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1.
Av. psicol. latinoam ; 41(1): [1-14], ene.-abr. 2023.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1512784

ABSTRACT

El objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en estudiar el rol de la atención selectiva, el componente retentivo y ejecutivo de información de la memoria de trabajo, y la aptitud verbal en la producción de inferencias explicativas en la comprensión de textos expositivos. Con este propósito, 171 estudiantes universitarios completaron pruebas de memoria de trabajo, atención selectiva, aptitud verbal y cuestionarios de inferencias explicativas luego de leer textos expositivos. Los resultados de las ecuaciones estructurales muestran que la producción de inferencias se explica de manera directa por la aptitud verbal y el componente ejecutivo de la memoria de trabajo. El análisis también detectó una relación de interacción de mediación entre las capacidades de producir inferencias explicativas, de atención selectiva y de almacenamiento de información verbal en memoria de trabajo. Estos componentes mostraron un efecto indirecto sobre la capacidad de inferir vía el componente ejecutivo de la memoria de trabajo. Lo anterior sugiere que la capacidad de inferir explicaciones en la comprensión está fuertemente relacionada con la aptitud verbal y la capacidad de procesar información en la memoria de trabajo, mientras que el componente retentivo y de atención selectiva muestran un impacto mediado por la memoria de trabajo.


This research aimed to study the role of selective attention, the retention and executive components of working memory, and verbal aptitude in producing explanatory inferences in the comprehension of expository texts. For this purpose, 171 undergraduates completed tests of working memory, selective attention, verbal aptitude, and explanatory inference questionnaires after reading expository texts. The results of the structural equation modeling indicated that the production of explanatory inferences is determined directly by verbal aptitude and the executive component of verbal working memory. The analysis also detected a mediation interaction effect between the abilities to produce explanatory inferences, selective attention span, and the ability to store verbal information in working memory. These components indirectly affected the ability to infer via the executive component of working memory. This suggest that the ability to make explanatory inferences in the comprehension of expository texts is strongly related to verbal aptitude and the capacity to process information in working memory, while the ability to manage selective attention and retain verbal information in shortterm memory have an impact on the ability to generate inferences mediated by working memory


O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o papel da atenção seletiva, do componente retentivo e executivo da memória de trabalho e da aptidão verbal na produção de inferências explicativas na compreensão de textos expositivos. Para tanto, 171 estudantes universitários responderam a testes de memória de trabalho, atenção seletiva, aptidão verbal e questionários de inferência explicativa após a leitura de textos expositivos. Os resultados das equações estruturais mostram que a produção de inferências é diretamente explicada pela aptidão verbal e pelo componente executivo da memória de trabalho. A análise também detectou uma relação de interação mediadora entre a capacidade de produzir inferências explicativas, o tempo de atenção seletiva e a capacidade de armazenar informações verbais na memória de trabalho. Esses componentes mostraram um efeito indireto na capacidade de inferir por meio do componente executivo da memória de trabalho. Isso sugere que a capacidade de inferir explicações na compreensão está fortemente relacionada à aptidão verbal e à capacidade de processar informações na memória de trabalho, enquanto o componente de atenção seletiva e seletiva apresenta impacto, mas mediado pela memória de trabalho.


Subject(s)
Humans
2.
Interdisciplinaria ; 39(3): 139-150, oct. 2022. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1430573

ABSTRACT

Resumen La comprensión lectora resulta fundamental en la vida escolar de los niños, dado que constituye el principal mecanismo para la adquisición de nuevos conocimientos. Distintos estudios han analizado la relación entre la comprensión lectora, las habilidades lingüísticas y el nivel lector de los sujetos. Sin embargo, resulta importante para el estudio del procesamiento textual, atender también al tipo de estructura de los textos. El presente trabajo se propone comparar el desempeño de un grupo de niños hispanohablantes en comprensión oral y escrita de dos tipos textuales distintos: narrativos y expositivos. Para ello, se evaluó a un grupo de 32 niños de 4to grado de una escuela primaria del conurbano bonaerense argentino mediante pruebas de comprensión oral y escrita de textos narrativos y expositivos. Además, se administró una prueba de vocabulario y de precisión y velocidad en la lectura de palabras. Los resultados señalaron la existencia de correlaciones entre la comprensión oral y escrita de los dos tipos textuales evaluados, y entre el desempeño en comprensión oral y escrita y el nivel de vocabulario de los niños. El análisis comparativo entre modalidades de presentación señaló un desempeño significativamente superior en la comprensión de textos narrativos orales frente a los escritos. Esta diferencia no se trasladó a los textos expositivos en los cuales los niños obtuvieron desempeños bajos, en ambas modalidades. Los datos obtenidos sugieren que los textos expositivos presentan un formato con características específicas que complejizan la comprensión de los niños más allá del soporte en el cual se presenten.


