Conocimientos y prácticas sobre sífilis materna y congénita en adolescentes embarazadas en un Hospital General de Paraguay: estudio cualitativo

Introducción: La sífilis en embarazadas, sigue siendo un gran problema de salud pública en todo el mundo, y en Paraguay, no es la excepción. La sífilis congénita puede provocar abortos, muertes fetales y neonatales, peso bajo al nacer, prematuridad y otras anomalías congénitas, el conocimiento general de la población en edad fértil es fundamental. Objetivo: Analizar los conocimientos y prácticas sobre sífilis materna y sífilis congénita en adolescentes embarazadas en un Hospital General de Paraguay. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo, fenomenológico descriptivo. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó la entrevista, simple que fue grabada con previa autorización del participante, la conclusión y recomendación serán entregados a la institución y a las adolescentes embarazadas. Resultados: Participaron diez adolescentes, en su mayoría de 19 años de edad, cinco conocen que la sífilis se transmite a través de las relaciones sexuales, sin embargo, desconocen acerca de cómo se transmite la sífilis congénita. Cinco de las adolescentes menciona haber iniciado las relaciones sexuales a los 16 años. Dos adolescentes a los 15 años, dos a los 14 años y una a los 17 años, nueve de las adolescentes embarazadas mencionan acudir a sus controles prenatales de forma periódica. Dos aún no se han realizado el test de VDRL. Discusión: Se concluye en cuanto al conocimiento, que solo cinco de diez adolescentes conocen acerca de la sífilis, sin embargo, no conocen sobre la sífilis congénita. En cuanto a las prácticas preventivas, 10 acuden de forma periódica a sus controles prenatales.

Introduction: Syphilis in pregnant women continues to be a major public health problem throughout the world, and in Paraguay, it is no exception. Congenital syphilis can cause abortions, fetal and neonatal deaths, low birth weight, prematurity, and other congenital anomalies; general knowledge of the population of childbearing age is essential. Objective: To analyze the knowledge and practices about maternal syphilis and congenital syphilis in pregnant adolescents in a General Hospital in Paraguay. Methodology: A qualitative, descriptive phenomenological study was carried out. A simple interview was used to collect data, which was recorded with prior authorization from the participant. The conclusion and recommendation will be delivered to the institution and to the pregnant adolescents. Results: Ten adolescents participated, mostly 19 years of age, five know that syphilis is transmitted through sexual relations, however, they do not know how congenital syphilis is transmitted. Five of the adolescent's mention having started sexual relations at the age of 16. Two adolescents at 15 years old, two at 14 years old and one at 17 years old, nine of the pregnant adolescent's mention attending their prenatal check-ups periodically. Two have not yet been tested for VDRL. Discussion: It is concluded in terms of knowledge that only five out of ten adolescents know about syphilis; however, they do not know about congenital syphilis. Regarding preventive practices, 10 attend their prenatal check-ups periodically.

Percepción respecto a la educación sexual de adolescentes de dos establecimientos educacionales de Talcahuano, Chile

Introducción: La educación sexual es uno de los pilares básicos del desarrollo humano por cuanto potencia la autonomía de las personas y el desarrollo de una sexualidad plena. Objetivo: Este estudio buscó describir la percepción respecto a la educación sexual de adolescentes de dos establecimientos educacionales de Talcahuano, Chile. Método: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal de carácter descriptivo con 309 estudiantes de dos colegios ubicados en la Comuna de Talcahuano, región del Bío-Bío, Chile. Se aplicó de forma presencial un cuestionario de autorreporte. Los datos fueron analizados mediante el software IBM Statistics SPSS v.22. Resultados: El 61,8% reportó recibir educación sexual en su establecimiento y casi la totalidad consideró necesario aprender sobre ello. Un 52,7% refirió que sus establecimientos generaban instancias para hablar de sexualidad. En relación con las temáticas que deberían ser incluidas en la educación sexual, «Valores, respeto, ética», «Anticonceptivos y prevención de infecciones de transmisión sexual» y «Amor y afectividad» fueron las más preferidas. Conclusión: Pese a la existencia de instancias de educación sexual en los establecimientos educacionales y a la transversal opinión de que es necesario aprender sobre este tema, existe una baja percepción respecto a su suficiencia.

Introduction: Sex education is one of the basic pillars of human development because it enhances people's autonomy and the development of full sexuality. Objective: This study sought to describe the perception regarding sex education of adolescents from two educational establishments in Talcahuano, Chile. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 309 students from two schools located in the Talcahuano Commune, Bío-Bío region, Chile. A self-report questionnaire was applied in person. Data were analyzed using IBM Statistics SPSS v.22 software. Results: 61.8% reported receiving sex education in their establishment and almost all considered it necessary to learn about it. 52.7% reported that their establishments generated instances to talk about sexuality. In relation to the topics that should be included in sex education, "Values, respect, ethics", "Contraceptives and prevention of sexually transmitted infections" and "Love and affectivity" were the most preferred. Conclusion: Despite the existence of instances of sex education in educational establishments, and the transversal opinion that it is necessary to learn about this subject, there is a low perception regarding its adequacy.

