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Objective:To investigate the basic situation of clinical nuclear medicine resources and their application in medical institutions of Jiangsu province, in order to grasp their distribution characteristics and make an evaluation briefly on distribution eaquity of nuclear medicine resources and application.Methods:In the form of online questionnaire, the basic information in the medical institutions conducting clinical nuclear medicine diagnosis and treatment in the provice was collected, including the number and model of nuclear medicine equipment, the number of protection devices, the number of nuclear medicine employees and the application frequency of nuclear medicine.Results:In 2020 in Jiangsu province, there were 67 nuclear medicine institutions, 727 employees and 95 nuclear medicine tomography equipment including 38 positron emission tomography (PET) equipment and 54 single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) equipment. The frequencies of imaging and treatment in the medical institutions were 259, 686 and 12 186, with average frequency of 3.21 expressed per 1 000 population. The Gini coefficients of nuclear medicine equipment, employees and application based on population distribution in Jangsu province were 0.25, 0.30 and 0.34, respectively. The related Theil indices were 0.044 9, 0.062 6 and 0.085 2, respectively.Conclusions:The nuclear medicine developed quickly in Jiangsu province in the past ten years. The distribution of all kinds of nuclear medicine resources and application on the basis of continuous increase showed a certain degree of imbalance, and correlation with the level of regional economic development.
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Objective:To analyze the equity of community health resource allocation available to the elderly in Shanghai to provide a reference for the optimization of their allocation and to ensure the basic medical needs of the elderly.Methods:116 community health service centers were selected as research objects. Based on the human resources and financial inputs for community health, the Gini coefficient and Theil index were used to analyze the equity of community health resource allocation in Shanghai from the service population and across geographical dimensions.Results:The Gini coefficients of in-service health technicians and total financial compensation, as based upon the dimension of serving the elderly population, were 0.116 and 0.251, respectively, while the Gini coefficients based on the geographical dimension were 0.483 and 0.329 (respectively). The results of the Theil index analysis are relatively consistent with the Gini coefficient. The equity of health human resource allocation is slightly better than that of financial investment, and the equity of health resource allocation population is better than that concerning geography. Regional differences are the main factors regarding the equity of health resource allocation of the elderly community based on geographical factors (71.47%-86.71%), intra-regional differences were the main source of equity differences in community health resources allocation based on the elderly population (52.52%-89.44%).Conclusion:The allocation structure of community health resources for the elderly in Shanghai is, on the whole, fair; but, the differences between population equity and geographical equity, and between and within regional plates, cannot be ignored.
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【Objective】 To study the fairness of blood bank resources allocation in China, aimed at providing references for reasonable allocation of blood bank resources. 【Methods】 A questionnaire survey was conducted among 32 provincial blood centers and 321 regional central blood banks across China in August 1~25, 2018. Resource allocation of blood banks in China was analyzed using descriptive methods, and the fairness of resource allocation were analyzed using Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient and Theil index. 【Results】 Blood bank resources and services showed an overall upward trend from 2013 to 2017. The fairness of institutional coverage was optimal in 2017 according to the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient, suggesting the allocation of blood bank resources according to the population was better than geographic area. The fairness of health technicians staffing was the worst from the perspective of geographic area. The total Theil index was 0.448 5~0.526 7, and the differences was contributed more by intra group comparison than that of inter group. 【Conclusion】 The unbalanced development underlying in the provincial and regional blood centers has been observed, and the service capacity needs to be further improved. The resource allocation varies greatly among regions, and it is recommended to optimize the regional planning of blood bank resources.
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Objective:This article is to calculate and analyze the equalization of government health expenditure inof different provinces and areas in the past decade. Methods: To calculate the Gini Coefficient and Theil Index in of different provinces and areas for government health expenditure in the past decade , and to explore potential reasons .. Results:The Gini Coefficient declined substantially in the past years ,which decreased from 0.31 in 2003 to 0.11 in 2013.The Theil Index declined substantially in the past years , which decreased from 0.0270 in 2003 to 0.0004 in 2013 .Eastern provinces were in advantaged positions in the past decade but the degree of advantage was declining , central provinces were in disadvantaged positions in the past decade but the degree of disadvantage was declining , while western provinces were in relatively disadvantaged positions before 2006 but became advantaged since 2009 . Conclusions:The regional equity of government health expenditure for different provinces and areas has been im -proved in the past decade especially for implementing the equalization of public health policy .Recommendations:The central government of China should increase transfer payment into some provinces with of large population like Hebei, Shandong , Guangdong , Hunan and Henan to increase the regional equity of government health expenditure .
