palfique LX5® (p2 > 0,05). Para longitud de onda no se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los pares: Técnica estratificada versus Opacidad Esmalte y Técnica estratificada VS Opacidad Dentina para ambas resinas compuesta Filtek® Z350 y Palfique LX5® (p2> 0,05). Conclusión: La intensidad de fluorescencia de la técnica estratificada es similar a la opacidad Esmalte para ambas resinas compuestas. De igual manera la longitud de onda de la técnica estratificada es similar a la opacidad Esmalte y opacidad Dentina para ambas marcas.

Ingurgitación mamaria desde la fisioterapia a través de agentes físicos y técnicas manuales: revisión sistemática con meta-análisis / Breast Engorgement from Physical Therapy using Physical Agents and Manual Techniques: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis / O ingurgitamento mamário abordado a partir da fisioterapia por meio de agentes físicos e técnicas manuais: revisão sistemática com meta-análise

Objetivo:analizar la evidencia de estudios previos sobre las diferentes alternativas de tratamientos con el uso de agentes físicos y técnicas manuales utilizados en la fisioterapia para la ingurgitación mamaria a nivel internacional. Material y método:estudio de revisión sistemática con meta-análisis según el pro-tocolo prisma. Búsqueda en las bases de datos de Scopus y Medline a través de PubMed, publicados desde el 01 de enero de 2015 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2021. La estrategia de búsqueda empleó los siguien-tes términos: breastengorgement, treatment, breastfeeding, six-pointengorgementscale, physiotherapy, breastcancer, physicaltherapy. Los 5 estudios elegidos para esta revisión sistemática fueron valorados con la Escala pedro para conocer la calidad metodológica. Resultados:diferencias medias estandarizadas oscilaron entre 0,5959 y 2,7373, la mayoría de las estimaciones positivas. El resultado promedio difirió significativamente de cero (z = 3,5686, p = 0,0004). Según prueba Q, los resultados reales parecen ser heterogéneos (Q (5) = 23,2212, p = 0,0003, tau² = 0,4759, I² = 83,6163%). Intervalo de predicción del 95 % para los resultados reales viene dado por -0,3733 a 2,5931. Un intervalo de predicción del 95 % para los resultados reales viene dado por -3,6762 a 11,5933. Conclusiones: las técnicas estudiadas disminuyen el dolor y la congestión mamaria, sin embargo, se ha visto que la combinación entre ellas puede favorecer aún más la mejora de los mismos. Al aplicarse en las mujeres con ingurgitación generaron beneficios a corto y largo plazo para disminuir el dolor y la ingurgitación mamaria

Objective: To analyze the evidence of previous studies on the different treatment alternatives with the use of physical agents and manual techniques used in physiotherapy for breast engorgement at an international level. Method: Systematic review study with meta-analysis according to the prisma pro-tocol. Search in Scopus and Medline databases through PubMed, published from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2021. The search strategy employed the following terms: breast engorgement, treatment, breastfeeding, six-point engorgement scale, physiotherapy, breast cancer, Physical therapy. The 5 stu-dies chosen for this systematic review were assessed with the PEDro Scale for methodological quality. Results: Standardized mean differences ranged from 0.5959 to 2.7373, most of the positive estimates. The average result differed significantly from zero (z = 3.5686; p = 0.0004). According to Q test, the actual results appear to be heterogeneous (Q(5) = 23.2212; p = 0.0003; tau² = 0.4759; I² = 83.6163%). The 95% prediction interval for the actual results is given by −0.3733 to 2.5931. A 95% prediction interval for the actual results is given by −3.6762 to 11.5933. Conclusions: The techniques studied decrease breast pain and engorgement; however, it has been seen that the combination between them can further favor their improvement. When applied in women with engorgement, they generated short and long term benefits in reducing pain and breast engorgement