Parturientes adolescentes em Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brasil: características socioeconômicas e obstétricas / Adolescent pregnancy in Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil: socioeconomic characteristics, prenatal and obstetric care

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi investigar as características socioeconômicas e obstétricas de parturientes adolescentes e suas complicações sobre a saúde materna e neonatal. Trata-se de uma análise de dados da linha de base da coorte de nascimentos MINA-Brasil conduzida no município de Cruzeiro do Sul, estado do Acre. Utilizou-se teste qui-quadrado para comparar características das puérperas adolescentes com as adultas e modelos múltiplos de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para avaliar fatores associados. Entre as puérperas estudadas, 26,2% (IC95%: 24,0-28,4) eram adolescentes. Os fatores associados ao parto na adolescência foram ter nove anos ou menos de estudo (RPaj:1,36; IC95%: 1,14-1,61), pertencer aos menores quartis do índice de riqueza (1° quartil: RPaj:1,40; IC95%: 1,08-1,80) (2° quartil: RPaj:1,37; IC95%: 1,08-1,74), ser primigesta (RPaj:3,69; IC95%: 2,98-4,57), baixo IMC pré-gestacional (RPaj:1,28; IC95%: 1,04-1,57), infecção urinária na gravidez (RPaj:1,25; IC95%: 1,07-1,46) e menos de seis consultas de pré-natal (RPaj:1,42; IC95%: 1,21-1,66). Pobreza, baixa escolaridade, primigestação, baixo IMC pré-gestacional, infecção urinária na gestação e menor número de consultas de pré-natal foram associados ao parto na adolescência em município da região Norte do Brasil.

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the socioeconomic and obstetric characteristics of adolescent mothers and the complications they cause to maternal and neonatal health. This baseline data analysis of the MINA-Brazil birth cohort was conducted in the municipality of Cruzeiro do Sul, state of Acre, Brazil. The chi-square test was used to compare characteristics of adolescent and adult postpartum women, and multiple Poisson regression models with robust variance were used to assess associated factors. Among the postpartum women, 26.2% (95%CI: 24.0-28.4) were adolescents. Factors associated with childbirth in adolescence included: nine years or less of schooling (adjPR:1.36; 95%CI: 1.14-1.61), belongs to the lowest quartiles of the wealth index (1st quartile: adjPR:1.40; 95%CI: 1.08-1.80) (2nd quartile: adjPR:1.37; 95%CI: 1.08-1.74), primigravidae (adjPR:3.69; 95%CI: 2.98-4.57), low pre-pregnancy BMI (adjPR:1.28; CI95%: 1.04-1.57), urinary tract infection during pregnancy (adjPR:1.25; CI95%: 1.07-1.46) and less than six prenatal consultations (adjPR:1.42; 95%CI: 1.21-1.66). Poverty, little schooling, primigravidae, low pre-pregnancy BMI, urinary tract infection during pregnancy and few prenatal consultations were associated with childbirth during adolescence in a municipality in the Northern region of Brazil.

Fast-track interventions for HIV and AIDS epidemic control among key populations: A rapid review

Background: Despite measures put in place to combat teenage pregnancy, the rate remains high. Community health workers (CHWs) are a cadre of health workers that can help put measures in place to reduce teenage pregnancy in the communities in which they live and work. Aim: This article aims to gain a deeper understanding of CHWs' perceptions regarding teenage pregnancy in the rural districts of Limpopo province. Methods: An exploratory qualitative study approach was employed to collect data from CHWs in two rural districts of Limpopo. A non-probability purposive sampling approach was used to choose 81 CHWs. Eight focus group discussions (FGDs) were organised, and audio recorded to collect data from participants. The discussions were 2­3 h long and conducted in English, and data saturation was attained by the fifth FGDs. Results: An eight-step tech's content analysis approach was employed to deductively code, analyse and summarise data into themes. Three themes emerged: the prevalence of teenage pregnancy in rural villages, factors contributing to teenage pregnancy and challenges faced by CHWs when dealing with teenage pregnancy. Conclusion: The study's findings revealed that CHWs face challenges in their communities when offering appropriate teen pregnancy services and CHWs believe that teen pregnancy numbers remain high. There is a significant barrier in combating teenage pregnancy; if contraceptives are not acceptable to the community, the only solution and option for combating teenage pregnancy is abstinence. Contribution: The CHWs presented their insights of teenage pregnancy in rural communities. The outcomes of this study could help clinical practise, schools, communities, youth-friendly services, policymakers and other non-governmental organisations reduce teenage pregnancy.

Perceptions of community health workers on teenage pregnancy in rural Limpopo: A qualitative study

Background: Despite measures put in place to combat teenage pregnancy, the rate remains high. Community health workers (CHWs) are a cadre of health workers that can help put measures in place to reduce teenage pregnancy in the communities in which they live and work. Aim: This article aims to gain a deeper understanding of CHWs' perceptions regarding teenage pregnancy in the rural districts of Limpopo province. Methods: An exploratory qualitative study approach was employed to collect data from CHWs in two rural districts of Limpopo. A non-probability purposive sampling approach was used to choose 81 CHWs. Eight focus group discussions (FGDs) were organised, and audio recorded to collect data from participants. The discussions were 2­3 h long and conducted in English, and data saturation was attained by the fifth FGDs. Results: An eight-step tech's content analysis approach was employed to deductively code, analyse and summarise data into themes. Three themes emerged: the prevalence of teenage pregnancy in rural villages, factors contributing to teenage pregnancy and challenges faced by CHWs when dealing with teenage pregnancy. Conclusion: The study's findings revealed that CHWs face challenges in their communities when offering appropriate teen pregnancy services and CHWs believe that teen pregnancy numbers remain high. There is a significant barrier in combating teenage pregnancy; if contraceptives are not acceptable to the community, the only solution and option for combating teenage pregnancy is abstinence. Contribution: The CHWs presented their insights of teenage pregnancy in rural communities. The outcomes of this study could help clinical practise, schools, communities, youth-friendly services, policymakers and other non-governmental organisations reduce teenage pregnancy

