De la razón moral a la de experto: discursos y prácticas sobre la salud en los manuales escolares del franquismo (1936-1975) / Da razão moral à especializada: discursos e práticas sobre saúde nos livros escolares de Franco (1936-1975) / From moral reason to expert reason: discourses and practices on health in Franco's school textbooks (1936-1975)

El propósito del presente trabajo es analizar la cultura de la salud promovida en las escuelas primarias españolas bajo el ideario del régimen franquista (1936-1975). Para ello, hemos indagado en los manuales escolares del periodo, recursos fundamentales en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, con los que se trató de modificar la conducta de la población en relación con la salud y la enfermedad. Desde un enfoque etnográfico hemos analizado tanto el discurso sobre las prácticas infantiles, como el ideario de cuerpo y salud promovido. Si bien, disciplina y control social propios del régimen dejaron su impronta en la salud enseñada, las transformaciones sociales y políticas lo fueron modulando hacia una noción de salud menos moralizadora pero más deudora del discurso experto. (AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a cultura da saúde promovida nas escolas primárias espanholas sob a ideologia do regime franquista (1936-1975). Para este fim, investigamos os livros escolares do período, recursos fundamentais no processo ensino-aprendizagem, que foram utilizados para tentar modificar o comportamento da população em relação à saúde e à doença. A partir de uma abordagem etnográfica, analisamos tanto o discurso sobre as práticas das crianças quanto à ideologia do corpo e da saúde promovida. Embora a disciplina e o controle social do regime tenham deixado sua marca na saúde ensinada, as transformações sociais e políticas o modulavam no sentido de uma noção menos moralizadora de saúde, mas mais endividada com o discurso dos especialistas. (AU)

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the culture of health promoted in Spanish primary schools under the ideology of the Franco regime (1936-1975). To this end, we have investigated the school textbooks of the period, fundamental resources in the teaching-learning process, which were used to try to modify the behaviour of the population in relation to health and illness. From an ethnographic approach, we have analysed both the discourse on children's practices and the ideology of body and health promoted. Although the regime's own discipline and social control left their mark on the health taught, social and political transformations gradually modulated it towards a less moralising notion of health that was more indebted to expert discourse. (AU)

A cross sectional questionnaire based study on self medication practice of analgesics among MBBS students at Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka

Background: Self medication with analgesics is prevalent worldwide due to easy procurement of over the counter drugs. Present study was done to assess knowledge, attitude, practice and perception of self medication of analgesics among MBBS students at Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 5th term MBBS students of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Medical College, Bengaluru in November 2019. A pre-designed validated questionnaire was used to collect information on knowledge, attitude, practice and perception of self medication of analgesics. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics.Results: 83.3 % of 5th term MBBS students practiced self medication with analgesics. Majority of students had some knowledge on self medication with analgesics. Common reason for using analgesic self medication was headache (59.7%) and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (90%) were commonly used analgesics. Analgesics were used for quick relief (73.3%) and source of information was from medical textbooks (61.6%). Students stopped taking analgesics after symptoms disappeared (75%). Students agreed that self medication is acceptable for medical students (63.3%) and medical license is required for better administration of drugs (51.3%).Conclusions: This study has found that self medication with analgesics was common among undergraduate medical students for minor illness. It is necessary to create awareness and educate students regarding dangers of analgesic self medication.

A actividad física representada en los libros de texto de Educación Física en Educación Primaria / A atividade física representada nos livros didáticos da Educação Física na educação primária / Physical activity represented in Physical Education textbooks for Elementary Education

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la representación de la actividad física que aparece en los libros de texto de Educación Física y su relación con los diferentes bloques de contenidos del área, en Educación Primaria. La muestra estuvo formada por un total de 3.836 imágenes publicadas en 34 libros de texto pertenecientes a seis editoriales españolas, entre 2006 y 2013. La técnica de investigación fue el análisis de contenido mediante la herramienta SAIMEF. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el software SPSS 22.0. Los resultados muestran un claro predominio del bloque de contenidos de los "juegos y actividades deportivas". Este desequilibrio en la representación de los bloques no responde a las enseñanzas mínimas que marca el Real Decreto 1513/2006 en el currículo de Primaria en el ámbito español, por lo que se hace necesaria una reflexión sobre la visión tradicional de la actividad física en este material curricular