Objetivo: analisar as evidências de estudos anteriores sobre as diferentes alternativas de tratamento com uso de agentes físicos e técnicas manuais utilizadas na fisioterapia para ingurgitamento mamá-rio internacionalmente. Material e método: estudo de revisão sistemática com meta-análise segundo protocolo prisma. Pesquisa nas bases de dados Scopus e Medline por meio do PubMed, publicadas de 1º de janeiro de 2015 a 31 de dezembro de 2021. A estratégia de busca utilizou os seguintes termos: breastingorgement, treatment, breastfeeding, six-pointengorgementscale, physiotherapy, breastcancer, physi-caltherapy. Os 5 estudos escolhidos para esta revisão sistemática foram avaliados com a Escala pedro para determinar a qualidade metodológica. Resultados: as diferenças médias padronizadas variaram de 0,5959 a 2,7373, com a maioria das estimativas positivas. O resultado médio diferiu significativamente de zero (z = 3,5686, p = 0,0004). Segundo o teste Q, os resultados reais parecem ser heterogêneos (Q (5) = 23,2212, p = 0,0003, tau² = 0,4759, I² = 83,6163%). O intervalo de previsão de 95% para resultados reais é dado por -0,3733 a 2,5931. Um intervalo de previsão de 95% para os resultados reais é dado por -3,6762 a 11,5933. Conclusões: as técnicas estudadas reduzem a dor e a congestão mamária, porém, constatou-se que a combinação entre elas pode melhorar ainda mais a sua melhora. Quando aplicados em mulheres 2024com ingurgitamento, geraram benefícios de curto e longo prazo para reduzir a dor e o ingurgitamento mamário.

Las técnicas para la atención de pacientes con trastorno del espectro autista durante la consulta odontológica / Techniques for the care of patients with autism spectrum disorder during the dental consultation

Introducción: la odontología es un campo indispensable para el ser humano, de no existir, se complica la prevención y atención de las patologías orales, resultando en estructuras dentales y bucales enfermas. La cantidad de pacientes diagnosticados con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) que acuden a consulta odontológica va en aumento, lo cual genera ansiedad en el cirujano dentista al no contar con la capacitación adecuada para la atención de estos pacientes. Existen técnicas que ayudan al manejo correcto del comportamiento de los pacientes con trastorno del espectro autista como decir-mostrar-hacer, sedación consciente, TEACCH y desensibilización. Objetivo: explicar las técnicas para la atención de pacientes con trastorno del espectro autista durante la consulta odontológica. Conclusiones: aprender a tratar a los pacientes con trastorno del espectro autista es de suma importancia, ya que para ellos una simple consulta inicial podría convertirse en una experiencia traumática. Es necesario que todos los odontólogos conozcan las técnicas de manejo de conducta para que traten con profesionalidad a pacientes con trastorno del espectro autista debido al aumento de la prevalencia de personas diagnosticadas con este padecimiento (AU)

Introduction: dentistry is an indispensable field for the human being, if it did not exist, the prevention and care of oral pathologies would be complicated, resulting in diseased dental and oral structures. The number of patients diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who come to a dental office is increasing, which generates anxiety in the dentist surgeon because they do not have adequate training to care for these patients. There are techniques that help to correctly manage the behavior of patients with autism spectrum disorder such as tell-show-do, conscious sedation, TEACCH and desensitization. Objectives: explain the techniques for the care of patients with autism spectrum disorder during the dental consultation. Conclusions: learning to treat patients with autism spectrum disorder is extremely important, since for them a simple initial consultation could become a traumatic experience. It is necessary that all dentists know behavior management techniques so that they treat patients with autism spectrum disorder professionally due to the increase in the prevalence of people diagnosed with this condition (AU)

Principales indicadores del Programa de Diagnóstico Precoz del Cáncer Cervicouterino en un hospital de Santiago de Cuba