Factors contributing to rise in teenage pregnancy in Sekhukhune district, Limpopo province

Background: The Department of Health in South Africa has reported an alarming total of 90 037 teenage girls between the ages of 10 years and 19 years who gave birth from March 2021 to April 2022, across all provinces and districts. The rise in teenage pregnancy is of serious concern as adolescents girls are more likely to experience difficult pregnancies and deliveries which could lead to detrimental effects on their health. Objectives: The study aimed to explore and describe factors contributing to the increase in teenage pregnancy in the Sekhukhune district of Limpopo. Method: The study was conducted in the healthcare facilities of Sekhukhune area. A qualitative, exploratory design was followed. Participants were purposively selected, and data were gathered through face-to-face individual interviews. Data analysis employed Tesch's inductive, descriptive coding method. Results: Negligence, peer pressure, ambiguity, choice, lack of contraceptive use, and lack of family attachment were identified as exacerbating factors in the district's surge in teenage pregnancy. Conclusion: To reduce teen pregnancy, it is crucial to promote contraception, enhance cooperation between schools and the government, involve families in sexual and reproductive health discussions, prioritise a supportive home environment, advocate for child support grants, revitalise school health services, and empower teenagers to make informed choices and resist peer pressure. Contribution: The study will provide guidance to policy makers and other stakeholders in developing appropriate programmes to address the problem and improve the health and socioeconomic status of adolescents in rural areas. This will reduce healthcare costs associated with complications and premature birth. Keywords: factors; teenager; pregnancy; tee

El embarazo adolescente: un error o un deseo cumplido / Teenage pregnancies: a mistake or a fulfilled wish

Resumen Antecedentes: En México los embarazos adolescentes son 77 por cada 1,000. De los nacimientos anuales, el 17% son de madres adolescentes, con casi 350,000. Objetivo: Explicar por qué las adolescentes se embarazan a pesar del conocimiento de métodos anticonceptivos. Métodos: Con un estudio exploratorio y observacional, se evaluaron a 300 adolescentes embarazadas de 15 a 19 años, que no tenían antecedentes de consumo de sustancias adictivas y cuyos embarazos no fueron resultado de una violación.. Se aplicó el cuestionario de funcionamiento familiar y una entrevista de los antecedentes sociodemográficos. Resultados: El inicio de vida sexual fue a los 12 años para el 1.7%, de las participantes, a los 13 para el 7.3%, a los 14 para el 18.7%, a los 15 para el 36%, a los 16 para el 19.3% y las restantes (17%) tuvieron un inicio a los 19 años. El 100% manifestó que conocía métodos anticonceptivos, incluyendo la píldora del día siguiente. Conclusiones: El embarazo a temprana edad viene acompañado de mitos sociales e individuales sobre el conocimiento de la sexualidad humana, la anticoncepción y la vida amorosa. El embarazo representa para las jóvenes tener un objeto de amor y obtener un lugar en el mundo y dentro sus familias.

Abstract Background: In Mexico, teenage pregnancy is 77 for every 1,000. In terms of annual births, 17% are from teenage mothers, which are almost 350,000. Objective: To explain why teenage girls get pregnant in spite of knowing about contraceptives. Method: An observational and exploratory study by which 300 pregnant teenage girls between 15 and 19 years old were evaluated, with no history of substance abuse and whose pregnancies were not the result of rape. A questionnaire on family dynamics and an interview about their sociodemographic background were applied. Results: The first sexual intercourse for 1.7% of the participants was at 12 years old; for 7.3%, at 13; for 18.7%, at 14; for 36%, at 15; for 19.3%, at 16, and for the remaining 17%, near 19 years old. All of them (100%) stated they knew about contraceptives, including the morning-after pill. Conclusions: Pregnancies at an early age come with individual and social myths about the knowledge of human sexuality, contraception, and love life. For these young women, a pregnancy represents an object of love and obtaining a place in the world and within their families.

Factores de riesgo asociados a la agresividad en adolescentes: diferenciación por sexo

La agresividad se ha reconocido como prevalente en la población adolescente, debido a su carácter impulsivo y de inestabilidad emocional, que también caracteriza a la adolescencia. Ello lleva a la necesidad de conocer la frecuencia y la relación de los factores de riesgo de la agresividad en población adolescente, explorando sus diferencias según sexo. Así, esta investigación de enfoque cuantitativo, diseño no experimental, transversal de alcance correlacional, estudió la presencia y las relaciones entre la agresividad y sus factores de riesgo en 212 mujeres y 188 hombres adolescentes, entre 12 y 17 años de edad. Para lo cual, se aplicó una ficha de valoración de factores de riesgo y el cuestionario de agresividad premeditada e impulsiva (CAPI-A). Los hallazgos muestran mayor prevalencia de agresividad impulsiva, y la presencia de más relaciones con factores de riesgo en mujeres respecto a los hombres. Los factores de riesgos relevantes en las mujeres son las actitudes hacia la norma, la percepción sobre la agresividad y los sentimientos; en los hombres, las conductas de riesgo y los sentimientos. Esto resulta de utilidad para la comprensión de la agresividad como pauta comportamental, y el diseño de intervenciones preventivas de la agresividad y sus consecuencias.

