ABSTRACT
Most diseases involve many genes in complex interactions, in addition to environmental influences. The genetic susceptibility to a particular disease due to the presence of one or more gene mutations, and/or a combination of alleles need not necessarily be abnormal. Understanding genetic predisposition to disease and knowledge of lifestyle modifications that either exacerbates the condition or that lessen the potential for diseases is necessary for the societies to make informed choices. The aim of this narrative review is to identify an optimal candidate gene and its single nucleotide polymorphism in metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of non-communicable disorders such as metabolic syndrome (MetS) is high in developing countries such as Iran. The Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) was one of the first studies reporting this high incidence. The present review aims to discover the genetic variant reported in association with MetS. The database for genotypes and phenotypes (dbGaP) and the database for genetic associations and human genome (HuGE navigator) were utilized in order to search for genes and their corresponding polymorphisms related to MetS. Additionally, an electronic literature search for other Iranian studies and the genetic aspect of TLGS was completed using PubMed. The results distinguished six of the most important genetic regions found to have strong association with MetS.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of multiple metabolic abnormalities, is one of the major public health challenges worldwide. The current study was conducted to evaluate the association between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and MetS and its components in Iranian adults. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 5,852 men and women, aged 19 to 70 years, who participated in the fourth phase (2009 to 2011) of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Demographics, anthropometrics, biochemical measurements, and blood pressure (BP) were assessed and MetS was defined by National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III definition. Frequency and quantity of SSB intakes including carbonated drinks and synthetic fruit juices were collected using a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: Mean age of participants (43%, men) was 40.6+/-12.9 years. Significant positive associations between SSBs and waist circumference, triglyceride level, systolic and diastolic BP in the third and fourth quartile of SSBs were observed, after adjustment for all potential confounding variables. The odds of MetS in the third and fourth quartiles compared to the first quartile category of SSBs was 1.21 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 1.45) and 1.30 (95% CI, 1.06 to 1.58), respectively (P for trend=0.03). The odds of MetS, abdominal obesity, low high density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated BP had increasing trends across increasing of SSB consumption (P for trend <0.05). CONCLUSION: Higher intake of SSBs was associated with the higher odds of MetS in adults. It is suggested that reducing consumption of SSBs could be a practical approach to prevent metabolic abnormalities.