Introducción: El cáncer cervicouterino ocupa el tercer lugar como causa de defunción por neoplasias malignas a nivel mundial, afectando principalmente a los países de ingresos bajos y medianos. Hacia el 2020 se estimó una incidencia de 604 000 nuevos casos. Objetivo: Caracterizar los principales indicadores hospitalarios del Programa de Diagnóstico Precoz del Cáncer Cervicouterino. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, que permitió caracterizar los principales indicadores hospitalarios del Programa en el Servicio de Patología de Cuello del Hospital General Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso de Santiago de Cuba, de enero del 2020 a diciembre del 2022. La población de estudio estuvo constituida por 443 mujeres. Los datos recopilados fueron analizados mediante técnicas de estadística descriptiva, expresándose en frecuencia y porcentajes. Resultados: De las mujeres estudiadas, 60,9 % presentaron lesión intraepitelial cervical de alto grado de malignidad, con 32,6 % positivo a cáncer cervicouterino. El porcentaje global de pruebas citológicas no útiles fue de 2,07 y sin células de la zona de transformación, de 4,01; ambos indicadores de calidad. Existió una alta significación en cuanto a la tasa de cobertura global de las mujeres en riesgo (K=0,615), demostrando que los resultados de la citología reflejan en gran medida los diagnósticos de la histología, con una buena concordancia. Conclusiones: La prueba citológica cérvico-vaginal sigue siendo el método diagnóstico de mayor valor para detectar neoplasia intraepitelial cervical y carcinoma en estadio precoz en grandes masas de población.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the third leading cause of death from malignancies worldwide, affecting mainly low- and middle-income countries. By 2020 an incidence of 604,000 new cases was estimated. Objective: To characterize the main hospital indicators of the Cervical Cancer Early Diagnosis Program. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out to characterize the main hospital indicators of the Program in the Neck Pathology Service of the General Hospital Dr. Bruno Zayas Alfonso of Santiago de Cuba, from January 2020 to December 2022. The study population consisted of 443 women. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistic techniques, expressed in frequency and percentages. Results: Of the women studied, 60.9 %had cervical intraepithelial lesion of high degree of malignancy, with 32.6 % positive for cervical cancer. The overall percentage of useless cytological tests was 2.07 and no cells from the processing zone was 4.01, both quality indicators. There was a high significance in terms of the overall coverage rate of women at risk (K=0.615), showing that the results of the cytology largely reflect the diagnosis of histology, with a good agreement. Conclusions: Cervical-vaginal cytology remains the most valuable diagnostic method for detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasm and early-stage carcinoma in large populations

Cosmiatria: Uma análise do mercado brasileiro / Cosmiatry: An analysis of the Brazilian market

Introdução: O mercado de procedimento estéticos cresce exponencialmente no Brasil. Tal crescimento tem despertado o interesse de várias categorias profissionais. A decisão de praticar no setor deve considerar as oportunidades de mercado da localidade na qual se pretende atuar. Entretanto, a área carece de análises comparativas documentando prováveis diferenças regionais no país. O objetivo do estudo é descrever as diferenças de mercado em procedimentos estéticos entre os estados e regiões brasileiras. Um índice de potencial consumo de cosmiatria (IPCC) é calculado para tal análise comparativa. Método: Estudo transversal envolvendo prestadores de procedimentos estéticos não cirúrgicos no Brasil. Buscas no Google®-Google Maps® foram conduzidas usando termoschave e entrevistas telefônicas realizadas para obter informações sobre categorias profissionais, tipo de provedores e serviços oferecidos. Valores preditivos positivos foram obtidos para todas as estratégias de busca e usados para estimar o número total de provedores. O tamanho da população e a renda per capita foram considerados para o cálculo dos IPCCs para os estados brasileiros. Resultados: São Paulo, Minas Gerais e Rio de Janeiro apresentaram os maiores IPCCs, sendo 524, 210 e 180, respectivamente. Roraima teve um IPCC de 14, o mais baixo do país. A Região Sudeste apresentou, em média, o maior IPCC (242) entre todas as regiões brasileiras. Conclusão: Considerando o tamanho da população e a renda, a Região Sudeste apresenta as maiores oportunidades de mercado em procedimentos estéticos não cirúrgicos no Brasil. Nossos achados podem ser de interesse para profissionais de saúde e investidores que atuam ou pretendem atuar no setor.

Introduction: The aesthetic procedure market is growing exponentially in Brazil. This growth has aroused the interest of several professional categories. The decision to practice in the sector must consider the market opportunities in the location in which you intend to operate. However, the area lacks comparative analyses documenting probable regional differences in the country. The objective of the study is to describe market differences in aesthetic procedures between Brazilian states and regions. An index of potential cosmetic consumption (IPCC) is calculated for such a comparative analysis. Method: Cross-sectional study involving providers of nonsurgical aesthetic procedures in Brazil. Searches on Google Maps® were conducted using key terms, and telephone interviews were conducted to obtain information on professional categories, types of providers, and services offered. Positive predictive values were obtained for all search strategies and used to estimate the total number of providers. Population size and per capita income were considered to calculate the IPCCs for Brazilian states. Results: São Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro presented the highest IPCCs, being 524, 210, and 180, respectively. Roraima had an IPCC of 14, the lowest in the country. The Southeast Region presented, on average, the highest IPCC (242) among all Brazilian regions. Conclusion: Considering population size and income, the Southeast Region presents the greatest market opportunities for nonsurgical aesthetic procedures in Brazil. Our findings may be of interest to healthcare professionals and investors who work or intend to work in the sector.