The aggressiveness has been recognized as prevalent in teenage population due to their impulsive character, with that emotional instability which characterizes adolescence. This conducts to the need of knowing the frequency and the relationship of risk factors of aggressiveness in teenage population, exploring their differences according to sex. Thus, this research of quantitative approach, non-experimental design, cross-sectional of correlational scope, studied the presence and the relations between aggressiveness and its risk factors in 212 teenage women and 188 teenage men between 12 and 17 years of age. For this, a record card of risk factor evaluation was implemented along with the questionnaire of premediated / impulsive aggressiveness (CAPI-A in Spanish). The findings show a higher prevalence of impulsive aggressiveness and the presence of more relations to risk factors in women than in men. The relevant risk factors in women are the attitudes towards norms, the perception about aggressiveness and the feelings; in men, risk conducts and feelings are the ones to mention. These results useful for the comprehension of aggressiveness as a behavioral pattern, and the design of preventive interventions towards aggressiveness and their consequences.

Embarazo en adolescentes en Venezuela. Reconsideración del problema / Teenage pregnancy in Venezuela. Reappraisal of the problem

En Venezuela, el embarazo en adolescentes es un problema de salud pública, por su frecuencia, la repercusión sobre la calidad de vida de las madres, de sus hijos y de la sociedad en general; además, aun así, puede ser atendido y es factible su disminución. En 2014, Venezuela presentaba la Tasa Específica de Fecundidad más alta de Suramérica; y ocupaba el cuarto lugar, entre los países de Latinoamérica. Para estudiar el embarazo de adolescentes en el país se analizan los datos oficiales disponibles de la última década (2003-2012), en números, porcentajes y tasas. Asimismo, se analizan los nacimientos de madres adolescentes (2014/2015), recabados en dos hospitales públicos y dos privados: (11596 nacimientos: 2438 de madres adolescentes). De éstos: 2.403 (25,8%), en hospitales públicos y 35 (1,5%), en los privados. Del sector público, 95% de los hijos de adolescentes, son hijos de madres de 15 a 19 años y 5% de 10 a 14 años. Las tasas del grupo de 15 a 19 años (indicador oficial internacional), aumentaron en 2011 y 2012. Se analizan otras cifras y características: edad de las madres, frecuencia de legrado. En 2012, último año de información nacional disponible, se registraron (Instituto Nacional de Estadística-INE): 143 491 nacidos vivos, hijos de adolescentes, (10 a 19 años, según la OMS), que representan 23,4% del total anual de nacimientos. El embarazo en adolescentes constituye un fracaso social multisectorial, que recicla la pobreza y aumenta el subdesarrollo. Su importancia amerita la creación y aplicación de políticas públicas, así como estrategias específicas y permanentes para disminuir su incidencia(AU)

Abstract: Teenage pregnancy in Venezuela is a public health problem due to its incidence and repercussions over life-quality of mothers, their children, and the society in general. Even though with proper attention there is an incidence decrease possibility. In 2014 the Venezuelan Age-Specific Fertility Rate (15-19 age group) was the highest in South America and was the fourth among Latin America and the Caribbean nations. To study teenage pregnancy in the country last decade official available data (2003-2012) was analyzed by number, percentage, and rates. Between 2014 and 2015 the number of births from teenage mothers at two public and two private hospitals was analyzed (11 596 births: 2.438). Of those, 2.403 births were registered at public hospitals (25.8%) while 35 (1.5%) were at private clinic. At public hospitals 95% of live births were from teenage mothers (15-19 years) and 5% were mothers aged 10-14. In 2011 and 2012 the fertility rates for 15­19-year-olds (international official indicator) increased. Other characteristics and tendencies are analyzed: age of mothers, abortion frequency and prenatal visits. According to the INE (National Institute of Statistics) in 2012, last year of available information, there were 143 491 live births from teenage mothers (aged 10-19 WHO) registered in Venezuela, which represents the 23.4% of the total number of annual births. Pregnancy of teenagers is a social multisectoral failure that recycles poverty and increase underdevelopment. The magnitude of the problem requires the design and implementation of public policies as well as specific permanent strategies to reduce the incidence(AU)

Poor nutritional status of fifteen-year-old or younger adolescent mothers enhances the risk of small-for-gestational-age newborns

Introduction: To analyze the factors (socio-demographic, clinical, prenatal care, delivery, postpartum data and anthropometric measures) associated with the birth of small for gestational age newborns.Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed with 15 years old or younger postpartum adolescents divided into small-for-gestational-age newborn (SGA) and non-small-for-gestational age newborn groups (NSGA). Socio-demographic, clinical, prenatal care, delivery, postpartum data and anthropometric measures (triceps skinfold (TS), and mid-arm circumference, (MAC)) were collected.Results: 8,153 women gave birth at the obstetric ward and 364 (4.46%) ≤ 15 years old adolescents were enrolled in the study. The proportion of SGA newborns was 34.61%. The SGA group attended fewer prenatal visits (p = 0.037), had a higher prevalence of nutritional status classified as "very low weight" (p < 0.001) and vaginal delivery (p = 0.023), compared to the NSGA group. The nutritional status and vaginal delivery remained significant even after adjustment for confounders. The prevalence risk for SGA birth was 30% higher in the group of mothers with nutritional status classified as "very low weight" (odds ratio 1.30, 95% confidence interval 1.13 to 1.50) (p < 0.001).Conclusions: 15.4% of adolescents ≤ 15 years of age had an arm circumference compatible with the "very low weight" condition, demonstrating the high prevalence of poor maternal nutritional status in this group. The birth of SGA among adolescents ≤ 15 years of age is independently associated with maternal nutritional status classified as "very low weight" by the mid-arm circumference measures (MAC).