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Objective To analyze the equity of health human resource allocation in public hospitals of Zhaotong city during 2008-2012,and to provide theoretical basis for the reasonable allocation of health resources.Methods The statistical description was used to analyze the number of the medical health resource,and Gini coefficient and Theli index were used to analyze the equity of health resource allocation in public hospitals of Zhaotong city.Results The amount of medical health resource showed an increasing tendency with low speed,and gaps among different areas were still existed.From 2008 to 2012,Gini coefficients of three medical health resources including the doctors,nurses and health technicians were all under 0.3.And the fluctuant tendency of the Theli Indexes and Gini coefficients were accordant with no significant increase or decrease as a whole.The combination of differences within region and difference between regions leaded to the inequity of health human resource allocation in Zhao tong city,and within region in the contribution rate of the total Theil index was greater than the difference between regions.Conclusions The quantity of health human resource is not enough in Zhaotong.The equity fluctuation of three health resources has no significatnt change.The differences within region mainly cause the inequity of health resource allocation in public hospitals of Zhao tong city.
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Objective To analyze and evaluate the level of equity of essential public health services utilization in Shandong Province.Methods The main methods in use were the concentration index(CI) aided by Theil index,to assess the equity among various items of essential public health services.Results The CI of healthcare archiving,health education,elderly health management,hypertension health management,diabetes management,maternal health management,vaccination and child health management utilization between different income groups were -0.01 9 2,-0.01 1 0,0.025 8,-0.008 0,-0.006 4,0.037 1,0.045 0 and 0.106 7 respectively.Theil index demonstrated the inequity in healthcare archiving and health management service utilization in Shandong resulted from regional differences.The inequity in elderly health management,hypertension health,diabetes management, vaccination and child health management utilization in Shandong resulted from urban and rural differences.The inequity in maternal health management utilization in Shandong resulted from urban and rural differences.Conclusions The utilization rate of essential public health services is different among the items,and its equity is influenced by the above-mentioned differences.
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Objective To evaluate the status and equity of resource allocation for community vaccination services in Zhejiang Province.Methods A descriptive analysis was conducted,and Gini coefficient and Theil index were used to analyze the reasonableness and the demographic equity of resource allocation for community vaccination services in Zhejiang Province in 2013.Results The Gini coefficient of vaccination clinic and clinic staff based on population distribution in Zhejiang Province were 0.403 6 and 0.355 4,respectively.The total Theil index of vaccination clinic and clinic staff were 0.204 4 and 0.207 1,respectively.Both vaccination clinic and clinic staff,Theil index within the region were far higher than inter -regional Theil index.Conclusion The demographic equity of resource allocation for community vaccination services in Zhejiang Province should be improved.The disparity within the region is the main reason of unequal in resource allocation for community vaccination service.
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To explore the allocation and equity of health resource in Changsha between 2007 and 2013 and to provide references for government to carry out regional health planning. Method:General statistical analysis was used to describe changes of health resource allocation in Changsha;from the perspective of the population and geography of the nine counties in Changsha, the equality and change of the configuration among doctors, nurses and hospital beds were analyzed by using the Gini coefficient and Theil index. Results:1) The per capita amount of health resources in Changsha increased gradually, and health resources were mainly concentrated in urban areas. 2 ) The Gini coeffi-cients of doctors, nurses and hospital beds was 0. 24~0. 46 according to population distribution between 2007 and 2013 in Changsha, and the Gini coefficient of all health resources by geography was 0. 59~ 0. 79 and peaked in 2009 to then decrease year after year. Following a comparison of the two kinds of regions, the Gini coefficient of urban are-as was significantly higher than that of rural areas, and the Gini coefficient of nurses was the highest among all health resources. 3) Changes in the Theil index were consistent with the Gini coefficient. The difference in the degree of re-source allocation in urban areas exhibited a rising trend, The Theil index was higher than each regional difference. Conclusion:Overall, the equity of allocation of health resources in Changsha between 2007 and 2013 gradually im-proved year by year. The equity of population configuration was greater than that of geographical configuration, and the equity of rural areas was superior to that of urban areas;the equity of the configuration of nurses was poor. The difference between areas is the main factor affecting the equity of Changsha’s health resource allocation.