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a representação da atividade física que aparece nos livros didáticos de Educação Física e sua relação com os diferentes blocos de conteúdos da área, no Ensino Fundamental. A amostra foi composta por um total de 3836 imagens publicadas em 34 livros didáticos pertencentes a seis editoras espanholas, entre 2006 e 2013. A técnica de pesquisa foi a análise de conteúdo utilizando a ferramenta SAIMEF. O software SPSS 22.0 foi utilizado para a análise estatística. Os resultados mostram uma clara predominância do bloco de conteúdo dos "jogos e atividades esportivas". Esse desequilíbrio na representação dos blocos não responde aos ensinamentos mínimos que o Real Decreto 1513/2006 estabelece no currículo primário no contexto espanhol, motivo pelo qual é necessário refletir sobre a visão tradicional da atividade física nesse material curricular

This study looks into the representation of physical activity in Physical Education textbooks for Elementary Education and its relationship with the various content blocks in the area. The sample consisted of 3,836 images published in 34 textbooks by six Spanish publishers between 2006 and 2013. The research technique was content analysis using the SAIMEF tool. The SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis. The results show a clear predominance of the content block 'games and sports'. This imbalance in representation of the blocks does not respond to the minimum teachings established by Royal Decree 1513/2006 in the Elementary Education curriculum for the Spanish context. Therefore, it is necessary to reflect on the traditional vision of physical activity in this curricular material

De Vision a face2face: recorrido en sentido de avance en la enseñanza del inglés general / From Vision to face2face: a way towards progress in the teaching of general English

RESUMEN Introducción: la colaboración médica internacionalista y la profusa literatura publicada en inglés motivan la actualización de bibliografías para su enseñanza en las universidades de ciencias médicas. Objetivo: analizar los textos de las series Vision y face2face en un recorrido donde se aprecia el avance del segundo sobre el primero. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica para desarrollar un análisis crítico reflexivo del contenido; se consideraron programas de estudio, tesis de maestría, artículos originales y de revisión publicados entre 2010-2018, en español e inglés, usando Google Académico, en el período noviembre 2017-enero 2019. Las palabras clave utilizadas fueron: inglés general, ciencias médicas, proceso enseñanza aprendizaje y estudiantes de pregrado. Tras identificar los estudios preseleccionados, se realizó la lectura de títulos y resúmenes para comprobar su pertinencia con el estudio. Desarrollo: varios libros de texto para la enseñanza del inglés general comenzaron a utilizarse en las universidades de ciencias médicas cubanas en 1965, hasta que en 2007-2008 se introdujo la serie cubana Vision, muy polémica y criticada por diversos autores; la aplicación del Plan D trajo consigo la implementación de la serie face2face, concebida en la University of Cambridge de la cual se están usando los dos primeros libros, en una reproducción fotocopiada por la editorial universitaria "Félix Varela". Conclusiones: el uso de la serie face2face ha representado un avance significativo en la enseñanza del inglés general por lo interesante de sus temas, materiales de apoyo y enfoque comunicativo dirigido a desarrollar las habilidades escuchar y hablar en situaciones sociales.

ABSTRACT Background: the internationalist medical collaboration and the profuse literature published in English motivate the updating of bibliographies for their teaching in medical sciences universities. Objective: to analyze the texts of the Vision and face2face series in a way towards progress where an advance of the later over the former is perceived. Methods: a bibliographic review was carried out to develop a reflexive critical analysis of the content; We considered study programs, master's theses, original and review articles published from 2010-to 2018, in Spanish and English, using Google Scholar, in the period from November 2017 to January 2019. The key words used were general English, medical sciences, teaching-learning process and undergraduate students. After identifying the pre-selected studies, the titles and abstracts were read to verify their pertinence with the study. Development: several textbooks for the teaching of general English began to be used in the universities of Cuban medical sciences in 1965, in 2007-2008 the Cuban series Vision was introduced, highly controversial and criticized by various authors; the application of Plan D brought with it the implementation of the face2face series, conceived at Cambridge University, where the first two books are being used, in a reproduction photocopied by the "Felix Varela", University publishing house Conclusions: the use of the face2face series has represented a significant advance in the teaching of general English because of its interesting themes, support materials and communicative approach aimed at developing listening and speaking skills in social situations.

Pensamiento crítico: ¿competencia olvidada en la enseñanza de la historia? / Critical thinking: competence forgotten in the teaching of history? / Pensamento crítico: competencia esquecida no ensino da história?

Resumen Se presentan los resultados de una investigación cualitativa acerca del desarrollo del pensamiento crítico en la enseñanza de la Historia. El objetivo fue detectar cómo se fomenta esta competencia en las clases de Historia de Chile, mediante un análisis hermenêutico del curriculum oficial, de algunos textos escolares de Historia de Chile y de las transcripciones de las clases de nueve profesores de Historia y Geografía de enseñanza media de colegios subvencionados de la ciudad de Chillán, observadas durante un periodo de dos meses. El supuesto señalaba que los profesores abordan todos los contenidos del programa oficial, descuidando la formación del pensamiento crítico. Los resultados establecen que, si bien se prescribe el fomento del pensamiento crítico en los documentos oficiales, ello se detecta escasamente en los textos escolares y en las prácticas docentes. Se denota ausencia de estrategias que permitan el desarrollo de esta competencia. Se enfatiza el abordaje de los contenidos históricos de forma tradicional, en desmedro de la formación del pensamiento crítico de los estudiantes.

