Associação entre a Mortalidade por Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis e o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano no Brasil entre 1980 e 2019 / Association between Mortality from Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases and Human Development Index in Brazil between 1980 and 2019

Resumo Fundamento No Brasil, em 2019, as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) acarretaram mais de 734 mil óbitos, 55% de todas as mortes, com importante impacto socioeconômico. Objetivos Analisar as taxas de mortalidade das DCNT, no Brasil, de 1980 a 2019, e sua associação com indicadores socioeconômicos. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, de séries temporais dos óbitos por DCNT, no Brasil, de 1980 a 2019. Os dados relativos às frequências anuais de mortes e da população foram obtidos do DATASUS. Foram estimadas as taxas de mortalidade brutas e padronizadas por 100.000 habitantes, pelo método direto (população do Brasil de 2000). Foram calculados os quartis de cada DCNT, onde a mudança de quartil, por aumento das taxas de mortalidade, foi representada por gradiente cromático. O Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM) de cada unidade da federação (UF) foi extraído do site Atlas Brasil e correlacionado com as taxas de mortalidade por DCNT. Resultados Ocorreu redução nas taxas de mortalidade por doenças do aparelho circulatório no período, exceto na região Nordeste. Houve também aumento da mortalidade por neoplasia e diabetes, enquanto as taxas das doenças respiratórias apresentaram poucas variações. Houve correlação inversa entre as UF com maior redução nas taxas de mortalidade por DCNT e o IDHM. Conclusões A redução observada na mortalidade por doenças do aparelho circulatório pode refletir melhoria dos indicadores socioeconômicos, no Brasil, nesse período. O aumento da taxa de mortalidade por neoplasias provavelmente se relaciona com o envelhecimento da população. As maiores taxas de mortalidade por diabetes parecem ser associadas com o aumento da prevalência da obesidade nas mulheres brasileiras.

Abstract Background Chronic noncommunicable diseases (CNCDs) caused more than 734,000 deaths (55% of all deaths) in Brazil in 2019, with an important socioeconomic impact. Objectives To analyze the mortality rates from CNCDs in Brazil from 1980 to 2019 and their association with socioeconomic indicators. Method This was a descriptive, time-series study of deaths from CNCDs in Brazil from 1980 to 2019. Data on the annual frequencies of deaths and on population were obtained from the Department of Informatics of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Crude and standardized mortality rates per 100,000 inhabitants were estimated using the direct method (Brazilian population in 2000). The quartiles of each CNCD were calculated, where a quartile change, due to an increase in mortality rate, was represented by a chromatic gradient. The Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI) of each Brazilian federative unit was extracted from the Atlas Brasil website and correlated with the rates of CNCD mortality. Results There was a reduction in mortality rates due to diseases of the circulatory system during the period, except in the Northeast Region. There was also an increase in mortality from neoplasia and diabetes, while the rates of chronic respiratory diseases showed little variation. There was an inverse correlation between the federative units with greater reduction in CNCD mortality rates and the MHDI. Conclusions The observed decrease in mortality due to diseases of the circulatory system may reflect an improvement in socioeconomic indicators in Brazil during the period. The increase in mortality rates due to neoplasms is probably related to the aging of the population. The higher mortality rates of diabetes seem to be associated with an increase in the prevalence of obesity in Brazilian women.

Treatment under general anesthesia after dental trauma in a patient with autism spectrum disorder: a case report / Tratamento odontológico em paciente com transtorno do espectro autista, sob anestesia geral, após traumatismo dentário: relato de caso

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to present a clinical case of a pediatric patient with ASD who had experienced dental trauma and underwent dental treatment in a hospital environment under general anesthesia. A 10-year-old male patient who was Brazilian and had leukoderma was diagnosed with ASD at three years of age, he experienced trauma to the upper teeth, with avulsion of tooth 12 and extrusive displacement of tooth 11, after being run over by a car in February 2017. He was immediately taken to the emergency room, where he was seen by a dentist and he was immediately transferred to Hospital. In the out-patient clinic of this hospital, with the aid of protective stabilization and infiltrative anesthesia, tooth 12 was reimplanted 40 minutes after trauma and restrained with composite resin. He continued treatment in another city and Endodontic and paraendodontic treatment of teeth 11 and 12 was performed under general anesthesia. Follow-ups with the patient are continuing, with the last control periapical radiograph taken in January 2020. In this case, the proposed dental treatment was successful and did not lead to any complications.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar um caso clínico de um paciente pediátrico com TEA que sofreu traumatismo dentário e foi submetido a tratamento odontológico em ambiente hospitalar, sob anestesia geral. Paciente do sexo masculino, 10 anos, brasileiro, leucoderma, foi diagnosticado com TEA aos três anos de idade, apresentou trauma nos dentes superiores, com avulsão do dente 12 e deslocamento extrusivo do dente 11, após ser atropelado por um carro em fevereiro de 2017. Ele foi imediatamente levado para o pronto socorro, onde foi atendido por um dentista e imediatamente transferido para o Hospital. No ambulatório deste hospital, com auxílio de estabilização protetora e anestesia infiltrativa, o dente 12 foi reimplantado 40 minutos após o trauma e contido com resina composta. Ele continuou o tratamento em outra cidade, o tratamento endodôntico e paraendodôntico dos dentes 11 e 12 foi realizado sob anestesia geral. Os acompanhamentos com o paciente continuam, com a última radiografia periapical de controle realizada em janeiro de 2020. Neste caso, o tratamento odontológico proposto foi bem-sucedido e não levou a nenhuma complicação.