Abstract Reading comprehension is the ability to create a mental representation of a written text. It constitutes the main mechanism through children incorporate new knowledge at school age. Reading comprehension achievement has been systematically associated with oral comprehension and reading rate. Furthermore, both oral and reading comprehension has been related to inferences generation and different linguistic abilities, like vocabulary and syntax processing. In the case of text comprehension, also orthographic recognition of written words plays a fundamental role and, for that reason, reading comprehension would be a greater challenge than oral comprehension for early readers. Indeed, word recognition during reading is essential for text meaning construction. It is well known that a slow and laborious reading mechanism would overload cognitive processing and that reading automaticity is essential to carry out text processing. Longitudinal studies realized in different orthographies indicated that reading rate was the variable that had greatest impact on reading comprehension in early readers. In studies carried out in shallow orthographies, it was also observed that reading performance have an important impact on reading comprehension measure after 3 to 5 years of instruction. However, although impact of reading skills and oral comprehension mechanisms on reading comprehension has been reported in several studies, there is another important factor to consider: text structure. Studies propose that children tend to understand "narrative schemas" more easily since they are exposed to this type of text from a very early age. Likewise, all narrative texts present, in general, the same type of structure, respect temporal sequence of events and focus on story characters, their actions and motivations. In contrast, expository texts present new information to children, are oriented to a specific topic, contain less familiar and more technical vocabulary and a higher level of abstraction. This type of structure presents numerous cohesive connections and greater propositional density than narrative texts. The present study aims to compare listening and reading comprehension of narrative and expository text. For this, a group of 32 4th graders was evaluated in oral and reading comprehension of narrative and expository texts. In reading comprehension test, children read narrative and expository texts and then orally answered a series of questions. In oral comprehension, both narrative and expository texts were read aloud to children and then they answered questions about the texts orally. Vocabulary and reading rate were also measured. Data analysis shows correlations between oral comprehension and vocabulary. Reading comprehension were associated to vocabulary, oral comprehension and reading rate. Results suggest that oral and reading comprehension are associated with different linguistic skills and to each support access skills. In comprehension test, measures show higher performance in narrative oral comprehension texts when compared to reading comprehension. This result could be related to children reading rate. In fact, reading performance shows that children were "slow readers" according to the reading tests scales used in this study. Difference between oral and written comprehension in narrative texts, was not transferred to expository. In this type of texts children had low scores, without significant differences, in oral and reading comprehension. Results suggested that expository structures challenge children comprehension in both, oral and written modality. It is suggested that different types of expository texts difficult hierarchization of information that allows, in turn, the construction of text mental representation. Data of this study suggest the importance of establish interventions that allow children to improv text processing for access higher levels of comprehension in different textual structures. Furthermore, it is necessary in educational practices to expose children to expository structures from an early age. On the other hand, it is necessary to rethink reading instruction methods that originate low reading performance.

3.
Liberabit ; 23(2): 233-245, jul.- dic. 2017. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-884375

ABSTRACT

El propósito de este trabajo consistió en estudiar la relación entre la memoria de trabajo, la capacidad de sostener la atención y la generación de inferencias explicativas-repositivas en la comprensión de textos expositivos. Para ello, 120 alumnos universitarios leyeron dos textos expositivos del área de las ciencias naturales y completaron un cuestionario de generación de inferencia, junto con cuatro pruebas de memoria de trabajo verbal y dos pruebas que miden la capacidad de sostener la atención sobre una tarea. Los resultados indicaron que el componenente ejecutivo de la memoria de trabajo verbal tienen un efecto directo sobre la generación de inferencias, mientras la capacidad de sostener la atención y el almacenamiento de información en la memoria de trabajo verbal tienen un efecto indirecto mediado por el componente ejecutivo. Esto sugiere que las diferencias individuales en la generación de inferencias están vinculadas a las diferencias inviduales en la memoria de trabajo, y también a las diferencias individuales en la capacidad de sostener la atención.


The aim of this work was to study the relationship between working memory, sustained attention and explanatory inference generation in expository texts comprehension. To this end, 120 undergraduate students read two expository texts from natural sciences and completed an inference generation questionnaire, along with four verbal working memory tasks and two sustained attention tasks. The results showed that the executive component of verbal working memory has a direct effect on inference generation, while sustained attention and information storage in verbal working memory have an indirect effect mediated by the executive component. This supports the idea that individual differences in inference generation are related to individual differences in working memory, and also to individual differences in the ability to sustain attention.

4.
Suma psicol ; 24(1): 17-24, ene.-jun. 2017. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-904056

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN El propósito de este trabajo consistió en estudiar la relación entre la memoria de trabajo, el conocimiento previo y la generación de inferencias en la comprensión de textos. Con este propósito, 167 estudiantes universitarios completaron pruebas de memoria de trabajo y cuestionarios sobre su conocimiento acerca del cambio climático y de astronomía; luego de la lectura de dos textos expositivos referidos a ambos temas, completaron un cuestionario sobre inferencias. Los resultados del análisis de correlaciones y del análisis de senderos muestran que si bien la memoria de trabajo y el conocimiento previo específico de dominio tienen una relación con la generación de inferencias explicativas-repositivas, hay una relación de interacción de mediación entre estas variables que explica el rol de ellas sobre la generación de inferencias.


