ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the value of united nerve electrophysiological tests in the diagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DNP).Methods The quantitative temperature threshold (QTT), including the cold sensation threshold (CST) , thermal sensation threshold (WST), cold pain threshold (CPT) and thermal pain threshold (HPT), sympathetic skin response (SSR) and nerve conduction velocity (NCV) were measured for 85 diabetic patients.Results The abnormal rate of QTT was 84.71％ , significantly higher than that of SSR and NCV (56.47％ and 31.76％ respectively).However, no significant difference was found in the abnormal rate of QTT between the DPN asymptomatic group and DPN symptomatic group (78.85％ and 93.94％ respectively).There was significant difference in the abnormal rate of SSR (48.08％ and 69.70％ respectively) and the abnormal rate of NCV (19.23％ and 51.52％ respectively) between the above two groups(P ＜ 0.05).There was no difference in the abnormal rate of QTT for patients with short or long course of disease (77.77％ and 89.80％ respectively), but significant difference in the abnormal rate of SSR (44.44％ and 65.31％ respectively) and the abnormal rate of NCV (19.44％ and 40.82％ respectively) Conclusion The abnormal rate of QTT was highest in detecting the diabetic patients, and it is not related to clinical symptoms or disease course.However, the abnormal rates of SSR and NCV were related to clinical symptoms and course.It is more sensitive to diagnose DPN using united electrophysiological tests of QTT, SSR and NCV.
ABSTRACT
In tropical areas, where vector insects populations are particularly numerous, temperature usually range between 25°C and 35°C. Considering the importance of such temperature variation in determining mosquitoes population dynamics, in this work the developmental, eclosion and survival rates of the immature stages of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) were compared under constant 25, 30 and 35°C (using acclimatized chambers) and environmental (25°C to 29°C) temperatures. The hatching rate was considered as total number of larvae recovered after 24h. The development period as well as larval and pupal survival rate were evaluated daily. Eclosion rate was significantly higher under environmental temperature than under the studied constant temperatures, suggesting that temperature variation may be an eclosion-stimulating factor. The mean eclosion time increased with the temperature, ranging from 2.8h (25°C) to 5.2h (35°C). The larval period was greatly variable inside each group, although it did not differ significantly amongst groups (11.0 ± 4.19 days), with individuals showing longer larval stages in water at 35°C (12.0 ± 4.95 days) and environmental temperature (13.6 ± 5.98 days). Oppositely, survival was strongly affected by the higher temperature, where only one individual lived through to adult phase. The results suggest that population of Ae. albopictus from Recife may be adapting to increasing of environmental temperatures and that the limiting temperature to larval development is around 35°C.
Em áreas tropicais, onde as populações de insetos vetores são particularmente abundantes, as temperatura usualmente variam entre 25°C e 35°C. Considerando a importância dessa variação na determinação da dinâmica populacional de mosquitos, neste trabalho, desenvolvimento e as taxas de eclosão e sobrevivência dos estágios imaturos de Aedes albopictus (Skuse) foram comparados sob temperaturas constantes de 25, 30 e 35°C (em câmaras climatizadas) e ambientes (25°C a 29°C). A taxa de eclosão foi considerada como o total de larvas obtidas após 24h. O período de desenvolvimento, assim como a taxa de sobrevivência larval e pupal foram avaliados diariamente. A taxa de eclosão foi significativamente mais elevada sob temperatura ambiente comparada às constantes, sugerindo que a variação da temperatura pode ser um fator estimulante da eclosão. O tempo médio de eclosão aumentou com a temperatura, variando de 2,8h (25ºC) a 5,2h (35ºC). A duração do período larval apresentou grande variabilidade dentro de cada grupo, embora não tenha diferido significativamente entre os mesmos (11,0 ± 4,19 dias), tendo sido mais longo para indivíduos mantidos na água a 35°C (12,0 ± 4,95 dias) e temperatura ambiente (13,6 ± 5,98 dias). Ao contrário, a sobrevivência das larvas foi fortemente afetada na temperatura mais elevada, onde apenas um indivíduo alcançou o estágio adulto. Esses resultados sugerem que a população de Ae. albopictus de Recife pode estar em processo de adaptação ao aumento de temperatura e que o limite para o desenvolvimento de estágios larvais se encontra próximo a 35°C.