Da superfície para a profundidade: Curva de aprendizado em lifting facial profundo estendido - meus primeiros 100 casos / From Surface to Depth: Learning Curve in Extended Deep Facelift ­ my First 100 Cases

Introdução: O envelhecimento facial é um processo gradual, complexo e multifatorial. É o resultado de mudanças na qualidade, volume e posicionamento dos tecidos. Cirurgiões plásticos têm modificado sua abordagem na cirurgia do rejuvenescimento facial optando pelo plano subaponeurótico (SMAS). O objetivo deste estudo é analisar 100 casos de pacientes operados pela técnica de SMAS profundo, avaliando sua aplicabilidade e eficácia. Método: Foram avaliados 100 pacientes, submetidos a cirurgia plástica facial pela técnica de SMAS profundo - "Deep Smas", e acompanhados por 6 meses. Observou-se a satisfação dos pacientes, número de complicações, número de reoperações, riscos e vantagens da técnica. Resultados: Foram operados 100 pacientes, num período de 3 anos. A idade variou de 41 a 79 anos, sendo 95% sexo feminino. As complicações foram 8 casos (8%) de lesões de ramos do nervo facial, sendo: 4 casos lesão do zigomático, 3 casos de lesão do mandibular e 1 caso de lesão do bucal; houve 1 caso (1%) de queloide retroauricular; 1 caso (1%) de hematoma. Em relação às revisões cirúrgicas, houve 8 casos (8%) de complementação cirúrgica por insatisfação das pacientes. Houve 15% de lesões nervosas entre a 1ª e a 40ª cirurgia, 5% entre a 41ª e a 80ª, e nenhuma lesão entre o 81º e o 100º paciente. Conclusão: O lifting facial profundo ou subSMAS mostrou ser efetivo, proporcionando bons resultados estéticos. Apresenta baixa taxa de recidiva e baixa taxa de morbidade, porém, necessita de uma longa curva de aprendizagem.

Introduction: Facial aging is a gradual, complex, and multifactorial process. It is the result of changes in the quality, volume, and positioning of tissues. Plastic surgeons have modified their approach to facial rejuvenation surgery, opting for the subaponeurotic plane (SMAS). The objective of this study is to analyze 100 cases of patients operated on using the deep SMAS technique, evaluating its applicability and effectiveness. Method: 100 patients were evaluated, undergoing facial plastic surgery using the deep SMAS technique - "Deep Smas", and followed up for 6 months. Patient satisfaction, number of complications, number of reoperations, risks, and advantages of the technique were observed. Results: 100 patients were operated on over 3 years. Age ranged from 41 to 79 years, with 95% being female. The complications were 8 cases (8%) of injuries to branches of the facial nerve, of which 4 cases of zygomatic injury, 3 cases of mandibular injury, and 1 case of buccal injury; there was 1 case (1%) of post-auricular keloid; 1 case (1%) of hematoma. Regarding surgical revisions, there were 8 cases (8%) of surgical completion due to patient dissatisfaction. There were 15% of nerve injuries between the 1st and 40th surgery, 5% between the 41st and 80th, and no injuries between the 81st and 100th patient. Conclusion: Deep facial lifting or subSMAS has proven to be effective, providing good aesthetic results. It has a low recurrence rate and low morbidity rate; however, it requires a long learning curve.

Developing a breast cancer screening decision aid in Spanish for average-risk women: a mixed methods study / Estudios originales Publicado el 14 de marzo de 2024 | http://doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2024.02.2726 Developing a breast cancer screening decision aid in Spanish for average-risk women: a mixed methods study Desarrollo de una herramienta en español para ayudar en la toma de decisiones del cribado de cáncer de mama para mujeres de riesgo promedio: un estudio de métodos mixtos