Implicações do cuidado informal à saúde de pessoas dependentes assistidas no domicílio pós-alta hospitalar / Implicaciones de la atención informal para la salud de las personasdependientes atendidas en el domicilio tras el alta hospitalaria / Implications of informal health care of dependent people assisted at home after hospital discharge

Objetivo:identificar as implicações do cuidado informal à saúde de pessoas dependentes assistidas no domicílio após a alta hospitalar. Método: estudo transversal realizado com 41 díadescuidadoresinformais-pessoas dependentes que receberam alta para o domicílio. Coletaram-se os dados por meio de questionários. Realizou-se Regressão Logística Binomial. Resultados: deixar as atividades laborais eleva em 55,79 as chances de cuidar de pessoa com lesão por pressão. O uso de medicamentos contínuos associou-se ao desenvolvimento de lesões por pressão (OR=37,80), eventos adversos (OR=40,39) e óbito (OR=54,68). O tempo em horas dedicado ao cuidado reduz a chance de lesão por pressão (OR=0,81), a idade do cuidador diminui os eventos adversos (OR=0,91) e o óbito após a desospitalização (OR=0,91). Conclusão: as implicações foram as lesões por pressão, eventos adversos e o falecimento da pessoa dependente após a alta hospitalar, as quais se associaram ànecessidade de deixar o emprego e ao uso de medicações contínuas

Objective:to identify the implications of informal health care for dependent people assisted at home after hospital discharge. Method:a cross-sectional study carried out with 41 dyads of informal caregivers-dependent people who were discharged home. Data were collected through questionnaires. Binomial Logistic Regression was performed. Results:leaving job activities increases the chances of caring for a person with a pressure injury by 55.79. The use of continuous medication was associated with the development of pressure injuries (OR=37.80), adverse events (OR=40.39) and death (OR=54.68). The time in hours dedicated to care reduces the chance of pressure injury (OR=0.81), the age of the caregiver decreases adverse events (OR=0.91) and death after discharge (OR=0.91). Conclusion:the implications were pressure injuries, adverse events and the death of the dependent person after hospital discharge, which were associated with the need to leave the job and the use of continuous medications.

Objetivo:identificar las implicaciones del cuidado informal de la salud para las personas dependientes asistidas en el domicilio después del alta hospitalaria. Método:estudio transversal realizado con 41 díadas de personas dependientes-cuidadoras informales que fueron dadas de alta domiciliarias. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de cuestionarios. Se realizó Regresión Logística Binomial. Resultados:la salida de las actividades laborales aumenta en un 55,79 las posibilidades de cuidar a una persona con lesión por presión. El uso de medicación continua se asoció con el desarrollo de lesiones por presión (OR=37,80), eventos adversos (OR=40,39) y muerte (OR=54,68). El tiempo en horas dedicado al cuidado reduce la posibilidad de lesión por presión (OR=0,81), la edad del cuidador disminuye los eventos adversos (OR=0,91) y la muerte tras el alta (OR=0,91). Conclusión:las implicaciones fueron las lesiones por presión, los eventos adversos y la muerte de la persona dependiente después del alta hospitalaria, que se asociaron con la necesidad de dejar el trabajo y el uso continuo de medicamentos

Gramáticas do capacitismo: diálogos nas dobras entre deficiência, gênero, infância e adolescência / Grammars of ableism: dialogues in the folds between disability, gender, childhood, and adolescence

Resumo Nesse ensaio teórico assumimos o capacitismo como uma gramática que sustenta diversos duplos que hierarquizam e discriminam corporalidades reputadas dissidentes. Sustentamos esse argumento partindo da violação de direitos à saúde e à vida das pessoas com deficiência, pessoas travestis, transexuais e intersexos e das crianças e adolescentes em práticas de vigilância e correção, que sustentam as instituições de saúde e educação, e a Língua.

Abstract In this theoretical essay, we assume ableism as a grammar that sustains several duplicities that hierarchize and discriminate reputed dissident corporalities. We maintain this argument based on the violation of rights to health and life of disabled people, travestis, trans and intersex people, and children and adolescents, in practices of surveillance and correction, which sustain health and education institutions, and Language as the central point of such enabling.

Epidemiología y factores asociados en personas con discapacidad de origen vial en Medellín 2004-2017 / Epidemiology and associated factors in people with disabilities of road origin in Medellín 2004-2017

Resumen Objetivo: Caracterizar la epidemiología de la discapacidad de origen vial e identificar factores asociados a la dependencia funcional, participación en actos familiares, educativos y laborales en Medellín, Colombia 2004-2017. Métodos: Estudio longitudinal, con fuente de información secundaria, colectada con encuesta voluntaria y aplicada durante valoración clínica. Se analizó el total de registros de personas con discapacidad de origen vial y se desarrollaron cuatro modelos de regresión logística para identificar factores asociados con dependencia funcional, participación familiar, académica y laboral, con un error p = 0,05. Resultados: Entre 2004-2017, Medellín tenía registradas 63 848 personas con discapacidad. La causa que más la generó fue la enfermedad general con 21 444 (33,3%) registros. Los incidentes viales ocuparon el primer lugar entre eventos externos con 3092 (39,3%) casos: 2181 hombres (70,5%) y 911 mujeres (29,5%). Tener dos o más dificultades permanentes incrementó el riesgo de dependencia funcional (OR = 2,15; IC95%: 1,75-2,65). La no participación en actos familiares era reducida en personas con nivel académico superior (OR = 0,71; IC95%: 0,53-0,96). No participación en educación aumentó al no recibir ingresos (OR = 1,71; IC95%: 1,40-2,09). No participación laboral incrementó por barreras personales (OR = 1,61; IC95%: 1,10-2,34). Conclusión: La discapacidad de origen vial empuja familias en Medellín a mayor pobreza económica. La reintegración y participación en actos familiares y comunitarios de víctimas viales se restringe por factores físicos, ambientales y actitudinales.