Subject(s)
Animals , Aedes/growth & development , Larva/growth & development , Temperature , WaterABSTRACT
Aphidius colemani Viereck está entre os principais inimigos naturais utilizados no controle biológico de Aphis gossypii Glover. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o desenvolvimento de A. colemani e as alterações causadas pelo parasitismo no hospedeiro A. gossypii em diferentes temperaturas e estimar as exigências térmicas do parasitóide. O experimento foi conduzido em câmaras climatizadas a 16, 19, 22, 25, 28 e 31 ± 1°C, com 70 ± 10 por cento U.R. e fotofase de 12h. Ninfas de 2° instar de A. gossypii foram parasitadas uma vez e individualizadas em tubos de vidro (2,5 cm x 8,5 cm), contendo disco foliar de pepino (2 cm) e solução agar/água a 1 por cento. O período da oviposição à formação da múmia (11,9; 9,8; 7,7; 6,4 e 6,4 dias) e o da oviposição ao adulto de A. colemani (19,4; 16,2; 12,6; 10,5 e 10,7 dias) diminuíram com o aumento da temperatura no intervalo de 16°C e 25°C. A porcentagem de múmias formadas e a de emergência do parasitóide, assim como a longevidade diminuíram com o incremento da temperatura. Não houve formação de múmias a 31°C. O parasitóide A. colemani apresentou temperatura base inferior de desenvolvimento de 5,94°C e constante térmica de 200 GD. As alterações ocasionadas no hospedeiro A. gossypii pelo parasitismo foram minimizadas na temperatura de 31°C, sendo que 98 por cento dos hospedeiros não apresentaram sintomas de parasitismo e produziram ninfas. A temperatura de 22°C foi a mais adequada para o desenvolvimento de A. colemani.
Aphidius colemani Viereck is among the main natural enemies used for biological control of Aphis gossypii Glover. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the development of A. colemani and the alterations caused by the parasitism in the host A. gossypii in different temperatures and to estimate the thermal requirements of the parasitoid. The experiments were carried out in controlled environmental chambers at 16, 19, 22, 25, 28 and 31 ± 1°C, 70 ± 10 percent RH, and 12h photophase. Second-instar nymphs of A. gossypii were parasitized once and kept individually in glass tubes (2.5 cm x 8.5 cm), containing leaf disc of cucumber (2 cm) and 1 percent water/agar solution. The development time of A. colemani, from oviposition to mummies (11.9, 9.8, 7.7, 6.4 and 6.4 days) and from oviposition to adult (19.4, 16.2, 12.6, 10.5 and 10.7 days) decreased with the increase of the temperature from 16°C to 25°C. The rates of mummies and the emergence of the parasitoid, and its longevity also decreased with the increase of the temperature. Mummies were not produced at 31°C. The lower temperature threshold of A. colemani was 5.94°C and its thermal constant was 200 degrees-day. The alterations caused by the parasitoid in the A. gossypii host were minimized at 31°C, where 98 percent of the host did not show symptoms of parasitism and produced nymphs. The temperature of 22°C was optimal for the development time of A. colemani.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Aphids/parasitology , Hymenoptera/growth & development , TemperatureABSTRACT
The development and survival of the immature stages of the lesser mealworm Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) were studied at four constant temperatures (22°C, 25°C, 28°C, and 31°C). The development was completed at all temperatures. At 22°C, longer development period and lower survival were observed. The optimal temperature was 31°C which promoted shorter development and higher survival. The basal temperature and thermal constant for egg, larva and pupa development were: 17.8°C, 19.2°C, and 16.5°C and 40.09, 239.48 and 59.56 degree-days, respectively.
Estudou-se, em laboratório, o efeito de quatro temperaturas constantes (22°C, 25°C, 28°C e 31°C) sobre as fases imaturas de Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer). Houve desenvolvimento de imaturos nas quatro temperaturas estudadas, sendo que a 22°C observou-se maior duração do desenvolvimento e menor sobrevivência. A temperatura de 31°C foi a mais favorável para o desenvolvimento dos imaturos, com alta sobrevivência. Os estágios de ovo, larva e pupa apresentaram temperatura base (Tb) de 17,8°C, 19,2°C e 16,5°C, respectivamente. As constantes térmicas (K) foram de 40,09 graus-dia (GD) para ovo, 239,48 GD para larva e 59,56 GD para pupa.