Cine y trayectorias del aborto adolescente en Argentina y España

Propósito/Contexto. La interrupción del embarazo es uno de los grandes capítulos de la Bioética y el cine permite estudiarlo a partir de historias singulares. En el contexto de la reciente ley argentina y el proyecto de modificación de la ley española, este trabajo tiene como propósito examinar y comparar las trayectorias de los abortos representados en las películas Invisible (de Argentina y lanzada en 2017) y La innocencia (de España y lanzada en 2020). Metodología/Enfoque. El enfoque es cualitativo y la metodología utilizada es el análisis de contenido de los filmes, el cual se centra en las trayectorias de los abortos representados y se articulan con los contextos legales argentino y español, vigentes al momento del estreno de los filmes. Resultados/Hallazgos. Los resultados reflejan la complejidad del acceso al aborto, donde lo ilegal aparece como primera opción y se observan las diversas limitaciones de la autonomía de las jóvenes. Discusión/Conclusiones/Contribuciones. La contribución principal del artículo es el cuestionamiento de los aspectos bioéticos ligados con el complejo proceso de toma de decisión del aborto de jóvenes adolescentes a través de historias singulares. Así también la confirmación de la riqueza del formato cinematográfico permite desplegar estos matices singulares para el análisis de situaciones complejas.

Purpose/Context. The interruption of pregnancy is one of the great chapters of bioethics, and cinema allows its study from a singular perspective. In the context of the recent Argentine law and the draft amendment of the Spanish law, this article aims to examine and compare the trajectories of abortions represented in the films Invisible (Argentina, 2017) and La innocència (Spain, 2020). Methodology/ Approach. We sustain a qualitative approach and the methodology used is the content analysis of films, focusing on the trajectories of the abortions represented there and articulating them with the Argentine and Spanish legal context in force at the time of the release of the films. Results/Findings. The results reflect the complexity of access to abortion, where illegality appears to be the first option, and the various limitations of young women's autonomy. Discussion/Conclusions/Contributions. The main contribution of the article is the questioning of bioethical aspects linked to the complexity of the decision-making process of abortion of young adolescents through the analysis of singular stories. In addition, the richness of the cinematographic format is confirmed, as it allows the deployment of these singular nuances for the analysis of complex situations.

Objetivo/Contexto. A interrupção da gravidez é um dos grandes capítulos da bioética, e o cinema permite estudá-la a partir de histórias singulares. No contexto da recente lei argentina e do projeto de emenda à lei espanhola, este trabalho tem como objetivo examinar e comparar as trajetórias do aborto retratadas nos filmes Invisível (Argentina, 2017) e La innocència (Espanha, 2020). Metodologia/Abordagem. A abordagem é qualitativa e a metodologia utilizada é a análise de conteúdo dos filmes, enfocando as trajetórias dos abortos representados e articulando-os com o contexto jurídico argentino e espanhol vigente na época do lançamento dos filmes. Resultados/Descobertas. Os resultados refletem a complexidade do acesso ao aborto, onde o ilegal aparece como primeira opção, e as diversas limitações da autonomia das jovens. Discussão/Conclusões/Contribuições. A principal contribuição do artigo é o questionamento dos aspectos bioéticos vinculados ao complexo no processo decisório do aborto de jovens adolescentes por meio de histórias singulares, bem como a confirmação da riqueza do formato cinematográfico permite exibir essas nuances únicas para a análise de situações complexas.

Knowledge regarding child rearing among teenage pregnant women in a rural area of West Bengal: A cross-sectional survey

Background: Child rearing practices are very important determinants of overall growth and development of child. As mother is primary caregiver of child, her knowledge regarding child rearing is very important. Unfortunately, till today, in India, teenage marriage and teenage pregnancy are very common. These adolescent mothers are not only underprepared physically and psychologically for giving birth and rearing a child successfully, but also it is assumed that have no proper knowledge. However, there was no sufficient research study for assessing knowledge regarding child rearing among teenage pregnant women in West Bengal, especially in rural area. Aims and Objectives: Assessing the knowledge regarding child rearing practice and its relationship with the determinants among teenage pregnant women in rural area of West Bengal. Materials and Methods: A descriptive community-based cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted in rural field practice area of Medical College, Kolkata among 99 adolescent pregnant women during time period of July–December 2021. Data were analyzed in SPSS software version 20. Results: Mean age of the respondents was 17.60 (±1.23) years. Among the participants 58% being school dropout and 46% were homemaker. Maximum number of participants was married and got pregnant within age group of 15–17. Only 59.6% had good knowledge about child rearing. Number of child and perceived social pressure was statistically significant with the CRK score. Conclusions: The government should give more emphasis to improving maternal education and preventing teenage marriage and teenage pregnancy as a long-term strategy for improving child health.