Abstract Objective: To characterize the epidemiology of disability of road origin and to identify factors associated with functional dependence, participation in family, educational, and labor events in Medellin, Colombia 2004-2017. Methods: Longitudinal study, with a secondary information source for analysis of related factors. The information was collected via a voluntary survey, applied during clinical assessment to identify physical and psychological deficiencies and participation restrictions. The total records of people with disabilities of road origin were analyzed and four logistic regression models were developed to identify factors associated with functional dependence, family, academic and work participation, with an error P = 0.05. Results: Between 2004-2017 Medellin had registered 63,848 people with disabilities. The cause that most generated it was general disease with 21,444 (33.3%) records; road incidents ranked first among incidents with 3,092 (39.3%) cases. Men with disabilities of road origin were 2,181 (70.5%) and women 911 (29.5%). Having two or more permanent difficulties increased the risk of functional dependence (OR = 2.15; CI 95%: 1.75-2.65). Non-participation in family events was reduced in people with a higher academic level (OR = 0.71; CI 95%: 0.53-0.96). Non-participation in education increased due to not receiving economic income (OR = 1.71; CI95%: 1.40-2.09). Non-participation in work increased due to personal barriers (OR=1.61, CI95%: 1.10-2.34). Conclusion: Road origin disability pushes families in Medellin towards greater economic poverty. The reintegration and participation in family and community events of road victims is restricted by physical, environmental, and attitudinal.

Perfil clínico y epidemiológico de los pacientes con diagnóstico de neuromielitis óptica / Clinical and epidemiological profile of patients with neuromyelitis optica diagnosis

INTRODUCCIÓN. El trastorno del espectro de neuromielitis óptica, enfermedad inflamatoria, desmielinizante, afecta al sistema nervioso central, frecuente en poblaciones no caucásicas como la ecuatoriana. El retraso en su diagnóstico y tratamiento provoca discapacidad que se puede prevenir. OBJETIVO. Determinar el perfil clínico y epidemiológico de los pacientes con diagnóstico de trastorno del espectro de neuromielitis óptica. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio descriptivo transversal. Población de 45 Historias Clínicas y una muestra de 41 de pacientes con diagnóstico de trastorno del espectro de neuromielitis óptica atendidos en la Unidad de Neurología del Hospital de Especialida-des Carlos Andrade Marín, período enero 2005 a diciembre 2019. Se realizó análisis univarial. Se aplicó el programa estadístico International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versión 25. RESULTADOS. El 76,0% (31; 41) fueron mujeres. Datos promedios: edad 48,9 años; diagnóstico definitivo demoró 4,12 años, desde el inicio de los síntomas; tiempo de diagnóstico fue 3,17 años; 3,7 brotes en total; el 87,8% (36; 41) con un fenotipo recurrente. La media de duración de la enfermedad fue de 6,8 años. En el 70,7% (29; 41), se identificaron anticuerpos anti-AQP4 en suero mediante inmunofluorescencia directa, el 51,2% requirieron para la marcha apoyo uni o bilateral. El 43,9% (18; 41) debutó con neuritis óptica; el 31,7% (13; 41) presentaron mielitis como primer síntoma y el 24,4% (10; 41) la combinación de neuritis óptica y mielitis fueron los síntomas iniciales. CONCLUSIÓN. Se determinó el perfil clínico y epi-demiológico de los pacientes con diagnóstico de trastorno del espectro de neuromielitis óptica. Existió demora en el diagnóstico definitivo de los pacientes desde el inicio de los síntomas, lo que se tradujo en un aumento de la discapacidad.

INTRODUCTION. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, an inflammatory, demyelinating disease, affects the central nervous system, common in non-Caucasian popu-lations such as Ecuadorians. The delay in its diagnosis and treatment causes disabi-lity that can be prevented. OBJECTIVE. To determine the clinical and epidemiological profile of patients diagnosed with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Cross-sectional descriptive study. Population of 45 Medical Records and a sample of 41 patients with a diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disor-der seen at the Neurology Unit of the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialties Hospital, period from January 2005 to December 2019. Univariate analysis was performed. The statistical program International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 25 was used. RESULTS. 76,0% (31; 41) were women. Average data: age 48,9 years; definitive diagnosis took 4,12 years from the onset of symptoms; time to diagnosis was 3,17 years; 3,7 outbreaks in total; 87,8% (36; 41) with a recurrent phenotype. The average disease duration was 6,8 years. In 70,7% (29; 41), anti-AQP4 antibodies were identified in serum by direct immunofluorescence, 51,2% required uni- or bilateral su-pport for walking. Optic neuritis started in 43,9% (18; 41); 31,7% (13; 41) had myelitis as the first symptom and 24,4% (10; 41) the combination of optic neuritis and myelitis were the initial symptoms. CONCLUSION. The clinical and epidemiological profile of patients diagnosed with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder was determined. There was delay in the conclusive diagnosis of patients from the beginning of symptoms, which resulted in increased disability.

Dental and maxillomandibular incidental findings in panoramic radiography among individuals with mucopolysaccharidosis: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is a group of rare and inherited metabolic disorders caused by the accumulation of macromolecule glycosaminoglycans inside lysosomes. Affected individuals may have dental and craniofacial tissue alterations, facilitating the development of several oral diseases. Objectives To assess, with panoramic radiographic images, the frequency of dental and maxillomandibular incidental findings among MPS individuals and compare them with non-MPS individuals. Methodology A cross-sectional study evaluating a sample of 14 MPS individuals and 28 non-MPS individuals aged from 5 to 26 years was carried out. They were matched for sex and age on a 2:1 proportion. Panoramic radiographs were assessed for the presence/absence of the following dental and maxillomandibular alterations: dental anomalies of number (hypodontia/dental agenesis, supernumerary teeth); anomalies of form (microdontia, macrodontia, conoid teeth, taurodontism, and root dilaceration); anomalies of position (impacted tooth, inverted tooth, tooth migration, partially bony teeth, complete bony teeth); periapical alterations (furcation lesion, circumscribed bone rarefaction); other alterations (radiolucent bone lesions, radiopaque bone lesions, radiopacity in the maxillary sinus, condylar hypoplasia). Differences between groups were tested by the Fisher's exact test and chi-square test (p<0.05). Results For intrarater agreement, Kappa values were 0.76 to 0.85. The presence of supernumerary teeth (p=0.003); conoid teeth (p=0.009); taurodontism (p<0.001); impacted teeth (p<0.001); partial bony teeth (p=0.040); complete bony teeth (p=0.013); and root dilaceration (p=0.047) were statistically more frequent in MPS individuals compared to non-MPS individuals. Bone rarefaction/furcation lesions (p=0.032), condylar hypoplasia (p<0.001), radiolucent bone lesions (p=0.001), and dentigerous cysts (p=0.002) were also more frequent in MPS individuals. Conclusion The presence of specific oral manifestations is more common in MPS individuals than non-MPS individuals.

