ABSTRACT
O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar o pensamento bakhtiniano como conjunto de conhecimentos produzidos, em diálogo, por intelectuais, cientistas e artistas que nasceram no final do cza-rismo e que, ainda hoje, interessam às Ciências Humanas, à Linguística, à Literatura. Especialmente nos anos 1920, eles se envolveram em importantes debates, interessados em apresentar novas posturas em relação à linguagem, ao discurso, à estética, à filosofia e à ética, dialogando polemicamente com o marxismo ortodoxo, com tendências dominantes tanto na psicologia como na filosofia, com o estrutu-ralismo, a estilística, o formalismo e, até mesmo, com a nascente psicanálise. O autor que empresta seu nome a esse pensamento, Mikhaïl Mikhálovich Bakhtin (1895-1975), pode ser caracterizado como o filósofo da linguagem, tendo vivido e produzido até a década de 1970. Dentre os conceitos que chegam ao século XXI, destaca-se dialogismo, fundado na relação constitutiva eu/outro, esteio dessa perspectiva dialógica da vida e da linguagem.
This article aims at presenting the Bakhtinian thought as a group of different sets of knowledge produced, in dialogue, by intellectuals, scientists, and artists who were born at the end of czarism and who are, even today, of interest to the Human Sciences, Linguistics, and Literature. Especially in the 1920s, they were involved in important debates, interested in presenting new theoretical approaches to language, discourse, esthetics, philosophy, and ethics, polemically discussing with orthodox Marxism, with domineering tendencies both in psychology and in philosophy, with structuralism, stylistics, formalism, and even with emerging psychoanalysis. The author who characterizes this thinking and lends his name to it, MikhaïlMikhálovich Bakhtin (1895-1975), can be characterized as the language philosopher. He lived and produced until the 1970s. Among the concepts which have reached the 21st century is dialogism, based on the I/other constitutive relation, which is the support for this dialogic perspective in life and in language.
El objetivo de este artículo es presentar el pensamiento bajtiniano como un conjunto de conocimientos producidos, en diálogo, por intelectuales, científicos y artistas que nacieron al final del zarismo y que, aún hoy, se interesan por las Ciencias Humanas, la Lingüística y la Literatura. Especialmente en los años 1920, estos se involucraron en importantes debates, interesados en presentar nuevas posturas en relación al lenguaje, el discurso, la estética, la filosofía y la ética, dialogando deforma polémica con el marxismo ortodoxo, con tendencias dominantes tanto en la psicología como en la filosofía, con el estructuralismo, la estilística, el formalismo e, incluso, con el naciente psicoanálisis. El autor que presta su nombre a dicho pensamiento, Mijaíl Mijáilovich Bajtín (1895-1975), puede ser caracterizado como el filósofo del lenguaje, habiendo vivido y producido hasta la década de 1970. Entre los conceptos que llegan al siglo XXI, se destaca el dialogismo, fundado en la relación constitutiva yo/otro, apoyo de esta perspectiva dialógica de la vida y del lenguaje.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the value of virtual reality (VR) technique in the surgical planning for anterior circulation aneurysms of Willis circle. Methods A total of 50 patients with 57 aneurysms confirmed by CT angiography in the anterior circle of Willis were enrolled in this study. In preoperative Hunt-Hess scale, grade I was designated in 7 patients, grade II in 22, grade III in 17, grade IV in 3, grade V in 1 patient. Among the aneurysms, 16 were small (≤5mm in diameter), 28 medium (5-15mm), 10 large (15-25mm) and 3 giant (≥25mm) in size. The thin-slice head scanning data were achieved by 64-slice spiral CT machine. These data was then transferred into Dextroscope image workstation. The virtual imaging system generated clear and vivid virtual images. We compared the findings between simulation surgical operation and actual operation. Results VR system make the operator felt "personally on the scene" and was able to communicate with the imaging. It could not only visually display the anatomical structures in three dimensions, but also could simulate some surgical procedures, which basically simulated the same outcome of actual operation. All the 50 patients were successfully treated by microsurgical clipping of main aneurysmal or contributory aneurysmal necks. Conclusions The surgeons is able to be more confident, and the identification for the complex vascular abnormality is improved by planning operative procedure in virtual-reality environment. The virtual-reality system makes the actual operative procedure more concise, thus it is of positive value in surgery for intracranial aneurysm.