Evaluating the effect of childhood and adolescence asthma on the household economy

Abstract Objective To evaluate the relationship between asthma control, family income and family costs of asthma in a population of children-adolescents; to detail the family costs of asthma in this age range; and to compare asthma costs for the families of children-adolescents and adults. Methods The authors invited asthmatic subjects who attended a scheduled spirometry test at the Jundiaí School of Medicine (FMJ). The FMJ performs all spirometry tests requested by staff physicians who serve at the public healthcare system in the municipality. Volunteers responded to the ACQ, the Asthma Family Costs Questionnaire and underwent a spirometry test. Results The authors included 342 children-adolescents. Families of children-adolescents taking maintenance therapy and families of those reporting uncontrolled asthma symptoms were more likely to report any expenditure with asthma during the preceding month. In this age range, the smallest expenditures were on diagnostic tests and medical consultations, while home expenditures to avoid asthma triggers were the highest ones. As compared to adults' families, the children and adolescents families reported a greater proportion of income committed with asthma. Expenditures with transportation to healthcare facilities for asthma care were greater in the families of children-adolescents as compared to the values reported by the adults' families; in contrast, loss of income due to asthma was smaller in the families of children-adolescents. Conclusions Children-adolescents' asthma affects the household economy. The authors believe researchers should assess this outcome when designing studies about asthma. Finally, the study's data support the necessity of public policies in low-resource communities to minimize the economic impact of children and adolescents' asthma.

Maltrato en la gestante adolescente y su efecto en el peso del recién nacido en la altura geográfica peruana, Huancayo, Perú / Abuse in adolescent pregnant women and its effect on newborn weight in the Peruvian geographical altitude, Huancayo, Peru

INTRODUCCIÓN: La violencia en la gestante está asociada a muchos factores del recién nacido, pero esto casi no se ha reportado en la altura geográfica. OBJETIVO: Determinar si existe asociación entre el maltrato en la gestante adolescente y su efecto en el peso del recién nacido en la altura geográfica peruana. MÉTODO: Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva. Se tomó la información de 855 gestantes. La variable exposición fue que hubieran sufrido violencia, lo cual se asoció al peso y otros datos del recién nacido en la ciudad de Huancayo, Perú. RESULTADOS: Según el análisis multivariado, hubo más riesgo de que el niño tuviera un peso inadecuado cuando hubo violencia física (riesgo relativo ajustado [RRa]: 1,42; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 1,01-2,00; p = 0,045), cuando se tuvo un parto pretérmino según Capurro (RRa: 4,90; IC95%: 2,85-8,45; p < 0,001), cuando hubo complicaciones en el parto (RRa: 2,11; IC95%: 1,25-3,61; p = 0,006) y si el abuso inició en el primer trimestre (RRa: 14,74; IC95%: 4,70-46,27; p < 0,001), el segundo (RRa: 18,72; IC95%: 5,78-60,63; p < 0,001) o el tercero (RRa: 18,87; IC95%: 4,71-75,60; p < 0,001). CONCLUSIONES: Existe asociación entre sufrir violencia física durante la gestación y el bajo peso al nacer, y también se encontró asociación con otras variables.

INTRODUCTION: Violence in the pregnant woman is associated with many newborn factors, but this has hardly been reported in the geographical altitude. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is an association between adolescent pregnancy abuse and its effect on newborn birth weight in high altitude Peru. METHOD: Retrospective cohort study. Information was taken from 855 pregnant women. The exposure variable was whether they had suffered gender-based violence, the exposure variable was that they had suffered violence, which was associated with the weight and other data of the newborn in Huancayo city, Peru. RESULTS: In the multivariatee analysis it was found that there was a higher risk of the child having an inadequate weight when there was physical violence (adjusted relative risk [RRa]: 1.42; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.01-2.00; p = 0.045), when there was a preterm birth according to Capurro (RRa: 4.90; 95% CI: 2.85-8.45; p < 0.001), when there were complications in childbirth (RRa: 2.11; 95% CI: 1.25-3.61; p = 0.006) and if the abuse started in the first trimester (RRa: 14.74; 95% CI: 4.70-46.27; p < 0.001), second (RRa: 18.72; 95% CI: 5.78-60.63; p < 0.001) or third (RRa: 18.87; 95% CI: 4.71-75.60; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between suffering physical violence during gestation and low birth weight, and association was also found with other variables.

Validación de instrumentos para medir factores de riesgo que se presentan en las adolescentes gestantes que asisten en el recinto cien familias período enero-agosto 2019 / Validation of instruments to measure risk factors present in pregnant adolescents who attend the cien familias campus period january-august 2019

El embarazo en adolescente representa una situación en la que influyen muchos elementos importantes, como el estado físico, el mental y el social, ya que, en esta etapa, ninguno de estos elementos está desarrollados, sino que se encuentran en plena etapa de evolución y desarrollo, situación que acarrea graves consecuencias para la madre Objetivo: validar los instrumentos cuantitativo y cualitativo que nos permitirán determinar los factores de riesgo que se presentan en las adolescentes gestantes que asisten al centro de salud cien familias periodo enero ­ agosto 2019. Materiales y métodos: Investigación mixta: cuantitativa y cualitativa. De tipo de campo, de corte transversal de tipo evaluativo, de diseño no experimental. La población está constituida por 32 adolescentes embarazadas, con edades de 12 a 19 años. Resultados: El instrumento cualitativo arrojo un promedio de confiabilidad total de sus tres categorías de 90 lo que coloca en la categoría de muy confiable y en el instrumento cuantitativo se obtuvo un promedio de confiabilidad de 95,5 lo que señala que se encuentra ubicado dentro de la categoría de muy confiable. Conclusión: Los resultados evidencian que los instrumentos son aptos, confiables y válidos para medir la variable independiente, y su correlación con la variable dependiente, cumplimiento de la hipótesis general de esta investigación(AU)