Abstract This paper presents the results of a research about the development of critical thinking in the teaching of History The aim was to detect how this competence is incentivated in the History of Chile lessons through the official curriculum hermeneutical analyses, the some school textbooks and the transcription of the classes of nine secondary school teachers from subsidized schools in Chillan observed during a period of two months. The supposition indicated that teachers try to cope with the contents of the official syllabus without paying much attention to the formation of critical thinking. The results state that, although the development of critical thinking is prescribed in the official documents and in some textbooks, the teaching practices show the absence of strategies that may permit this competence development. An emphasis is placed on the treatment of historical events forgetting or neglecting the formation of critical thinking in students.

Resumo São apresentados resultados de uma pesquisa acerca do desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico no ensino da História. O objetivo foi detectar como se fomenta esta competência nas aulas de História do Chile, mediante a análise hermenêutica do currículo oficial, de alguns textos escolares de História do Chile e das transcrições das aulas de nove professores de História y Geografia do ensino médio de colégios subvencionados da cidade do Chillán observadas durante um período de dois meses. O referido assinala que os professores tratam de abordar todos os conteúdos do programa oficial, descuidando a formação do pensamento crítico. Os resultados estabelecem que, embora se prescreve o fomento do pensamento crítico nos documentos oficiais e em alguns textos escolares, as práticas docentes denotam ausência de estratégias que permitem o desenvolvimento desta competência. Enfatiza-se a abordagem de conteúdos históricos, esquecendo o descuidando a formação do pensamento crítico dos estudantes.

El ocaso de los libros de texto como fuente de información entre los estudiantes de medicina / The decline of textbooks as a source of information among Medicine students

Introducción: El proceso de enseñanza de la medicina ha cambiado a través de la historia en la medida que sus estudiantes cambian. Los profesores de medicina se adaptan con dificultades a los nuevos estudiantes y muchas veces no son capaces de reconocer los nuevos intereses de sus propios alumnos. En este contexto resulta importante analizar qué métodos de estudio utilizan los actuales alumnos durante los siete años de la carrera de Medicina. Métodos: Estudio basado en metodología mixta: cualitativa (grupales focales)y cuantitativa (encuestas) aplicadas a alumnos de quinto, sexto o séptimo año de la carrera, médicos recién egresados y docentes activos de la Escuela de Medicina de la Pontificia Universidad Católica. Resultados: Los resultados de nuestro estudio muestran que los métodos de estudio que más utilizan los estudiantes de medicina son: apuntes de clases (1-5 años) y los manuales (internado). Los encuestados creen que los manuales son muy importantes, que facilitan el aprendizaje, que deben estar actualizados y que de preferencia deben estar disponibles en formato digital. Los docentes usaron como método preferente de estudio, durante la carrera de medicina, los libros de texto. Conclusión: Los estudiantes de medicina han cambiado, y así han evolucionado sus técnicas de estudio/ aprendizaje. Es indispensable que los métodos docentes se adapten a estas nuevas características; por lo que es indispensable ayudar a los profesores a modernizar sus técnicas docentes adaptándolas a las necesidades de los alumnos.(AU)

Introduction: The process of teaching medicine has changed throughout history as its students change. The medical professors adapt with difficulties to the new students and many times they are not able to recognize the new interests of its own students. In this context, it is important to analyze what methods of study the current students use during the seven years of the medical career. Methods: This study was based on a mixed methodology: qualitative (focus groups) and quantitative (surveys) applied to students in the fifth, sixth or seventh year of the medical studies, recently graduated doctors and active teachers of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Results: The results of our study show that the study methods most used by medical students are: class notes (1-5 years) and handbooks (internship). Respondents believe that handbooks are very important, that they facilitate learning, that they should be up to date and that they should preferably be available in digital format. The teachers used as a preferred method of study, during the medical career, textbooks. Conclusion: Medical students have changed, and so have their study / learning techniques evolved. It is essential that teaching methods adapt to these new characteristics; thus, it is essential to help teachers to modernize their teaching techniques by adapting them to the needs of students.(AU)

