Caloric energy, biomass and structure of aquatic macroinvertebrates in the Reservoir La Nitrera, Concordia, Antioquia, Colombia / Energía calórica, biomasa y estructura de los macroinvertebrados acuáticos en la reserva la nitrera, concordia, antioquia, colombia

RESUMEN El embalse La Nitrera se encuentra localizado a 2140 m.s.n.m. en el municipio de Concordia, departamento de Antioquia (Colombia) y es la única fuente de abastecimiento de agua del municipio. La operación de un embalse sobre un sistema lótico afecta la estructura y ensamblaje de sus ecosistemas acuáticos. Esta investigación tuvo como propósito analizar la distribución de la biomasa de los macroinvertebrados acuáticos antes y después del embalse, con el fin de determinar el impacto de este sobre las comunidades hidrobiológicas. Para tal fin, se analizaron las variables hidrobiológicas en época seca, de lluvia y en diferentes periodos de transición entre el año 2016 y 2017. Se investigaron cuatro estaciones de monitoreo, realizando la determinación, conteo y definiendo el rol trófico de los macroinvertebrados acuáticos, además de un análisis termogravimétrico (TGA) de la biomasa. Con la información obtenida, se construyó un modelo trófico y se calculó la pérdida de energía calórica disponible de la biomasa (TGA). Los resultados evidenciaron que las comunidades de macroinvertebrados acuáticos presentan una modularidad similar entre ellas en las estaciones antes del embalse, y una modularidad diferente en la estación después del embalse. A través del índice de modularidad (modelo Ghepi) y el análisis TGA, se logró establecer que el embalse altera la cadena trófica de las comunidades de macroinvertebrados acuáticos.

ABSTRACT The reservoir La Nitrera is located at 2140 m.a.s.l. in Concordia's town, in the Antioquia's department (Colombia) and is the only source of water supply in the municipality. The operation of a reservoir on a lotic system generates affectations in the structure and assembly of aquatic ecosystems. The purpose of this research was to analyze the distribution of biomass of aquatic macroinvertebrates before and after of the reservoir to determine the impact of it on the hydrobiological communities. For this purpose, the hydrobiological variables were analyzed in dry season, rain season and in different periods of transition between 2016 and 2017 in four monitoring stations, making the determination, counting and defining the trophic role of aquatic macroinvertebrates, in addition to a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the biomass. With the obtained information, a trophic model and an analysis of the loss of the available caloric energy of the biomass (TGA) was made. The results showed that the communities of aquatic macroinvertebrates had a similar modularity between them in the stations before the reservoir and different modularity in the station after the reservoir. Through the modularity index (Ghepi model) and the TGA analysis, it could be established that the reservoir generates an alteration in the trophic chain of aquatic macroinvertebrate communities.

TGA/Chemometrics addressing innovative preparation strategies for functionalized carbon nanotubes / 药物分析学报

In this work, functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using two polyamine polymers, polyethyleneimine (PEI) and polyamidoamine dendrimer (PAMAM), were investigated by thermal analysis in order to address preparation strategies to obtain low cytotoxic compounds with the ability to conjugate micro-RNAs and, at the same time, to transfect efficiently endothelial cells. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was coupled to chemometrics as a novel analytical strategy to characterize functionalized CNTs from different preparation conditions. In particular, two starting materials were considered:very small CNTs and carboxylated CNTs (CNT-COOH) in order to examine the affinity with polymers. Chemometrics permitted to compare results from TGA and to investigate the effect of a number of factors affecting the synthesis of coated nanotubes including a different amount of involved polymer and the time required for the suspension for a satisfactory and reproducible preparation procedure. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of TGA as a tool able to address synthesis of coated CNTs to be employed as efficient drug delivery vectors in biomedical applications.