Gender differences in disability among older adults in the context of social gender and income inequalities: 2013 Brazilian Health Survey / Diferenças de gênero na incapacidade entre idosos no contexto de desigualdades sociais de gênero e de renda: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013

ABSTRACT: Objectives: To estimate the magnitude of gender differences in disability among adults aged 60 and older and to evaluate whether they can be associated with social gender inequality and socioeconomic contextual factors at the level of Brazilian federative units. Methods: This is a multilevel study that used data from 23,575 older adults of 27 federative units who participated in the 2013 Brazilian Health Survey. The activity limitation index was developed from the item response theory, using activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living variables. The association of individual and contextual variables with disability was estimated by assessing the magnitude of differences between genders, using cross-level interaction effects in multilevel generalized linear models, including only the variables that were statistically significant in the final model. Results: The prevalence of disability was higher among women (37.6%) than among men (26.5%), totaling 32.7% of the older adults. In the adjusted multilevel analysis, disability was influenced by income inequality (γgini = 0.022, p < 0.001) among federative units. In addition, gender differences in disability were associated with social gender inequalities (γmgiiXsex = 0.020, p = 0.004). Conclusion: Women had higher disability disadvantages compared to men, and those differences were associated with social gender inequalities among the Brazilian federative units influenced by income inequality.

RESUMO: Objetivos: Estimar a magnitude das diferenças de gênero na incapacidade entre adultos com 60 anos ou mais e avaliar se elas podem estar associadas à desigualdade social de gênero e aos fatores contextuais socioeconômicos no nível das unidades federativas brasileiras. Métodos: Estudo multinível que utilizou dados de 23.575 adultos mais velhos das 27 unidades federativas que participaram da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013. O índice de limitação de atividades foi desenvolvido a partir da teoria de resposta ao item, utilizando-se variáveis de atividades básicas e instrumentais da vida diária. Foram estimadas as associações das variáveis individuais e contextuais com a incapacidade, avaliando-se a magnitude das diferenças entre os gêneros, ao utilizar efeitos de interação de nível cruzado em modelos lineares generalizados multiníveis, incluindo-se apenas as variáveis que foram estatisticamente significantes no modelo final. Resultados: A prevalência de incapacidade foi mais elevada entre as mulheres (37,6%) do que entre os homens (26,5%), totalizando 32,7% dos adultos mais velhos. Na análise multinível ajustada, a incapacidade foi influenciada pela desigualdade de renda (γgini = 0,022, p < 0,001) entre as unidades federativas. Além disso, as diferenças de gênero na incapacidade foram associadas com as desigualdades sociais de gênero (γmgiiXsex = 0,020, p = 0,004). Conclusões: As mulheres tiveram desvantagens maiores de incapacidade quando comparadas aos homens, e estas diferenças foram associadas às desigualdades sociais de gênero entre unidades federativas brasileiras, influenciadas pelas desigualdades de renda.

Community-based rehabilitation (CBR) in primary care centers in Chile / Rehabilitación basada en la comunidad (RBC) en centros de atención primaria en Chile

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the implementation status of the Community-Based Rehabilitation in Chile. METHODS Quantitative, transversal and descriptive study. The scope was constituted by the 66 community-based rehabilitation centers in the Chilean Metropolitan Region that implemented Community-Based Rehabilitation until December 2016. The sampling was based on a census method, so all the community centers were contacted. A self-administered questionnaire designed based on the Community-Based Rehabilitation matrix defined by the World Health Organization was applied. The questionnaire was answered on-line by the coordinators of the strategy in their respective centers. The data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS A heterogeneous level of implementation of Community-Based Rehabilitation was identified, specifically in terms of the components of the matrix described by the World Health Organization. The most implemented component was Health; the Social, Livelihood and Empowerment components were moderately implemented; and the Education component was the least implemented. CONCLUSION The implementation of Community-Based Rehabilitation is mainly based on the Health component. The level implementation of the other components of the matrix needs to be increased, as well as interdisciplinary and intersectoral strategies to achieve greater social inclusion of people with disabilities.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Describir el estado de implementación de la Rehabilitación Basada en la Comunidad en Chile. MÉTODOS Estudio cuantitativo, transversal y descriptivo. El universo estuvo conformado por los 66 centros comunitarios de rehabilitación de la Región Metropolitana de Chile que implementaron la Rehabilitación Basada en la Comunidad hasta diciembre de 2016. El muestreo tuvo intención censal, por lo que se contactaron todos los centros comunitarios. Se aplicó un cuestionario autoadministrado diseñado con base a la matriz de Rehabilitación Basada en la Comunidad definida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. El cuestionario fue respondido on-line por los coordinadores de la estrategia en sus respectivos centros. El análisis de datos se realizó utilizando estadígrafos descriptivos. RESULTADOS Se identificó un nivel heterogéneo de implementación de la Rehabilitación Basada en la Comunidad, específicamente en cuanto a los componentes de la matriz descrita por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. El componente más implementado fue Salud; los componentes Social, Subsistencia y Fortalecimiento fueron medianamente implementados; y el componente Educación fue el menos implementado. CONCLUSIÓN La implementación de la Rehabilitación Basada en la Comunidad se basa principalmente en el componente Salud. Se requiere aumentar el nivel de implementación de los otros componentes de la matriz, así como de estrategias interdisciplinarias e intersectoriales para lograr una mayor inclusión social de las personas con discapacidad.