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Objective: To measure the equalization of urban and rural essential medical services in Ningxia. Methods: To apply the Theil Index and its decomposition by using population as the weight and the distance as the weight of index of essential medical resource allocation. Results: Significant difference was found in urban and rural essential medical service in Ningxia, the contribution rate among regional differences was high. Conclusion: Non equivalence of essential medical service is serious between urban and rural areas in Ningxia. It is suggested to improve the quality of the rural medical staffs, implement the training and qualification appraisal system, set up a remote consultation system to increase the medical resource sharing, implement medical and health care policies and open essential medical function of essential medical services.
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Objective: To analyze the fairness of health resource distribution in various cities and provinces in China, to provide policy recommendations for the state to formulate relevant policies. Methods: Using Theil index method to measure the provincial disparity of health resources allocation and analyze the relevant data about regional health resources in 31 provinces from 2003 to 2011 in China. Results: Chinese medical and health technical personnel are seriously uneven distributed; the number of health technical personnel in big cities such as Beijing is denser than that in western areas like Guizhou. At the same time, the medical treatment level between urban and rural residents also exist serious inequality, urban residents have higher spending levels than rural residents. Conclusion:The state is recommended to adopt measures to encourage more medical technical talents to work in western underdeveloped region. At the same time, the state should improve the medical level of rural residents by improving the rural medical insurance reimbursement ratio and other measures.
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Objective To assess the equity of health resources configuration in Zhejiang,and provide references for regional health planning.Methods The Lorenz curve,Gini coefficient and Theil index were used to calculate and analyze.Results The Gini coefficient in 2009-2011 calculated by population density was between 0.330～0.343,which meant comparatively rational.The main reason of inequity configuration for hospital beds and nurses was inter-regional difference.Conclusion The Theil index could remedy the disadvantage that Gini coefficient could not reflex the total inequity was brought up by inter-regional or intra-regional difference.The health resource configuration should based on population health need and health service demand.
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Objective To analyze the equity of the allocation of the health human resources in Chongqing from 1997 to 2012 , and to provide the basic information for regional health planning .Methods The statistical description ,Gini Coefficient and Theil in-dex are used to analyze the previous allocation and trends of the health human resources and the equity in Chongqing during the 16 years based on the distribution of demography and geography .Results The number of the health human resources grew rapidly from 1997 to 2012 .The Gini coefficients of health professionals and medical practitioners (and assistants) are under 0 .3 based on the distribution of demography ,while registered nurses′are fluctuation in 0 .4 .However ,from the distribution of geography ,the Gi-ni coefficient of health professionals ,medical practitioners (and assistants) and registered nurses are above 0 .5 .The Gini coefficient of the one hour economic circle is higher than two wings areas .The trends about the totle Theil index are consistent with the Gini coefficient .Based on the distribution of demography ,the Theil index between regions is higher than the one within the region .On the contrary ,the Theil index between regions is below the one within the region by the geographic distribution .Conclusion Com-pared to the national ,less total health human resources are reserved in Chongqing .Distribution by demographics about health human resources are more equitably than the one by geographic distribution .The variances between the economic circles contribute more to the total Theil index than those within the economic circles .The government′s leading role should be strengthen ,and enhancing the regional health planning .
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Objective: To analyze the regional differences of the health resource allocation in Guangdong Province from 2002 to 2011, and provide the scientific basis for regional health planning and health resource allocation optimizing. Methods: The Theil Index was used to analyze the regional differences of the health resource allocation in Guangdong Province. Results: The health resource per capital is consistent with the national level, while differences existed in different areas, and the gap of the differences has been broaden during this period. Conclusions: The differences are caused by the difference distribution of material resources, human resources, the faulty of system and mechanism. Therefore, the hygienic resources disposition should be balanced establish reasonable mechanism to improve the equity of health human resources, strengthen the community health service as a breakthrough during the health system reform, and promote the equal access to basic medical and health services to narrow the gap of the regional differences and promote the equity of health resource allocation.