Introduction We aimed to develop a decision aid to support shared-decision making between physicians and women with average breast cancer risk when deciding whether to participate in breast cancer screening. Methods We included women at average risk of breast cancer and physicians involved in supporting the decision of breast cancer screening from an Academic Hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina. We followed the International Patient Decision Aid Standards to develop our decision aid. Guided by a steering group and a multidisciplinary consultancy group including a patient advocate, we reviewed the evidence about breast cancer screening and previous decision aids, explored the patients' information needs on this topic from the patients' and physicians' perspective using semi-structured interviews, and we alpha-tested the prototype to determine its usability, comprehensibility and applicability. Results We developed the first prototype of a web-based decision aid to use during the clinical encounter with women aged 40 to 69 with average breast cancer risk. After a meeting with our consultancy group, we developed a second prototype that underwent alpha-testing. Physicians and patients agreed that the tool was clear, useful and applicable during a clinical encounter. We refined our final prototype according to their feedback. Conclusion We developed the first decision aid in our region and language on this topic, developed with end-users' input and informed by the best available evidence. We expect this decision aid to help women and physicians make shared decisions during the clinical encounter when talking about breast cancer screening.

Comparación Morfológica de Zonas de Inserción de Miniplacas Ortodóncicas en la Región Mandibular entre Edad, Sexo, Biotipo y Clase Esqueletal

El manejo del anclaje en los tratamientos de ortodoncia ha sido un reto constante, por lo que la utilización de miniplacas aparece como un rescate a esta interrogante. Determinar las diferencias morfológicas en la zona de inserción de miniplacas ortodóncicas en las regiones anterior y posterior mandibular, comparandolas entre edad, sexo, biotipo y clase esqueletal. Se estudiaron 40 registros de cone-beam de pacientes y se realizaron mediciones de grosor del hueso, donde se identificaron los sitios que permitan posicionar una miniplaca y fueron comparados entre sexo, grupos etarios, biotipo y clase esqueletal. Se observó diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres a nivel anterior mandibular, en los hombres se observaron mayores grosores óseos y corticales. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre pacientes adultos y jóvenes a nivel anterior mandibular, pero sí hubo diferencias a nivel mandibular posterior. La zona 3 mm debajo del 2do molar no es una zona confiable para la inserción de mini placas, ya que muchos de los pacientes no presentaban hueso en esa zona. Las miniplacas son un recurso seguro de anclaje las cuales deben ser adaptadas a cada paciente.

The anchorage management in orthodontic treatments has been a constant challenge, the use of miniplates may be a viable solution to this query. The objective of this study was to determine the morphological differences in the area of insertion of orthodontic miniplates in the anterior and posterior mandibular regions, comparing them between age, sex, biotype and skeletal class. In this analysis 40 cone-beam records of patients were studied, bone thickness measurements were carried out, the sites that allowed the positioning of a miniplate were identified and compared between sex, age groups, biotype and skeletal class. Significant differences were observed between men and women at the anterior mandibular level, in men greater bone and cortical thicknesses were observed. No significant differences were observed between adult and young patients at the anterior mandibular level, but there were differences at the posterior mandibular level. The area 3 mm below the 2nd molar was not a reliable area for the insertion of mini plates, since many of the patients had no bone in that area. Miniplates are a safe anchoring resource which must be adapted to each patient.

Açaí juice stains a glazed resin-modified glass-ionomer cement / Suco de apaí provoca o manchamento do glaze do cimento de ionomero de vidro modificado por resina

ABSTRACT Coloured compounds (anthocyanins) in açaí can stain resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC) due to its low staining resistance. Aim The aim of this study was to assess whether açaí compromises the surface colour and roughness of RMGIC in vitro. Materials and Method Disc-shaped specimens (2 mm thick, 8 mm in diameter) of Vitremer™ (3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA) were prepared according to the manufacturer 's instructions. The mixture was inserted into a silicone mouldplaced between two mylar strips, and light cured. Specimens were randomly divided into three groups (n=25) according to the solutions to be used for chemical degradation: artificial saliva (control), açaí sorbet and açaí juice. A spectrophotometer CM-2600d/2500d (Konica Minolta, Tokyo, Japan) was used to analyse the colour (CIELa*b* scale). Surface roughness (Ra, mm) was measuredusing theprofilometer Surfcorder SE 1700 (Kosaka Corp, Tokyo, Japan). The specimens were subjected to three daily soaks (6 ml, 15 minutes) for 14 days at 37°C. They were washed in distilled water and placed in fresh saliva (30 minutes in the interval). After the third soak in a day, they were stored in fresh saliva overnight. Outcomes were analysed at baseline (L*, a*, b*, Ra) and after degradation (L'*, a'*, b'*, Ra'). Results The pH values of saliva, sorbet, and juice were 7.0, 3.8, and 4.9, respectively. ΔE* values were 6.6 for saliva, 6.9 for sorbet and 7.8 for juice. There was a significant ΔE* difference between saliva (p=0.005) and juice (p=0.002), and between juice and sorbet (p=0.019), but none between saliva and sorbet (p=0.401). There was no significant Δb* difference between the solutions. No difference between juice and sorbet was observed for Δa*, but they were significantly different from saliva (p<0.001). Brightness (L*) changed significantly. Juice showed the highest ΔE* (7.8) and ΔL* (7.7). No significant change was observed for roughness and there was no difference between the solutions for ARa. Conclusions Açaí and saliva led to unacceptable staining, but no significant roughness changes in the resin-modified glass-ionomer cement.