Teenage pregnancy represents a situation in which many important elements influence, such as physical, mental and social status. since, at this stage, none of these elements are developed, but rather they are in the full stage of evolution and development, a situation that has serious consequences for the mother Objective: to validate the quantitative and qualitative instruments that will allow us to determine the risk factors that occur in pregnant adolescents who attend the health center one hundred families from January to August 2019. Materials and methods: Mixed research: quantitative and qualitative. Field type, cross-sectional, evaluative type, non-experimental design. The population is made up of 32 pregnant adolescents, aged 12 to 19 years. Results: The qualitative instrument showed an average of total reliability of its three categories of 90., which places it in the category of very reliable and in the quantitative instrument, an average reliability of 95.5 was obtained, which indicates that it is located in the very reliable category. Conclusion: The results show that the instruments are suitable, reliable and valid to measure the independent variable, and its correlation with the dependent variable, fulfilling the general hypothesis of this research(AU)

Understanding the Factors Leading to High Prevalence of Teenage Pregnancies in the Four Aspirational Districts of Assam, Namely Goalpara, Barpeta, Dhubri, and Darrang

Background: The prevalence of teenage pregnancy in Assam is higher than the national average as per both NHFS‑4 and NHFS‑5. Four districts in Assam, falling under the NITI‑Aayog Aspiration Districts Transformation program of 2018, namely, Goalpara, Barpeta, Darrang, and Dhubri, have a prevalence of teenage pregnancy at levels higher than the state’s average (12% as per NHFS‑5). Teenage pregnancy affects several health and nutritional indicators. Objectives: The objective of the study was to identify the factors associated with teenage pregnancies in the Aspirational Districts of Assam in both social and public health contexts. Methods: A comparative cross‑sectional study was carried out across these four districts, with sample size of teenage pregnant women as 388 and an equal number of controls. Results: The study presents several factors to be statistically significant, viz., lower level of education of the teenage mothers or their spouses and lesser access to adequate health‑related information by teenage mothers. Furthermore, less number of teenage mothers are aware of contraceptive availability and face objection from spouses to use contraception. A unique factor presented by the study is the higher elopement rate among teenage mothers. Conclusion: Many of the factors upheld by the study are rooted in social and cultural fabric of the communities and could be addressed by mobilizing local institutions like panchayat and religious bodies to act as deterrence to teenage marriages in the communities. Men should also be brought into the fold of discussions on this sensitive subject through information and awareness generation.

Adolescentes grávidas que experienciaram o nascimento prematuro: percepções acerca do cuidado pré-natal / Adolescentes embarazadas que experimentaron un nacimiento prematuro: percepciones acerca del cuidado prenatal / Pregnant adolescents who experienced premature birth: perceptions about prenatal care

Resumo Objetivo conhecer os significados atribuídos ao pré-natal por adolescentes que pariram prematuramente e seus alcances ao parto e nascimento. Método estudo qualitativo que adotou o Interacionismo Simbólico e a Análise de Conteúdo Temática como referenciais teóricos e metodológicos e a entrevista aberta como instrumento de coleta de dados. Onze adolescentes residentes em um município do interior paulista integraram o estudo ao longo do ano de 2018. Resultados as adolescentes apontaram relações limitadas com os profissionais com obstáculos ao desenvolvimento da autonomia para as questões da gestação, parto e nascimento, assim como para o estabelecimento do apoio social. Emergiram três categorias temáticas: 'Início do pré-natal: reflexões e projeções futuras'; 'Insuficiências na atenção pré-natal' e '(Des) acolhimento no parto e nascimento'. Conclusão conhecer os significados atribuídos ao pré-natal por adolescentes que pariram prematuramente favoreceu apontamentos ao atitudinal do profissional em relação à consideração da adolescente enquanto indivíduo que direciona o cuidado por meio de seu lugar de fala e no exercício dos seus direitos no sentido de promover uma experiência positiva e qualificar o pré-natal.

Resumen Objetivo conocer los significados atribuidos a la atención prenatal por las adolescentes que dieron a luz prematuramente y su alcance durante el parto y el nacimiento. Método estudio cualitativo que adoptó el Interaccionismo Simbólico y el Análisis de Contenido Temático como referenciales teóricos y metodológicos y la entrevista abierta como instrumento de recolección de datos. Once adolescentes residentes en una ciudad del interior de São Paulo participaron del estudio a lo largo de 2018. Resultados las adolescentes señalaron relaciones limitadas con profesionales con obstáculos al desarrollo de la autonomía para los temas de embarazo, parto y nacimiento, así como para el establecimiento de apoyo social. Surgieron tres categorías temáticas: 'Inicio de la atención prenatal: reflexiones y proyecciones de futuro'; 'Insuficiencias en la atención prenatal' y '(Des) acogida en el parto y el nacimiento'. Conclusión conocer los significados atribuidos a la atención prenatal por las adolescentes que dieron a luz prematuramente favoreció la actitud del profesional de considerar a la adolescente como un individuo que dirige el cuidado a través de su lugar de expresión y en el ejercicio de sus derechos para promover una experiencia positiva y calificar el prenatal.