Contents Analysis of Addiction Prevention in Middle School Textbooks

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze addiction prevention related content shown in middle school text books. METHODS: Using a combination of the terms “addiction”, “drug”, “medicine”, “personal preference”, “smoking”, “drinking”, “sex”, “misuse” or “abuse” as key words, the researchers screened the table of contents of 23 randomly selected middle school textbooks from the 2009 curriculum. Finally 13 textbooks (physical education=10, health=3) were selected for this study, and analyzed using Krippendorff's contents analysis. RESULTS: Through indepth discussion and investigation of the relevant textbooks, content related to addiction prevention included material addiction (77.8%) and behavioral addiction (22.2%). The construction of addiction prevention in middle school textbooks included understanding addiction, rejection of peer temptation, and empowerment of self-control. CONCLUSION: When developing an intervention for addiction prevention that targets middle school students, education with accurate addiction information must be considered so that the students have the correct knowledge about addiction and addiction prevention. Additionally, the ability to reject peer temptation when invited to act upon related addiction behaviors should be treated seriously. The empowerment of self-control is also important, and can be promoted through strengthening self-regulation competence.

The Development of ‘Good Dietary Life Guide’ Textbooks for Elementary School Students / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to develop dietary education textbooks for elementary school students by focusing on the three core values of environment, health and gratitude from the National Food Education Plan. METHODS: The contents of textbooks and teacher's guidebooks were developed with brainstorming of the authors as well as consultation with experts and by considering not only the three core values of environment, health, and gratitude, but also the performance indicators of the 2nd National Food Education Plan and the key competencies and creative convergence approach of the 2015 revised national curriculum. RESULTS: A total of 12 different dietary education textbooks named ‘Good Dietary Life Guide’ and the teachers' guidebooks from the first to the sixth grade of elementary school were developed. The textbooks were fundamentally developed connecting the three core values, the outcome indices of the 2nd National Food Education Plan and the key competences of the 2015 revised national curriculum. Various educational activities such as thinking, debate, writing, cooperative learning, experience, practice were included to promote students' participation. These books could be utilized in every field of dietary education targeting elementary students such as creative experiential activity, convergent classes (integrated subjects, Practical arts, Social studies, Science, Moral education and Korean), after school classes, rural experience, general agricultural education, after-school child care services and community child care centers. CONCLUSIONS: The continuous and repetitive use of the textbooks from the first to the sixth grade would contribute to the improvement of food habits and the personalities of elementary school students, and consequently make the students grow up as healthy citizens.

Kanho Kyokwaseo (Textbook of Nursing), the First Published Korean Nursing Books / 한국간호교육학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to extend the knowledge about two volumes of Kanho Kyokwaseo (Textbook of Nursing) published in 1908 and 1910. METHODS: The books were investigated from the first to the last pages and compared with other textbooks published during the same period. RESULTS: The origin of these books was from Hubinyaoshu (Manual of Nursing) published in China in 1904. They were translated by Edmunds, a missionary nurse from America, and Chang Chai-Sun, a teacher at the first nursing school in Korea, along with inspection by Korean teachers who were fluent in English. Kanho Kyokwaseo are user-friendly textbooks in that they are written mainly in Hangul; Chinese and English are added in cases of explicating western scientific terminology and medical terminology, with notes at the top, on the left, and on the right of the page. The contents emphasize reporting and submission to supervisors and doctors. Surgical nursing occupies the largest chapter. Disinfection and hygiene, the advantages of western modern medicine, are dealt with repeatedly and importantly. CONCLUSION: Kanho Kyokwaseo was widely used as the first and only nursing textbook published before Japanese occupation and as a publication having upgraded the level of textbooks.

La expropiación petrolera en los libros de texto gratuito: aportes al imaginario social

La expropiación petrolera de 1938 ha generado una vasta obra historiográfica en México desde poco después de llevarse a cabo. Dentro de ésta, podemos encontrar los libros de texto gratuito, que son obligatorios para todos los estudiantes de educación básica en México. Pese a ser un tipo de historiografía poco estudiada, los libros de texto gratuito son en muchos casos el primer lugar donde los mexicanos tienen acceso a la historia de su país, por lo que resulta una fuente invaluable para poder analizar lo que estos conocen sobre ella, así como la consecuente importancia que tendrá el petróleo dentro del imaginario social.

1938's Petroleum Expropriation has generated a big amount of historiographical pieces in México since briefly after it happened. Within these, we can find the libros de texto gratuito (free textbooks) which are mandatory for all elementary school students in México. Despite being a not very studied kind of historiography, free textbooks are in many cases the first place where Mexicans have access to their country's history, so they turn into a invaluable source to analyze the importance of oil within the social imaginary.