RESUMO As antocianinas presentes no açaí podem manchar o cimento de ionomero de vidro modificado por resina (CIVMR) devido a baixa resistencia ao manchamento do material. Objetivo O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar se o açaí compromete a cor e a rugosidade de superficie de um CIVMR in vitro. Materials e Método Amostras (2 mm de espessura, 8 mm de diámetro) de Vitremer™ (3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA) foram preparadas de acordo com as instrugoes do fabricante. O materialfoi espatulado, inserido em um molde de silicone colocado entre duas tiras de poliestireno e fotopolimerizado. Após, as amostras foram randomizadas e alocadas em tres grupos (n=25) de acordo com as solugoes usadas para a degradagao química: saliva artificial (controle) e sorbet de açaí e suco de açaí. Utilizou-se o espectrofotometro CM-2600d/2500d (Konica Minolta, Tokyo, Japan) para a análise da cor (escala CIELa*b*) e o rugosímetro Surfcorder SE 1700 (Kosaka Corp, Tokyo, Japan) para a rugosidade de superficie (Ra, mm). As amostras foram submetidas a tres imersoes diárias (6 ml, 15 minutos) em cada solugao por 14 dias a 37°C, tendo sido lavadas em água destilada e mantidas em saliva fresca (30 minutos) nos intervalos. Após a terceira imersao no dia, as amostras foram mantidas em saliva renovada até o dia seguinte. As variáveis foram analisadas antes (L*, a*, b*, Ra) e depois da degradagao química (L'*, a'*, b'*, Ra'). Resultados Os valores de pH da saliva, sorbet e suco foram, respectivamente 7,0, 3,8 e 4,9. Houve diferenga significante para ΔE* entre saliva (p=0.005) e suco (p=0.002) e entre suco e sorbet (p=0.019), mas nao entre saliva e sorbet (p=0.401). Nao foi observada diferenga significante para Δb* entre as solugoes. Nao houve diferenga significante para Δa* entre suco e sorbet, mas eles foram significativamente diferentes da saliva (p<0.001). A luminosidade (L*) mostrou alteragao significante. O suco mostrou os maiores valores de ΔE* (7,8) e ΔL* (7,7)". Nao houve mudanga significante para a rugosidade e nao foi observada diferenga significante entre as solugoes para ARa (p>0.05). Conclusao O açaí e a saliva causaram manchamento inaceitável do glaze do CIVMR e insignificante alteragao da rugosidade.

Efficacy and safety of three-dimensional visualization technology in assisting ablation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma： A Meta-analysis / 临床肝胆病杂志