Calidad de la atención en salud de las personas con trauma raquimedular según criterios normativos de Colombia / Quality of healthcare directed to people with spinal cord injury according to Colombian regulations

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar cómo influye la normatividad de salud en la rehabilitación integral de la persona con Trauma Raquimedular en dos instituciones de salud de la ciudad de Cali, Colombia. Métodos Este estudio descriptivo trasversal se realizó con 53 personas. Las variable independiente fue la normatividad en salud y la dependiente la rehabilitación integral. Se aplicó análisis univariado. Resultados El reclamo de los derechos fundamentales en salud ante un tribunal, es un mecanismo que permite a las personas con trauma raquimedular acceder a los servicios de salud para la rehabilitación integral, especialmente al 81% para el tratamiento del dolor, 62% para espasticidad, 95% para el cuidado de vejiga neurogénica, y al 93% para el acceso a equipos de órtesis o sillas de ruedas. Conclusiones La normatividad actual en salud de Colombia no permite mecanismos oportunos para que la persona con trauma raquimedular pueda acceder a los servicios de salud específicos para la rehabilitación integral. Es importante que los equipos interdisciplinarios en salud, conozcan la norma, oriente de manera temprana a las personas con este tipo de lesión para acceder a los servicios de salud requeridos, lo que permitirá la prevención de complicaciones como la depresión o la muerte por sepsis derivada de la infección urinaria o las úlceras por presión.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To determine how heath regulations affect the comprehensive rehabilitation of people with spinal cord injury in two health institutions of the city of Cali- Colombia. Materials and Methods Cross-sectional descriptive study with 53 people. The independent variable was health regulations and the dependent variable was comprehensive rehabilitation. A univariate analysis was applied. Results Claiming fundamental health rights before a court is a mechanism that allows people with spinal injury to access health services for comprehensive rehabilitation, of which 81% claim pain treatment, 62% spasticity, 95% neurogenic bladder care, and 93% orthotic devices or wheel chairs. Conclusions Current health regulations in Colombia do not include timely mechanisms for people with spinal cord injury to have access to specific health services for comprehensive rehabilitation. It is important for interdisciplinary health teams to become familiar with regulations and provide early guidance to people with this type of injury, so that they can access the necessary healthcare services and prevent further complications such as depression or death from sepsis derived from urinary tract infections or pressure ulcers.(AU)

Delimitação da área denominada comunicação suplementar e/ou alternativa (CSA) / Delimitation of the area named augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)

RESUMO Realizou-se um resgate histórico acerca da delimitação e difusão da Comunicação Suplementar e/ou Alternativa (CSA) em âmbito internacional e nacional, a fim de elucidar como a área vem sendo constituída, bem como uma revisão da literatura para identificar as principais concepções de linguagem que vêm fundamentando a produção acadêmica em CSA no contexto internacional e nacional Parte-se do pressuposto de que a CSA é uma atividade semiótica composta por signos verbais e não-verbais que medeiam as interações dialógicas, favorecendo a apropriação da linguagem, a aprendizagem e, portanto, a constituição do sujeito com significativas limitações de fala. Pretende-se apreender movimentos e tendências comuns que permitam estabelecer um panorama geral de constituição desta área. O acesso aos acontecimentos, fatos e conhecimentos que participam da delimitação da CSA se deu a partir de revisão de fontes documentais e de revisão de literatura, nacional e internacional, que abordavam, especialmente tais movimentos nos Estados Unidos da América (EUA), Canadá e Brasil, a partir da década de 1950 até a atualidade. Puderam-se apreender, nas cinco últimas décadas, elementos que participaram da constituição de tal área em âmbito internacional. Chega-se a conclusão que a CSA passa a ser identificada como uma área específica a partir de 1950, internacionalmente e no Brasil, a partir do final da década de 1970. Defende-se a ideia de que a CSA não deve ser considerada e organizada como uma área especializada deve sim ser constituída por diferentes disciplinas atreladas às áreas da saúde e da educação que, voltadas à linguagem, considerem a historicidade e complexidade dos fenômenos envolvidos.

ABSTRACT In this study, a historical review was carried out on the delimitation and dissemination of Augmentative and Alternative Communication AAC, both nationally and internationally. The aim was to understand how such area is developing. It is assumed that AAC is a semiotic activity comprising verbal and non-verbal, sign-based materials for mediating dialogic interactions, thereby, facilitating language acquisition and learning processes involving subjects with significant speech impairments. The purpose is to identify developments and general trends in order to establish an overview of the research area. The access to events, facts and knowledge behind AAC was carried out by a literature review of national and international publications, specially in the United States, Canada and Brazil from the 1950s until present day. An understanding of the main components constituting the research area was achieved for the past five decades. The definition of AAC as a specific area has taken place from the 1950s, both nationally and internationally. To conclude, we advocate that AAC should not be considered and organized as a specialized area, but should be associated with different language-oriented, health and education disciplines, which consider the historicity and complexity of the pertaining phenomena.