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Objetivos: identificar factores de concentración social en la carga de morbilidad por hipertensión, diabetes tipo 2, hábito de fumar y enfermedades del corazón, y su descomponibilidad con respecto al contexto; confirmar la existencia de dimensiones no explícitas en relación con las cuales hay diferencias que se manifiestan en los factores de riesgo y en las enfermedades consecuentes de la aterosclerosis. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal en 840 familias pertenecientes a 12 consultorios del médico y la enfermera de la familia. Se utilizaron indicadores objetivos de la condición socioeconómica y un indicador subjetivo basado en la percepción individual. A escala de la vivienda se calcularon densidades de morbilidad. Resultados: la desigualdad es principalmente dentro de las poblaciones atendidas por los consultorios y no entre ellos. La concentración de la carga de morbilidad es baja con respecto a indicadores objetivos y ligeramente alta con respecto a un indicador subjetivo de la condición socioeconómica. Conclusiones: hay bajos niveles de covariación entre la dimensión socioeconómica y la dimensión salud. Se identifica una subpoblación con cargas elevadas de morbilidad, que presenta también una configuración singular de los indicadores socioeconómicos
Objectives: to identify social concentration factors in the burden of morbidity for hypertension, type II diabetes, smoking and heart diseases, and their contextual decomposability; and to confirm the existence of latent dimensions across which there are differences in the distribution of risk factors and atherosclerosis-related diseases. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted in 840 families from 12 family doctor's offices. Some objective indicators of the socioeconomic condition as well as one subjective indicator based on self-assessed economic situation were used. At the household level, several indicators of morbidity density were also measured. Results: total inequality mainly occurs within the populations cared for by the family doctor's offices and not among them. The concentration of the morbidity burden is low with respect to objective indicators, and slightly high with respect to the subjective indicator based on self-assessed economic condition. Conclusions: the levels of co-variation between the socioeconomic and the health dimensions are low. A population segment with high levels of morbidity and singular configuration of the socioeconomic indicators was identified
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Cluster Analysis , Diabetes Mellitus , Hypertension , Socioeconomic SurveyABSTRACT
Objective Analyzing the regional distribution discrepancy of medical and health resources in China,with the purpose of providing the government with policy making evidences for optimizing medical and health resource allocation.Results Dividing China into three regions based on regional economic development and geographic setting,and selecting 6 indicators for medical and health resources.On the basis of the statistics of 31 provinces released by the state in 2009,analyzing the interprovincial disparities of the distribution of these six resources,by means of the coefficient of variation,Gini coefficient and Theil index.Methods The largest inter-regional allocation disparity is found in the number of biopharmaceutical manufacturing companies per ten thousand population.And the smallest discrepancy is found in the number of hospital beds among these regions.The top two extreme differences of resource possession per ten thousand population between the maximum and the minmum region are the number of biopharmaceutical manufacturing companies and tertiary hospitals.The eastern region is the largest contributor to the discrepancy of allocation for the six resources within and between regions.The less developed regions contribute the most inter-regional discrepancy for the allocation of medical practitioners(their assistants included),hospital beds,tertiary hospitals and pharmaceutical companies.And the developed regions contribute the most inter-regional discrepancy of medical finance support from local governments and the most of the allocation of biopharmaceutical manufacturing companies.In general,regions of higher development enjoy greater possession of the SIX resources per population in such regions. But these two are not always in direct proportion. Condnsion Regional distribution disparity of the six resources is not yetreasonable in China.To better meet the health needs of the population in various regions,the government is expected to increase its financial support for building biopharmaceutical manufacturing companies and tertiary hospitals in the less developed western regions,to better use resources of developed regions,and to keep off investments at low level and repetition.The government is also recommended to pay attention to the proportion of government health finance output and the quality and quantity of medical practitioners.
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El artículo trata del problema de la medición de las desigualdades sociales en relación con la salud. En tal sentido, pasa revista general a los indicadores más usados, sus ventajs y desventajas y formula una innovación al cálculo del índice relativo de desigualdad. Dedica atención especial a los índices de falta de proporcionalidad, y en particular a los que se basan en la noción de entropía. Examina su fundamento, propiedades y ventajas. Demuestra la propiedad de invariancia y se sirve de ejemplos reales o simulados para ilustrar la propiedad de descomponibilidad, que constituye el principal atributo de estos índices.
The article dealt with the measurement of social inequalities in health. In this regard, it reviewed both the most used indicators, their advantages and disadvantages and an innovative calculation of the relative inequality index. Special attention was paid to lack of proportionality indexes, especially those rooted in the notion of entrophy, by examining the substantation, properties and advantages. This article also showed the property of invariance and used real or simulated examples to illustrate the property of breaking down that constitutes the main attribute of these indexes.