A expropriação de petróleo de 1938 gerou um vasto trabalho historiográfico no México desde pouco tempo depois de ter sido realizado. Dentro disso, podemos encontrar livros didáticos gratuitos, que são obrigatórios para todos os estudantes de educação básica no México. Apesar de ser uma espécie de historiografia pouco estudada, os livros didáticos gratuitos são, em muitos casos, o primeiro lugar onde os mexicanos têm acesso à história de seu país, por isso é uma fonte inestimável para analisar o que eles sabem sobre isso., bem como a consequente importância que o petróleo terá no imaginário social.

Resolución de Problemas Aritméticos en Libros de Educación Primaria ¿Qué nivel de dificultad presentan?

El objetivo principal del estudio fue analizar las características de los problemas aditivos y multiplicativos en los libros de texto de matemáticas de Educación Primaria publicadas en cuatro editoriales representativas de España y Paraguay. Los resultados muestran que los problemas más numerosos que aparecen en los libros de texto coinciden con los más sencillos de resolver. Los libros de texto presentan los problemas con un carácter estereotipado y se utilizan únicamente para el aprendizaje del cálculo y las operaciones.

The main goal of the study was to analyze the characteristics of the word problems additive and multiplicative in the books of text mathematics textbooks of Primary Education published in four representative editorials of Spain and Paraguay. Results showed that the most of the problems that appear in the textbooks coincide with the easiest to solve of solving. Textbooks that in fact present the problems with a stereotyped character usually uses them as an exercise for learning calculus and operations and generally as exercise of the.

La discapacidad en la enseñanza pública: estudio exploratorio de los libros de texto de educación física de Brasil / Disability in public education: an exploratory study in physical education textbooks in Brazil

El objetivo del estudio es mostrar cómo se representa y configura la participación de las personas con discapacidad en las prácticas corporales a través de las fotografías de los libros de texto de Educación Física. El estudio es de tipo empírico, descriptivo y comparativo entre los libros analizados. La muestra fue de 929 fotografías de libros publicados en Brasil entre los años 2006 y 2012 para la Educación Física en la Enseñanza Fundamental y Media. La técnica de investigación fue el análisis de contenido mediante un instrumento de observación elaborado ad hoc. La prueba piloto, la consulta a expertos/as y la prueba intercodificadores son los criterios científicos que avalan el instrumento. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el software SPSS 19.0. Se realizó un análisis univariante y bivariante y se aplicó el test Ji-cuadrado de Pearson con un nivel de significación en el 5%. La representación de las personas con discapacidad en las imágenes de los libros de texto de Educación Física es prácticamente invisible y está sesgada. Las personas con discapacidad aparecen representadas en prácticas deportivas realizadas en contextos competitivos de máximo nivel de profesionalidad. La participación de este colectivo está limitada a determinadas prácticas corporales no inclusivas y alejadas de ámbitos educativos o utilitarios. Las mujeres con discapacidad son mínimamente representadas en las imágenes de los libros de texto. Los tipos de deficiencias mostradas en las imágenes se alejan del estereotipo tradicional que asocia la discapacidad al uso de la silla de ruedas.

Abstract The aim of this study is to show how people with physical disabilities are represented and how their participation is configured in Physical Education textbook images. The study is empiric, descriptive and comparative among analyzed books. The sample consisted of 929 photographs from Physical Education textbooks, published from 2006 to 2012 and used on basic and high school teaching in Brazil. The method used was to analyze the content through the elaboration of an ad hoc coding scheme. The trial test, consultation with experts, and intercoder reliability tests are the demarcation criteria used to support the observation tool. The software SPSS 19.0 was used for statistic analysis. Univariate and bivariate analysis were performed and the Pearson Chi-square test with a significance level of 5% was applied. The representation of disabled people in Physical Education textbooks images is virtually invisible and biased. People with physical disabilities are represented on high-performance competitive sport contexts. The participation of this group is limited to specific non-inclusive physical activities and distant from educational or useful scopes. Physically disabled women are scarcely represented on textbooks images. The kinds of disability shown on those images are far from the traditional stereotype that associate disability with the use of a wheelchair.