Training, Practices and Difficulties of Dentists in the Care of Children and Adolescents with Special Needs in the Primary Health Care

Objective: To know the training, practices and difficulties of Dentists in the care for Patients with Special Needs (PSN), in the Primary Health Care (PHC). Material and Methods: This is a Cross-sectional study with 44 Dentists. Some of the variables analyzed through the questionnaire were: dentistry specialty, PSN definition, undergraduate discipline on the subject, accomplishment of PSN care, difficulties, referral and accessibility. Data analysis was performed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and measures of central tendency and dispersion by Fisher's Exact Test (p < 0.05). Results: Only one professional investigated presented PSN Specialization. About 82.5% of professionals had graduation time of over 10 years, where 75% of professionals did not have Curricular Component (P=0.006) or training to deal with PSN (85.0%), despite working in primary care for more than 10 years (60%). The care of PSN in the Primary Health Care was performed by 77.5% of professionals, in which lack of care was justified mainly because dentists did not feel prepared to perform it (37.5%), and the main difficulty found in care, refers to the lack of cooperation of these patients (27.5%). All professionals reported to refer patients to reference services, but 12.5% did not perform a previous clinical examination in the PHC. The reference service most reported by professionals was the Dental Specialty Center (82.5%). Conclusion: Although the training received by professionals present deficiencies in relation to PSN, the majority reported to attend these patients in Primary Health Care Units, and considered to be able to supply their needs. The greatest difficulties found in the care of Patients with Special Needs are related to their approach. The lack of care of these patients was justified by the fact that Dentists did not feel prepared to perform.

Perfil dos pacientes com deficiências de desenvolvimento sob atendimento odontológico em um projeto de extensão intersetorial / Profile of patients with developmental disabilities under dental care in an intersectoral extension project

Objetivo: Descrever o perfil dos pacientes atendidos em uma instituição filantrópica onde funciona o projeto de extensão "Atendimento Odontológico a Pacientes com Necessidades Especiais". Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 581 prontuários de pacientes com necessidades especiais de 0 a 33 anos de idade. Foram coletadas informações sobre as prevalências de cárie nas dentições decídua e permanente, gengivite, xerostomia, bruxismo, refluxo gastroesofágico, sexo, uso de medicação de ação central, uso de chupeta, sucção digital, alimentação e higiene bucal. Os dados foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva e teste do qui-quadrado para verificação de associação entre diagnóstico e sexo. Resultados: 51,93% dos pacientes eram meninos, 71,42% possuíam paralisia cerebral, 12,36% tinham refluxo gastroesofágico, 49,30% usavam medicação anticonvulsivante. O diagnóstico de paralisia cerebral quadriespástica esteve associado ao sexo masculino. Dentre as alterações bucais, 4,86% dos casos apresentaram xerostomia. O uso da chupeta foi encontrado em 26,93% dos indivíduos e 18,05% chupavam o dedo. Alterações gengivais foram detectadas em 15,61% das fichas. Em relação à alimentação, 56,97% dos indivíduos consumiam açúcar acima do aceitável, e com relação à higiene bucal, 14,48% foram classificados como ruim e 17,57% moderada. Em 20,57% dos prontuários havia registro de dentes decíduos cariados e em 4,29% de dentes obturados. Do total de pacientes que possuíam dentes permanentes, 13,17% tinha dentes cariados e 7,75% possuía dentes obturados. A prevalência de cárie dentária é moderada com pequena proporção de dentes restaurados. A alimentação é rica em sacarose para quase 60% destes pacientes. Conclusão: os hábitos parafuncionais apresentam um percentual preocupante de prevalência. Por isso, estes pacientes possuem um perfil de doenças bucais com gravidade moderada e que devem ter um acompanhamento odontológico sistemático para que a prevalência de doenças bucais não aumente com o passar dos anos.(AU)

Aim: The present study aimed to describe the profile of the patients who received dental care at a philanthropic institution, within the project "Dental Care for Patients with Special Needs". Methods: This study was carried out by evaluating 581 records of patients with special needs from 0 to 33 years of age. Data were collected on the prevalence of caries in deciduous and permanent dentitions, gingivitis, xerostomia, bruxism, gastroesophageal reflux, sex, use of central action medication, pacifier use, digital suction, feeding, and oral hygiene. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the chi-square test to verify an association between diagnosis and sex. Results: The results showed that 51.93% were boys, 71.42% had cerebral palsy, 12.36% had gastroesophageal reflux, and 49.30% used anticonvulsant medication. The diagnosis of quadrispastic cerebral palsy was associated with males. Xerostomia was observed in 4.86% of the cases. The use of pacifiers was present in 26.93% of the individuals, while 18.05% of the patients used to suck their finger. Gingival changes were detected in 15.61% of the records. In relation to food, 56.97% of the individuals consumed sugar above the acceptable amount, and when oral hygiene was considered, 14.48% were classified as poor and 17.57% as moderate. This study also identified 20.57% of decayed and 4.29% of filled deciduos teeth. Among the patients who had permanent teeth, 13.17% had decayed teeth, while 7.75% had filled teeth. It could therefore be concluded that the prevalence of dental caries is moderate with a small proportion of treated teeth. Diet is rich in sucrose for almost 60% of these patients. Conclusion: The parafunctional habits present a worrisome percentage of prevalence. Therefore, these patients have a profile of oral diseases with moderate severity and should undergo systematic dental follow-up so that the prevalence of oral diseases does not increase over the years.(AU)

Criterion of dental treatment for the disabled / 华西口腔医学杂志

The number of disabled persons increases in the course of human life and in the aging population. The high prevalence, low treatment rate, long therapy period, and sophisticated procedures prevent most of disabled individuals from availing dental services. Moreover, special dental institutions for the disabled are insufficient, and a certain treatment standard is commonly not complied. This study performed analysis and evaluation, including treatment features, pretreatment procedures, patient communication, treatment factors, and treatment standards to provide a targeted solution for the special requirements of the oral therapy for disabled patients.