ObjectiveTo systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of three-dimensional visualization technology in assisting ablation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. MethodsThis study was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines， with a PROSPERO registration number of CRD42023488398. PubMed， Embase， Web of Science， the Cochrane Library， CNKI， Wanfang Data， VIP， and CBM were searched for Chinese and English articles on three-dimensional visualization technology in assisting ablation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma published up to March 2023. After quality assessment and data extraction of the studies included， RevMan 5.4 software was used to perform the meta-analysis. ResultsA total of 11 studies were included， with 972 patients in total， among whom 447 underwent ablation assisted by three-dimensional visualization technology （3D group） and 525 underwent ablation assisted by traditional two-dimensional imaging technology （2D group）. The meta-analysis showed that compared with the 2D group， the 3D group had significantly higher success rate of first-time ablation treatment （odds ratio ［OR］=5.43， 95% confidence interval ［CI］： 2.64‍ ‍—‍ ‍11.18， P<0.001）， technical efficiency （OR=6.15， 95%CI： 3.23‍ ‍—‍ ‍11.70， P<0.001）， and complete ablation rate （OR=2.50， 95%CI： 1.08‍ ‍—‍ ‍5.78， P=0.03）， as well as significantly lower incidence rate of major complications （OR=0.45， 95%CI： 0.24‍ ‍—‍ ‍0.87， P=0.02）， local recurrence rate （OR=0.35， 95%CI： 0.17‍ ‍—‍ ‍0.72， P=0.004）， and local tumor progression rate （OR=0.29， 95%CI： 0.16‍ ‍—‍ ‍0.50， P<0.001）， while there was no significant difference in the incidence rate of mild complications between the two groups （P>0.05）. ConclusionThree-dimensional visualization technology is safe and feasible in assisting ablation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and can improve ablation rate and reduce the incidence rate of serious complications， local recurrence rate， and local tumor progression rate， thereby showing an important application value in clinical practice.

Research advances in liver cancer organoids / 临床肝胆病杂志

Organoids are a novel disease model that is self-assembled from stem cells or malignant tumors and is used in clinical research. They are similar to tissues and organs in the body and have partially functional 3D cell structures. There are two types of traditional models for liver cancer research， i.e.， in vivo models （animal models of liver cancer established by induction） and in vitro cell experiments using corresponding cell lines. Organoids have the advantages of the two types of traditional models and show unique advantages in tumor research. Traditional models cannot fully reflect the microenvironment of cells， which often leads to the inconsistency with clinical research findings， and the emergence of new research models provides a new direction for the research on liver cancer. This article reviews the research advances in liver cancer organoids， in order to provide a new perspective for future research on liver cancer.

Detection and Validation of Chimeric RNA / 生物化学与生物物理进展

Chimeric RNA is a fusion transcript comprising of exon fragments from different genes. There are three splicing types: chromosome rearrangements, trans-splicing, cis-splicing, and the recently mentioned circular chimeric RNA. The traditional methods for the detection of chimeric RNA includes chromosome karyotype analysis, FISH, DNA microarray, etc., but their specificity, sensitivity and accuracy for the detection of chimeric RNA are poorly understood. With the development of sequencing technology, second-generation sequencing technology has shown strong data processing capabilities and can detect chimeric RNA through high-throughput sequence analysis. Currently, detection methods making use of high-throughput sequencing datasets includes FusionCatcher, SOAPfuse, EricScript, etc. For validation of the detected chimeric RNA, the commonly used methods include PCR, RPA, agarose gel electrophoresis, sanger sequencing, etc. The development of newly introduced techniques has led to the discovery of different novel chimeric RNA, the third and fourth generation sequencing has also been developed and nearly mature, and the sequencing technology taking PacBio as an example has also brought a new dawn to the discovery of chimeric RNA, but each of them has its advantages and disadvantages, mainly focusing on its cost, false positive rate, detection time, etc. This paper basically describes various different techniques that can be utilized for the detection and validation of chimeric RNA.

Analysis of Risk Factors for Antithrombotic Therapy Based on Bibliometrics and Visualization Techniques / 医药导报

Objective To analyze the current situation and characteristics of risk factors in antithrombotic therapy(in-cluding antiplatelet and anticoagulant treatments)at home and abroad,and to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis or bleeding associated with antithrombotic therapy.Methods The literature on risk factors of an-tithrombotic therapy published in Chinese databases(China Journal Full-text Data,Wanfang Database,VIP Database)and Eng-lish databases(PubMed,Web of Science,MEDLINE)from January 2011 to November 2021 was searched and bibliometric analy-sis was performed.The visualization analysis was performed using VOS viewer software.Results A total of 595 publications were included in the analysis.The top three countries for English publications were the USA,China,and Japan.The type of stud-ies were predominantly cohort studies,with sample sizes mostly being below 1 000.Risk factors for antithrombotic therapy are cat-egorized into those affecting antiplatelet drugs,warfarin,and new oral anticoagulants.Age,gender,renal function,and combination of antithrombotic drugs are common risk factors,and different risk factors of antithrombotic drugs also have their characteristics.Conclusion While there is substantial research on risk factors in antithrombotic therapy globally,the sample size needs to be improved.Pharmacists should provide individualized medication services based on different drugs and different groups to ensure medication safety for patients.