O livro como ferramenta pedagógica para a inserção da educação física e da ginástica no ensino público primário paranaense (fim do século XIX e início do século XX) / Textbooks as a pedagogical tool for the insertion of physical education and gymnastics in publicly-funded primary education in the state of Paraná, Brazil (late nineteenth century and early twentieth century) / El libro como herramienta pedagógica para la inserción de la Educación Física y de la Gimnasia en la enseñanza pública primaria de Paraná (fines del siglo XIX y comienzos del siglo XX)

ResumoNo presente trabalho procuramos analisar as motivações do autor Domingos Nascimento ao se valer da obra de Daniel Schreber Ginástica doméstica, médica e higiênica para escrever sobre a ginástica que deveria ser ensinada e praticada nas escolas paranaenses. Buscamos confrontar a perspectiva dos dois autores com relação à educação física e à ginástica pensadas nos anos iniciais do século XX, bem como contextualizar tais perspectivas com a situação em que se encontrava a instrução pública no Estado do Paraná, de grandes discussões em torno da renovação do ensino, manifestadas no início de um amplo ciclo de reformas escolares, no qual a “novidade” da educação física regular nas escolas é apenas um exemplo.

AbstractThis article analyses author Domingos Nascimento's motivations behind his choice of Daniel Schreber's Medical Indoor Gymnastics, on which he based to write about the gymnastics that should be taught and practiced in Paraná schools. It seeks to confront the perspectives of both authors about physical education (PE) and gymnastics taught in the early twentieth century, as well as to contextualize those perspectives within the public education scenario in Paraná at the time. Such scenario featured major discussions around teaching renewal, held at the beginning of a vast school reform cycle, in which the “novelty” of regular PE in schools is just one among many changes.

ResumenEl trabajo analiza las motivaciones del autor Domingos Nascimento al tomar en cuenta la obra de Daniel Schreber Ginastica domestica, medica e higiênicapara escribir sobre la gimnasia que debería ser enseñada y practicada en las escuelas paranaenses. Buscamos confrontar las perspectivas de los dos autores en relación a la Educación Física y la Gimnasia pensadas en los años iniciales del siglo XX, así como contextualizar tales perspectivas con la situación en la que se encontraba la instrucción pública en la Provincia de Paraná en un momento de grandes discusiones sobre la renovación de la enseñanza manifestadas en el inicio de un amplio plan de reformas escolares que tenia la Educación Física regular en las escuelas como un ejemplo de novedad pedagógica.

A propósito de Ling, da ginástica sueca e da circulação de impressos em língua portuguesa / About the proposal of Ling, Swedish gymnastics and the movement of prints in Portuguese language / A propósito de Ling, de la gimnasia sueca y de la circulación de impresos en lenguaportuguesa

Este artigo analisa o sistema sueco de ginástica criado por P. H. Ling e retoma a trajetória de seu precursor e a vocação do Instituto Central de Ginástica de Estocolmo no papel de preservação e divulgação dos preceitos lingianos. Especificamente, atentamo-nos para a vulgarização e a circulação do método por meio de manuais em língua portuguesa produzidos entre fins do século XIX e início do XX. Tem como fontes os manuais escolares escritos por Pedro Borges, Antonio M. Ferreira, Paulo Lauret e Arthur Higgins. Percebemos neles forte inspiração na ginástica sueca, revelada nas lições sistematizadas e na valorização de aspectos como retidão, racionalidade, simetria, correção, educação da vontade e aperfeiçoamento físico.

This article analyzes the Swedish gymnastic system created by P. H. Ling. It resumes the trajectory of its precursor and the vocation of the Stockholm Gymnastic Central Institute for the preservation and divulgation of the "lingian" precepts. The focus is, specifically, on the vulgarization and circulation of the method through Portuguese textbooks that were published in late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century. The main sources were the textbooks written by Pedro Borges, Antonio M. Ferreira, Paulo Lauret e Arthur Higgins. It was observed in these textbooks a strong inspiration on the Swedish gymnastic, revealed in their systematic lessons, and in the value put on the rectitude, rationality, symmetry, accuracy, education of the will and physical improvement.

El siguiente artículo analiza el sistema sueco de gimnasia creado por P. H. Ling, retomando la trayectoria de su precursor y la vocación del Instituto Central de Gimnasia de Estocolmo en el papel de preservación y difusión de los preceptos y supuestos "lingianos". Específicamente, nos centramos en la popularización y la circulación del método sueco a través de manuales en lengua portuguesa producidos entre fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX, tomando como fuentes primarias los manuales escolares escritos por Pedro Borges, Antonio M. Ferreira, Paulo Lauret y Arthur Higgins. Identificamos en ellos una fuerte inspiración en la gimnasia sueca, revelados en las lecciones sistematizadas y en la valorización de aspectos tales como la rectitud, la racionalidad, la simetría, la corrección, la educación de la voluntad y el perfeccioamiento físico.