Substituição Sensorial Visuo-Tátil e Visuo-Auditiva em Pessoas com Deficiência Visual: uma Revisão Sistemática / Visuo-Tactile and Visual-Auditory Sensory Substitution in People with Visual Impairment: a Systematic Review

RESUMO: buscando conhecer a produção científica atual sobre substituição sensorial, o objetivo desse estudo foi analisar os métodos e dispositivos de substituição sensorial destinados a pessoas com deficiência visual que são apresentados em pesquisas empíricas no formato de artigos científicos. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática da literatura cuja fonte de dados foram artigos publicados em periódicos disponíveis online na base de dados Portal de Periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, nas línguas portuguesa e inglesa, nos últimos cinco anos. Os descritores usados foram: substituição sensorial, substituição visuo-tátil, substituição sensorial visuo-auditiva e seus correspondentes na língua inglesa. As buscas retornaram 186 artigos. Após a seleção a partir da leitura do título e resumo restaram 11 artigos considerados como amostra final da revisão. A revisão reportou apenas artigos internacionais. Foram identificados alguns métodos e dispositivos de substituição sensorial, nos quais a maioria propõe avaliações desses dispositivos em situações de navegação em diferentes espaços e identificação de barreiras e obstáculos no ambiente. Exceto por um artigo, os demais realizaram suas investigações em situações ideais de laboratório. Os resultados dos estudos são, na maioria, de natureza quantitativa, nos quais as percepções dos usuários com deficiência visual não são consideradas, em contrapartida o foco é direcionado para validar a eficiência do dispositivo de substituição sensorial. Considera-se necessário aprofundamento de pesquisas na área abrangendo outras fontes como teses e dissertações. Ressalta-se a necessidade do investimento em estudos sobre esse tipo de recurso de modo a favorecer o acesso da população com deficiência visual.

ABSTRACT: In an attempt to acknowledge the scientific literature on sensory substitution, the aim of this study was to analyze the methods and devices for sensory substitution for visually impaired people presented in empirical research in scientific articles. This is a systematic review of the literature whose source of data were articles published in online journals in Portal de Periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, in Portuguese and English in the last five years. The keywords were: sensory substitution, visuo-tactile substitution, visuo-auditory sensory substitution and their matches in Portuguese. The searches retrieved a total of 186 articles. After the selection from reading the titles and the abstracts, the corpus consisted of 11 articles which were considered for the final sample. The review only reported international articles. Some methods and sensory substitution devices were identified; most research proposed evaluating these devices in situations of navigating in different spaces, and identifying barriers and obstacles in the environment. Except for one article, the others carried out their research in ideal laboratory conditions. The results of the studies are mostly quantitative in which the perceptions of visually impaired users are not considered, however, the focus is directed to validate the efficiency of the sensory substitution devices. We considered that it is necessary to deepen the research in the area covering other sources such as theses and dissertations. The need for investment is also emphasized in studies of this type of resource to favor the access for visually impaired population.

Deficiência física: revisão e considerações / Physical disability: Review and considerations

A temática da deficiência física tem fomentado diferentes tipos de discussão, muitas delas oriundas da área das Ciências Biológicas ou Biomédicas, outras que privilegiam os aspectos subjetivos e socioculturais que constituem a experiência do sujeito com deficiência física. A partir de uma revisão realizada no SciELO e da inserção do termo "deficiência física", o presente trabalho se propôs a analisar esses estudos mediante a criação de categorias temáticas e a fomentar considerações e apontamentos em cada uma dessas categorias: essas considerações partem de um olhar formado pela lente das Ciências Sociais e Humanas em Saúde. A diversidade de estudos carrega consigo a diversidade de formação dos autores e das revistas científicas em que foram publicados. As categorias analisadas envolveram desde temas que compreendem alguns tipos de avaliação até estudos em que o foco se deu na intervenção e nos processos relacionais. Como considerações finais, apontou-se o quanto a experiência do sujeito ou o sujeito que constrói sua experiência precisa estar na pauta dos estudos que envolvem o tema da deficiência física. Esse tipo de olhar pode interferir no campo das políticas públicas, nos cuidados em saúde, na intervenção e, principalmente, no olhar lançado sobre e para o sujeito com algum tipo de deficiência física.

The issue of disability has fostered different types of discussions, many coming from the area of biomedical sciences, others favoring subjective and sociocultural aspects that constitute the experience of physically disabled persons. Based on a search conducted in SciELO using the term "physical disability", the present review proposed to examine these studies, creating themes and fostering considerations and notes on each of these categories. These are based on the perspectives of the Social Sciences and Humanities in Health. The diversity of studies shows the diversity of authors and journals that were published. The categories involved from topics that include some types of evaluations to studies that focused on interventions and relational processes. The final considerations included how much one's experience or one who builds one's experience must be added to studies that involve the theme physical disability. This type of perspective can be seen in the field of public policies, health care, intervention, and mainly the look given to people with some kind of physical disability.

"Study and practice on ""3 combination education"" mode for the disabled in medical college based on inclusive education" / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Higher education for the disabled is essential to education equality and social harmony,it represents the depth of society improvement and the level of social civilization.Inclusive education has develop from adopt physical disability into no discrimination at psychological level.This article explored 3 combination education mode (the disabled combined with the healthy,medicine combined with teaching,general stu.dies combined with the specialty) through education environment,education methods and education pathways using resources in medical colleges.This mode through no discrimination education environment for the disabled using medicine and teaching combination education methods to recover physical and psychological of the disabled,and using general studies combined with the specialty education pathways to train the disabled into a fully skilled person.