ABSTRACT The aim of this research is to study the relationship between working memory, previous knowledge, and explanation-based inferences in expository text reading. To this effect, 167 undergraduates completed three working memory tasks, and two climate change and astronomy questionnaires, after reading two expository texts on these subjects. The results of the correlations and paths analyses show that, while working memory and specific previous domain knowledge are related to the generation of explanatory and reinstatement inferences, there is a mediation interaction relationship between these variables that explains their role in the generation of inferences.

5.
Univ. psychol ; 14(1): 345-354, ene.-mar. 2015. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-765728

ABSTRACT

This study aims to gather construct- and criterion-related validity evidence for the Test of Listening Comprehension of Narrative Texts (TLC-n) and the Test of Listening Comprehension of Expository Texts (TLC-e), each composed of a vertically scaled form for Portuguese students from the first to fourth grades of primary school. A sample of 1342 students and a sample of 1168 students participated in the study of the TLC-n and TLC-e forms' dimensionality, respectively. Two hundred and eighty students participated in the criterion-related validity study of the tests. Confirmatory factorial analyses were performed for the study of the test forms' dimensionality. To collect criterion-related validity evidence, Pearson correlations with measures oflistening and reading related skills were calculated. Results provide evidence of an acceptable fit for the one-factor solution, for all forms, and statistically significant correlations between the test forms and the external criteria measures. There is evidence for the validity of the test forms.


Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron recoger evidencia de validez de constructo y de criterio para dos tests, el Test of Listening Comprehension of Narrative Texts (TLC-n) y el Test of listening Comprehension of Expository Texts (TLC-e), con cuatro versiones escaladas verticalmente para evaluar la comprensión oral de los alumnos portugueses de enseñanza primaria. Una muestra de 1342 alumnos y una muestra de 1168 alumnos participaron en el estudio de la dimensionalidad del TLC-n y TLC-e. Participaron 260 alumnos en el estudio de validez de criterio de los tests. La dimensionalidad de los tests se examinó mediante un procedimiento de análisis factorial confirmatorio. Para recoger datos sobre evidencia de validez de criterio, se calcularon las correlaciones de Pearson con otras pruebas de comprensión oral y de lectura. Los resultados revelaron que el modelo de un factor se ajusta a los datos. Se obtuvieron coeficientes de correlación estadísticamente significativos entre el TLC-n y TLC-e y los otros tests. Los resultados apoyan la validez de las versiones de los tests.


Subject(s)
Personal Construct Theory , Narration
6.
Rev. cienc. salud (Bogotá) ; 8(2): 45-59, mayo-ago. 2010. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: lil-635984

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Este estudio presenta una descripción del tipo de ayuda lingüística que los adultos les ofrecen a los niños mientras dan explicaciones sobre diversas cuestiones. Metodología: Se analizó una muestra de once minutos de interacción entre un niño pequeño y sus abuelos maternos, pues en el transcurso de estas conversaciones los niños tienen muchas oportunidades para aprender no sólo de los objetos y eventos del mundo sino también del lenguaje que se utiliza para referirse a ellos, para aprender cómo se nombran las realidades y, en algunos casos, cómo se participa en ellas. Resultados: Los adultos ofrecen al niño diferentes recursos discursivos con los que promueven que éste utilice términos que especifiquen las características que diferencian los objetos a los que se está refiriendo, adicione información, organice y clarifique lo que está diciendo. Conclusiones: La descripción de la ayuda que le ofrecen los adultos al niño permitió identificar diferentes recursos discursivos (elicitaciones y reformulaciones) que promueven el desarrollo de explicaciones cada vez más complejas.


Objective: This study offers a description of the kinds of linguistic aids offered by adults while giving explanations to young children about different issues. During the midst of these conversations children have several opportunities to learn, not only from objects and events, but also from the utterances used to refer to them, learning how realities are named after, and in many cases, how to participate in them. Methodology: Through the analysis of eleven minutes of inte-raction between young child and his maternal grandparents. Results: Adults offers young child different discursive ways for helping him to add information, organize and clarify the topic that he is talking about. Conclusions: The results allow to identify different ways that the adults use for helping young child to improve his explanations.


Objetivo: Este estudo apresenta uma descrição do tipo de ajuda lingüística que os adultos lhes oferecem às crianças enquanto dão explicações sobre diversas questões. Metodologia: Se analisou uma amostra de onze minutos de interação entre uma pequena criança e seus avôs maternos, pois no transcurso destas conversações, as crianças têm muitas oportunidades de aprender não só dos objetos e eventos do mundo senão também da linguagem que é utilizado para se referir a eles, para aprender como se nomeiam as realidades, e em alguns casos como se participa delas. Resultados: Os adultos oferecem à criança diferentes recursos discursivos com os que promovem que este utilize termos que especifiquem as características que diferenciam os objetos aos que se esta referindo, adicione informação, organize e clarifique o que esta dizendo. Conclusões: a descrição da ajuda que lhe oferecem os adultos à criança permitiu identificar diferentes recursos discursivos (incitamento e reformulações), que promovem o desenvolvimento de explicações cada vez mais complexas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Language Development , Growth and Development , Family Relations , Grandparents , Learning
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