ABSTRACT
RESUMEN La perspectiva temporal futura plantea un espectro de motivaciones ubicadas cognitivamente en el futuro. Este estudio la describe veinticuatro mujeres sentenciadas por el delito de terrorismo en un establecimiento penitenciario de Lima. Para ello, se utilizó el método de inducción motivacional que usando frecuencias porcentuales categoriza y jerarquiza las metas de las participantes. La conclusión principal es que la distribución general y la extensión de las metas muestran proporciones similares con la población no penitenciaria estudiada en nuestro medio. Esto contradice la opinión pública, cuya imagen de las participantes es que su único interés corresponde a los fines del partido en el cual han militado.
ABSTRACT Future Time Perspective (PTF) formulates a spectrum of goals, cognitively located in the future. This study describes the PTF of 24 female prison inmates convicted for the crime of terrorism in Lima. To do so, we used the Motivational Induction Method, which categorizes and hierarchizes the goals of the participants using percentage frequencies. Our main conclusion is that proportions regarding the general distribution and the extension of the goals are similar to the non-prisoned society groups studied by Martínez (2004c). This is opposite to the public's opinion of the participants, according to which their only interest corresponds with the goals of the party they have been ascribed to.
Subject(s)
Humans , Population , Women , MotivationABSTRACT
La atención integral de los pacientes incluye el conocimiento de sus características tanto demográfcas, personales como socioculturales. Este estudio fue realizado a partir de esta inquietud, enfocado en uno de los eventos más críticos en la atención de pacientes, el anestésico y el quirúrgico. Se llevó a cabo en la Fundación Santa Fé de Bogotá, en 144 pacientes, en quienes se aplicó un cuestionario antes de la consulta preanestésica, en el cual se indagaba sobre los principales temores y preocupaciones frente a la práctica anestésica, así como sobre los alcances y la preparación de los médicos anestesiólogos. Se obtuvieron resultados que muestran un reconocimiento claro a los médicos anestesiólogos como médicos especialistas y su importancia equiparable a la del cirujano; igualmente, se evidenciaron cuáles son los temores en la población al enfrentarse a un procedimiento anestésico.
Integral attention to patients includes obtaining all possible information about them such as demographics and personal and socio-cultural information. This study was done considering the concems that patients have regarding the two most critical events in patients attention: anesthesia and surgery. The study was done at the Fundación Santa Fé de Bogotá on 144 patients to whom a questionnaire was given before the pre-anesthetic consultation. The questionnaire contained questions about their main fears and concems when faced with anesthesia and on what they thought regarding the skills and training of the anesthesiologist. Results show that anesthesiologists are clearly recognized as doctors with a specialty. They are regarded as having the same importance as that of the surgeon. Also, results show the specific fears of patients regarding being anesthetized.
Subject(s)
HumansABSTRACT
Este artículo presenta una revisión de la utilización de modelos animales en los orígenes de la ciencia de la salud mental y provee un ejemplo de mediados del siglo pasado, acerca del desarrollo de una importante y efectiva terapia a partir de la investigación con modelos animales, haciendo notar que muchos clínicos no conocen esta historia. A continuación esta revisión discute lo adecuado de la estructura de un modelo animal, presentando muchas contribuciones de estos modelos a nuestra ciencia, incluyendo algunas que constituyeron aplicaciones inesperadas surgidas de la investigación con animales, que no se realizaron con objetivos aplicativos. Se discute además un ejemplo contemporáneo de la investigación con animales, que generó aplicaciones potenciales en pacientes. Finalmente, se presentan las implicaciones para la ciencia, la práctica y la docencia.
The formal study of animals as a way to gain insight into human behavior might be claimed to begin with Meyer in the 19th Century. Meyer's understanding of the potential power of the comparative approach has not been shared by many contemporary clinical practitioners even in this day. At the same time, Wolpe became dissatisfied with the ineffectiveness of the then available psychotherapies for treating clients with phobias. Wolpe undertook his researches using cats, first inducing fears and then seeking ways to reduce and eliminate those fears. The most effective way to reduce fears in cats had two components: (1) inducing a state that was incompatible with fear by feeding the animals, and (2) while in this fear-incompatible state, presenting and extinguishing, little-by-little, the fear eliciting stimulus. He generalized this to patients and developed what we now call systematic desensitization for the treatment of phobias. Pavlov was the first experimental animal researcher to use the modeling process to study how findings from animals can be used to study psychological processes in humans (including dysfunctional ones) and to test therapeutic treatments for humans based on tests in animals. The behavior labeled experimental neuroses didn't occur in just one animal but in virtually all animals subjected to the procedure of increasingly difficult discriminations. Shenger-Krestonikova demonstrated that neuroses were likely the natural, lawful consequence of particular forms of challenge to the animal. Another of Pavlov's associates, Krasnogorsky went on to show that exactly the same conditioning operations and environmental challenges in children yielded the same neurotic consequences. There are two important messages here for us: the first is the illustration of the nature of the modeling process in seeking parallels of causal chains between systems. The second is the demonstration that neurotic behaviors are not the result of abnormal disease states but rather the natural consequences of specific abnormal environmental challenges. Overmier and Seligman's discovery in dogs of learned helplessness was later extended to understanding reactive depression. They focused on the uncontrollability of events that characterize classical conditioning by exposing dogs to a series of unpredictable and uncontrollable aversive events. They found that extended experience with uncontrollable traumatic events induced a syndrome of deficits. The syndrome was composed of three major deficits: (1) Behavioral (they where not motivated to initiate responding), (2) Psychological / Cognitive (they did not learn to associate actions and outcomes), and (3) Emotional (they were passive in the face of pain). The additional features included deficits in immune function, increased vulnerability to gastrointestinal disturbances, and dramatic alterations / depletions in brain neurochemistry. The nature of memory has long fascinated psychologists since the 19th Century researches of Ebbinghaus. Trapold and Overmier developed a discriminative choice task paradigm in which the rewards for each kind of correct response were unique to that kind of correct choice. When they compared the results of the common outcomes method to those of the differential outcomes method, they found dramatic effects that they called the differential outcomes effect. The differential outcome procedure yields faster learning, learning to a higher asymptote, and more persistent memory during the delay between the cues and the choices, and resistance to disruption during the delay. It turns out that this effect of differential outcomes training on learning, memory, and performance is a very general finding across a range of species (including humans of all ages). These results have important potential for helping learning disabled and memory impaired persons. The research examples were meant to convey the message. That message is that contemporary basic science research with animals on fundamental mechanisms continues to produce results that are important and likely helpful to practitioners.