Associação do estado nutricional com aptidão física relacionada à saúde em adultos com deficiência intelectual / Association between nutritional status and of health-related fitness in adults with intellectual disabilities

Resumo A obesidade é um problema da saúde pública que tem reflexo direto nos níveis de aptidão física relacionada à saúde, principalmente em pessoas com deficiência intelectual (DI) por uma série de limitações cognitivas e sociais devido à deficiência. O objetivo do estudo é identificar a associação do estado nutricional com os níveis de aptidão física relacionado à saúde em pessoas com DI. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma instituição com 31 homens adultos, tendo a avaliação do estado nutricional sido realizada por meio do IMC, e os testes de aptidão física relacionado à saúde com uso da Bateria de Brockport adaptada (avaliação da adiposidade, teste de flexibilidade, força/resistência muscular e capacidade aeróbia). Utilizou-se a análise de covariância para comparar os grupos eutróficos e o excesso de peso em relação aos componentes de aptidão física relacionados à saúde e o teste exato de Fisher para verificar associação entre as variáveis. A maioria dos adultos não atingiu os critérios mínimos para a saúde. Adultos com excesso de peso (IMC) apresentaram maiores valores de percentual de gordura corporal e menores níveis de força/resistência muscular do que os eutróficos. Os indícios da associação entre excesso de peso com altos níveis de percentual de gordura e baixos níveis de força/resistência muscular alerta para a necessidade de programas específicos para população com DI.

Abstract Obesity is a public health problem that has a direct impact on levels of physical fitness and health, especially in people with intellectual disabilities (ID) for a series of cognitive and social limitations due to disability. The objective of the study is to identify the association between nutritional status and levels of health-related fitness in people with ID. The research was conducted in an institution with 31 adult men that the assessment of nutritional status was performed using BMI, and physical fitness tests related to health with use of adapted Brockport battery (assessment of adiposity, flexibility test, muscular strength / endurance and aerobic capacity). If you used the covariance analysis to compare groups eutrophic and overweight in relation to the components of physical fitness and health and the Fisher exact test to verify the association between variables. Most adults did not meet the minimum criteria for health. Adults who are overweight (BMI) had higher percentage values of body fat and lower levels of muscular strength / endurance than eutrophic. The Association of evidence between overweight with high percentage of fat levels and low levels of muscular strength / endurance alert to the need for specific programs for people with ID.

Utilização dos serviços de atendimento odontológico hospitalar sob sedação e/ou anestesia geral por pessoas com necessidades especiais no SUS-MG, Brasil / Availability of hospital dental care services under sedation or general anesthesia for individuals with special needs in the Unified Health System for the State of Minas Gerais (SUS-MG), Brazil

O presente estudo identificou as características demográficas dos indivíduos e assistenciais do tratamento odontológico sob sedação e/ou anestesia geral em ambiente hospitalar no SUS-MG. Foram avaliadas todas as Autorizações de Internações Hospitalares (AIH) para o procedimento Tratamento Odontológico para Pacientes com Necessidades Especiais, de julho de 2011 a junho de 2012. Foram mensuradas variáveis demográficas e assistenciais dos atendimentos. Foram calculadas as taxas de internações por 10.000 habitantes e a cobertura assistencial realizada no estado de Minas Gerais e em cada uma das Regiões Ampliadas de Saúde. A análise descritiva das variáveis foi feita por meio de cálculo da frequência e medidas de tendência central e variabilidade. Foram avaliadas todas as 1.063 AIH pagas no período estudado, que representaram uma taxa de 0,54 internações por 10.000 habitantes. A maioria dos indivíduos era adulta, do sexo masculino, com diagnóstico de transtornos mentais ou comportamentais e residente em 27,7% dos municípios de Minas Gerais. Os procedimentos foram realizados em 39 municípios e a cobertura assistencial foi igual a 1,58%. O estudo revelou um perfil clássico do paciente atendido. Dificuldades em se estabelecer uma rede de atenção à saúde bucal foram identificadas.

This study identified the demographic characteristics of individuals and dental treatment care under sedation/general anesthesia in a hospital environment in the Unified Health System in the State of Minas Gerais (SUS-MG). All Hospitalization Authorizations (AIHs) for Dental Treatment for Patients with Special Needs procedures were evaluated between July 2011 and June 2012. Demographic and health care variables for treatment were also assessed. Hospitalization rates per 10,000 inhabitants, and health care coverage provided in the state of Minas Gerais and in each of the Broader Health Regions were calculated. Descriptive analysis of data was carried out by calculating the central trend and variability frequency and measurements. All 1,063 AIHs paid during the study period were evaluated, which is equivalent to a rate of 0.54 hospitalizations per 10,000 individuals. The majority of the patients were adult, male, diagnosed with mental or behavioral disorders and resident in 27.7% of the municipalities in Minas Gerais. The procedures were performed in 39 municipalities and the care coverage was equal to 1.58%. The study reveals a classic demographic and clinical profile of patient attendance. Difficulties in establishing a network of dental care were identified.

Development of the social integration self-rating scale and the reliability, validity analysis of the disabled people / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To develop social integration scale of the disabled,and to test the reliability and validity of the scale.Methods 511 disabled persons were investigated by self-made social integration scale and Chinese version of positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS-C).Results The Scale was composed of three factors:self integration,relationship integration and affection integration,and they explained 47.39％ of variance.The theoretical model fit could be accepted (x2/df =2.051,P＜0.001;RMSEA =0.046;GFI =0.884;CFI =0.926;IFI =0.927).The factors had significant correlated with positive affect (r=0.34-0.55,P＜0.01)and positive affect (r=-0.12--0.32,P＜0.01).The high score group and low score group of social integration had significant differences in positive affect (t=13.77,P＜0.01)and negative affect(t=-7.58,P＜0.01).The cronbach's alpha coefficients of the scale and the three factors were 0.94,0.92,0.87 and 0.89 respectively,and the seven sub-factors'cronbach 's alpha coefficients were from 0.76 to 0.87.Conclusion The theory construct of social integration of the disabled is multi-hierarchical and multi-dimensional.The scale has acceptable reliability and validity,and can be used to assess the degree of social integration of the disabled.