Neurological examination: pioneering authors and their books / Exame neurológico: autores pioneiros e seus livros

The objective of this article is to highlight some of the most important pioneering books specifically focused on the neurological examination and their authors. During the XIX Century, Alexander Hammond, William Gowers and Charles Mills pioneered the neurological literature, followed in the XX Century by Aloysio de Castro, Monrad-Krohn, Derek Denny-Brown, Robert Wartenberg, Gordon Holmes, and Russel DeJong. With determination and a marked sense of observation and research, they competently developed and spread the technique and art of the neurological exam.

O objetivo deste artigo é destacar alguns dos primeiros e mais importantes livros-texto interessados em difundir o ensino do exame neurológico e seus autores. Durante o século XIX, Alexander Hammond, William Gowers e Charles Mills foram pioneiros na literatura neurológica, seguidos por Aloysio de Castro, Monrad-Krohn, Derek Denny-Brown, Robert Wartenberg, Gordon Holmes e Russel DeJong no século XX. Com determinação, grande senso de observação e pesquisa, eles competentemente disseminaram a técnica e a arte de se realizar o exame neurológico.

Current situation and thinking on international students' textbooks usage in local medical schools / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Choosing a suitable textbook is the most important part to ensure the quality of in-ternational students' education. By comparing the advantages and disadvantages of English textbooks, domestic publishing textbooks and institutions self-made teaching materials, and combining with inter-national students' textbooks usage and investigation, we fine problems such as students' lower satisfac-tion of textbooks and better evaluation in original English textbooks than the domestic publishing text-books and college self-made teaching materials, so we advocate that we should select a good textbook, strengthen the construction of teachers and teaching materials, offer special medicine courses, establish an effective network teaching platform and attach importance to students' feedback.

Educaçao física e livro didático: entre o hiato e o despertar / Physical education and textbook: between the gap and the awakening / Educación física y el libro de texto: entre la brecha y el despertar

O livro didático, ainda que receba algumas críticas, detêm potencial para contribuir com a qualificação do processo de ensino e aprendizagem dos diversos componentes curriculares. Entretanto, a disciplina de Educação Física tem se mostrado afastada desse tipo de recurso material, tendo algumas iniciativas esparsas do uso deste. Diante desse contexto, este estudo objetivou reconhecer, na literatura, quais os fatores que contribuíram para a constituição do hiato entre Educação Física e os livros didáticos e que elaborações foram realizadas recentemente neste campo sobre tal tipo de livro. Concluí-se que o legado histórico da Educação Física é um dos principais fatores propulsores desse hiato, mas que recentemente começa a ser minimizado por iniciativas de elaboração, discussão e uso do livro didático na área.

The textbook also receiving some criticism, hold the potential to contribute to the qualification of the teaching and learning of the various curriculum components. However, it is common to notice that Physical Education has shown that remote resource type material, with some isolated initiatives of using this. In this context, this study aimed to recognize, in the literature, what factors contributed to the formation of the gap between physical education and textbooks and elaborations have been made recently in this field on such a book. We conclude that the historical legacy of Physical Education is one of the main driving factors of this hiatus, but recently began to be minimized by design initiatives and use of the textbook in the field.

El libro de texto también recibir algunas críticas, mantenga el potencial de contribuir a la cualificación de la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de los diversos componentes del currículo. Sin embargo, es común a notar que la educación física ha demostrado que el material de tipo de recurso remoto, con algunas iniciativas aisladas de la utilización de esta. En este contexto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo reconocer, en la literatura, los factores que contribuyeron a la formación de la brecha entre la educación física y los libros de texto y elaboraciones se han hecho recientemente en este campo en un libro como éste. Llegamos a la conclusión de que el legado histórico de la Educación Física es uno de los principales factores de esta pausa, pero recientemente comenzó a ser minimizada por las iniciativas de diseño y el uso del libro de texto en el campo.

O texto escrito como recurso didático nas aulas de educação física: perspectivas e experiências dos professores / El texto escrito como recurso didáctico en las clases de educación física: perspectivas y experiencias de los maestros / Written texts as a teaching resource in physical education classes: teachers’ perspectives and experiences

Com o objetivo de analisar o texto escrito como recurso didático aplicado no ensino da Educação Física e compreender as percepções e práticas construídas por professores que utilizam este recurso em suas aulas, realizamos entrevistas com 21 professores. Os participantes acreditam na relevância desta intervenção, selecionam textos diversificados e relacionados com temáticas atuais da Educação Física, construindo um processo pedagógico coerente com o que propõe a literatura sobre a temática analisada. Assim, percebemos que eles se preocupam com a contribuição da Educação Física para a construção do leitor, sem deixar de lado os conhecimentos específicos da área.