Abstract Objective to know the meanings attributed to prenatal care by adolescents who gave birth prematurely and their reaches to labor and birth. Method qualitative study that adopted the Symbolic Interactionism and Thematic Content Analysis as theoretical and methodological references and the open interview as a data collection tool. Eleven adolescents living in a municipality in the interior of São Paulo integrated the study throughout the year 2018. Results the adolescents pointed out limited relationships with professionals with obstacles to the development of autonomy for the issues of pregnancy, delivery and birth, as well as for the establishment of social support. Three thematic categories emerged: 'Beginning of prenatal care: reflections and future projections'; 'Insufficiencies in prenatal care' and '(un) welcoming in labor and birth'. Conclusion knowing the meanings attributed to prenatal care by adolescents who gave birth prematurely, favored points to the attitudinal of the professional regarding the consideration of the adolescent as an individual who directs care through her place of speech and in the exercise of her rights in order to promote a positive experience and qualify prenatal care.

Socio-cultural factors influencing teenage pregnancy in the East Mamprusi Municipality, Ghana

Teenage pregnancy puts a heavy cost on the mother and newborn child, family and the wider society. Despite measures taken by the Ghana Health Service to tackle the issue of teenage pregnancy, the phenomenon remains a public health concern that is widespread throughout the country. The study investigated the socio-cultural factors influencing teenage pregnancy in the East Mamprusi Municipality using an exploratory descriptive design. The study was conducted in rural communities in the East Mamprusi Municipality, in the North East Region of Ghana. Eighteen (18) participants were purposively sampled. Data collection was done by face to face interviews using an interview guide. The study found that polygamous families, parents' desire for grandchildren, multiple sexual partners and poverty were reportedly influencing teenage pregnancy in the rural community. The bid to establish close family ties also accounted for early marriages. There is a culture of silence on matters of sexuality in the community. Teenage pregnancy is an observed phenomenon admitted by the participants and teenage girls are at risk of serious health complications. This phenomenon paints a gloomy picture of the girl child education in the municipality. (Afr J Reprod Health 2022; 26[5]: 120-130).

Provincial differentials of the effect of internal migration on teenage fertility in South Africa

This study investigated the association between internal migration and teenage fertility in South Africa. Data were from the 2007 and 2016 South African community surveys, N2007= 89800 and N2016=239733, age range 12 to 19, black teenagers= 81.5% and 89.4%, respectively. Results showed that between 2007 and 2016 internal migration levels decreased by 2% nationally, but increased for Gauteng, Western Cape and KwaZulu Natal provinces. Teenage fertility levels decreased in all provinces except the Northern Cape in the study period. In both years teenage fertility was observed at higher levels among girls that were older, heads of households, and who were in secondary schooling. Random-intercept multilevel binary logistic regression revealed that the risk of teenage fertility differed between more rural and urban provinces. In provinces that were predominantly rural the risk of teenage pregnancy increased as community-levels of internal migration increased while the risk decreased as internal migration increased in provinces that were predominantly urban. Findings suggest that the effects of internal migration on teenage pregnancy are largely dependent on the local context making it necessary to create interventions that are context-specific at sub-national levels.

Características sociodemográficas que influyen en el embarazo en la adolescencia / Sociodemographic characteristics that influence pregnancy in adolescence

Introducción: el embarazo en la adolescencia constituye un alarmante problema de salud; describir las características que influyen en su aparición permite desarrollar actividades de promoción de salud encaminadas a mejorar dicha situación. Objetivo: describir las características sociodemográficas que influyen el embarazo en la adolescencia. Métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal en gestantes adolescentes pertenecientes al Policlínico Docente "7 de noviembre" del municipio Majibacoa durante el año 2020. El universo estuvo constituido por 34 gestantes adolescentes; se trabajó con la totalidad de estas. Se analizaron las variables: edad materna, características sociodemográficas, factores de riesgo familiares, factores de riesgo sociales y económicos y deserción escolar. Resultados: el 55,9% de las gestantes tenía entre 18 y 19 años. El 47% tenían nivel preuniversitario, el 52,9% eran estudiantes; el 67,6% se encontraban en unión y la mayoría tuvo su primera relación sexual después de los 14 años (58,8%). El 32,4% de las gestantes adolescentes eran hijas de madres con algún embarazo en la adolescencia. Se observó con mayor preponderancia el per cápita familiar bajo como factor de riesgo socioeconómico (43,8%). El 58,8% abandonaron sus estudios. Conclusiones: el inicio precoz de las relaciones sexuales, el antecedente de madres con embarazos en la adolescencia, el per cápita familiar bajo favorecen la aparición de una gestación en la adolescencia, donde la mayoría de las veces estas deciden abandonar sus estudios.

Introduction: teenage pregnancy constitutes an alarming health problem; Describing the characteristics that influence its appearance allows the development of health promotion activities aimed at improving this situation. Objective: to describe the sociodemographic characteristics that influence pregnancy in adolescence. Methods:observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study in pregnant teenagers belonging to the Teaching Polyclinic "7 de Noviembre" of the Majibacoa municipality during the year 2020. The universe consisted of 34 pregnant teenagers; all of these were worked on. The variables were analyzed: maternal age, sociodemographic characteristics, family risk factors, social and economic risk factors, and school dropout. Results: 55,9% of the pregnant women were between 18 and 19 years old. 47% had a pre-university level, 52,9% were students; 67,6% were in union and the majority had their first sexual intercourse after the age of 14 (58,8%). 32,4% of the adolescent pregnant women were the daughters of mothers with some pregnancy in adolescence. Low family per capita is exhibited with greater preponderance as a socio-economic risk factor (43,8%). 58,8% dropped out of their studies. Conclusions: the early initiation of sexual relations, the antecedent of mothers with teenage pregnancies, the low family per capita favor the appearance of a pregnancy in adolescence, where most of the time they decide to abandon their studies