The aim of this study was to analyze written text as a teaching resource used to teach Physical Education and understand perceptions and practices constructed by teachers using that resource in their classes. We interviewed 21 teachers who believe in the relevance of this intervention, select diverse texts related to current Physical Education topics, building a consistent pedagogical process with what literature suggests on the topic. Therefore, we see that they care about the contribution of Physical Education for readers’ construction, without neglecting the specific knowledge of the area.

Con el objetivo de analizar el texto escrito como recurso didáctico aplicado en la enseñanza de la Educación Física y comprender las percepciones y prácticas construidas por profesores que utilizan ese recurso en sus clases, fueron entrevistados 21 maestros. Los participantes están convencidos de la importancia de esta intervención, seleccionan textos diversos y relacionados con temas actuales de la Educación Física, construyendo un proceso pedagógico coherente con lo que propone la literatura sobre el tema analizado. Así, se percibe que se preocupan con la contribución de la Educación Física para la construcción del lector, sin dejar de lado los conocimientos específicos del área.

Libro electrónico para la gestión del conocimiento de la investigación científica en el posgrado de especialidad en Ciencias Médicas / E-book for Knowledge Management in Scientific Research Conducted in the Medical Sciences Graduate Program

La formación del educando en el posgrado de especialidad en Ciencias Médicas (residente) contempla las actividades investigativas: proyecto de investigación, trabajo de terminación de especialidad, eventos científicos y publicación científica. Las lagunas de conocimiento en el residente conducen a problemas, materializados tanto en la mala calidad del proyecto de investigación y del trabajo de terminación de especialidad como en la falta de autonomía para tomar decisiones, lo que afecta su formación integral. Se propuso confeccionar el libro electrónico de gestión del conocimiento para la investigación científica, de forma integrada para residentes. El libro, en la versión 1, se diseño en el programa Crheasoft 2,0. Se estructuró en: presentación, módulos de inicio, temario y complementario. Compendia conocimientos condensados de: gestión investigativa, metodología de la investigación, estadística, gestión de la información, computación, lingüística e idiomáticos. Posibilita guiar la realización de las actividades curriculares investigativas y favorece la independencia del aprendizaje.

The training of students enrolled in the Medical Sciences graduate program (residents) includes research activities such as research projects, the final paper of the specialty, scientific events and scientific publications. Knowledge gaps in residents lead to problems seen in both the poor quality of the research project and the final paper of the specialty and in the lack of autonomy to make decisions, affecting their overall training. An electronic book aimed at residents was created for knowledge management in scientific research. The first version was designed using the Crheasoft 2.0 program. It consists of: presentation, start modules, list of topics and complementary information. It comprises condensed knowledge on: research management, research methodology, statistics, information management, computer science, linguistics and language. This e-book contributes to the execution of research activities and promotes learning independence.

Análisis de libros de texto en Brasil y en España: una introducción al tema en el área de educación física / Analysis of textbooks in Brazil and Spain: an introduction to the subject in physical education area / Análise de livros didáticos no Brasil e na Espanha: uma introdução ao tema na área da educação física

El objetivo de este artículo es revisar los trabajos que se centran en el análisis de libros de texto en Educación Física. Los 17 trabajos recuperados, entre 2000 y 2012, revelan que en las imágenes de los libros prevalecen mujeres con cuerpos delgados y hombres musculosos. Sin tener en cuenta la diversidad étnica, etaria y multiforme, las imágenes preconizan personas blancas y atléticas. Por ende, se puede afirmar que aún prevalecen estereotipos, prejuicios y discriminaciones con relación al género, edad, etnia, raza y patrones corporales en las imágenes y textos de los libros analizados por los autores brasileños y españoles

This paper has the aim to revise the documents that concentrate on the analysis of textbooks in Physical Education. The 17 documents retrieved, between 2000 and 2012, revealed that in the textbooks' images prevail the women with slim bodies and muscular men. Without taking into account the ethnic, age and multiform diversity, the images exalt white, athletic and slim people. Therefore, it is possible to affirm that stereotypes, prejudices and discrimination in relation to genre, age, ethnic group, race and corporal patterns still prevail in the images and texts of the books analysed by the Brazilian and Spanish authors

Este artigo tem por objetivo revisar os trabalhos que se centram na análise de livros didáticos de Educação Física. Os 17 trabalhos recuperados, entre 2000 e 2012, revelam que nas imagens dos livros prevalecem mulheres com corpos magros e homens musculosos. Sem levar em conta a diversidade étnica, etária e multiforme, as imagens preconizam pessoas de raça branca, atléticas e magras. Por conseguinte, pode-se afirmar que ainda prevalecem estereótipos, preconceitos e discriminações em relação ao gênero, idade, etnia, raça e padrões corporais nas imagens e textos dos livros analisados pelos autores brasileiros e espanhóis