Tacinga inamoena vegetal drug characterization using phytochemistry, pharmacopoeial methods and thermoanalytical techniques

Tacinga inamoena (K. Schum.) N.P. Taylor & Stuppy, also known as quipá, is a native cactus of the Caatinga used in traditional medicine to treat urethral infections and inflammation. This study aimed to determine the physicochemical characteristics of vegetal drug obtained from the roots of T. inamoena. Analytical techniques and phytochemical tests were used, such as thermal analysis, qualitative and semiquantitative determination of secondary metabolites and spectroscopy at the infrared region. The powder of the vegetal drug met the parameters established by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia, except for compressibility, which was low. On the thermogravimetric curve, three events related to the mass loss were verified, which correlate with the vegetal drug quality control and play a part in their standardization. The qualitative screening suggested the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenes. The infrared spectrum reinforced the presence of hydroxyl, carbonyl, and ether groups. In the semiquantitative screening, a concentration for total polyphenols of 65 mg equivalent to gallic acid g-1 to the crude ethanol extract (CEE) was obtained. On the correlation of flavonoid content to seasonality, a concentration was obtained of 3.3 mg equivalent to quercetin g-1 to the CEE obtained during the drought period and of 10.6 mg equivalent to quercetin g-1 to the CCE obtained during the rainy season. In T. inamoena, the presence of important classes of secondary metabolites, which are associated with the pharmacognostic characterization, aids the authentication and quality control of vegetal drugs of importance in traditional Brazilian medicine.

Thermal and chemical characterization of Dicksonia sellowiana extract by means of thermal analysis

Abstract Dicksonia sellowiana Hook., Dicksoniaceae, is a tree-fern which is being recently used in medicine mainly for its phytotherapic activities. While several other studies have focused on D. sellowiana extract characterization in terms of its biological and antioxidant activity, the novelty of this work aims to understand the fate of this extract during thermal disposal through thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetry/mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis, to further characterize this plant's extract. Thermal analysis revealed mass loss within three well-defined steps, with the respective mass signals represented generated during heating. Light-volatiles were released during the first step, with release of NO2, CO2, and ethanol in the following, as a result of extract pyrolytic decomposition. Furthermore, mass signals variation during heating indicated the release of harmless by products in contrast to other pharmaceutical and personal care products. Finally, chemical characterization confirmed the observed under thermal analysis suggesting a highly polar structure within extract's composition.

Quality parameters and thermogravimetric and oxidative profile of Muruci oil ( Byrsonima crassifolia L.) obtained by supercritical CO2

Abstract These researches aimed determine the quality parameters, the nutritional profile, and the thermogravimetric and oxidative behavior of Muruci (Byrsonima crassifolia L .) oil obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction. The results showed an average oil yield of 5.50%. The acidity and peroxide values show good quality and conservation standards, according to the Brazilian legislation. The fatty acid profile indicates a predominance of unsaturated fatty acids with levels above 60%, highlighting the presence of fatty acids omega-6 and omega-9. The thermogravimetric curves showed oil stability at temperatures around 200 °C and exothermic peaks characteristic of mass loss close to 250 °C. The data of oxidative induction time determined by the Rancimat method showed thermal oxidative stability of 20.85 h for the oil obtained. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic profile evidenced chemical compounds with predominantly unsaturated structures, confirming its fatty acid profile. Based on the results of the oil analysis, it is possible to recognize the potential of this species in terms of nutritional, functional, and thermo-oxidative stability aspects.

Preparation of PEGylated graphene oxide nanoparticles loaded with oridonin and its inhibitory effects on human colon cancer / 中草药

Objective To prepare PEGylated graphene oxide nanoparticles (GO-PEG-NPs) loaded with oridonin (ORI) and investigate its inhibitory effect on human colon cancer. Methods 4-armed PEG was grafted onto GO via an amidation process and GO-PEG was characterized by IR and TGA. Then, ORI, a widely used cancer chemotherapy drug, was absorbed onto GO-PEG via blending. The encapsulation efficiency and drug loading ratio were measured by UV. The cytotoxicity of ORI-GO-PEG, GO-PEG, and free ORI on SW620 and HT29 human colon cancer cells were evaluated using MTT assay. In vivo anti-tumor activity of ORI-GO-PEG-NPs were evaluated in mice bearing SW620 tumor. Results IR and TGA data indicated that 4-armed PEG was successfully coupled with GO and UV data showed that the encapsulation efficiency and drug loading ratio were 95.81% and 48.92%, respectively. Moreover, ORI-GO-PEG-NPs showed good stability in physiological condition. The results of cytotoxicity test indicated that compared to free ORI, the ORI-GO-PEG-NPs exhibited higher cytotoxicity in SW620 and HT29 cells. Meanwhile, it was confirmed that ORI-GO-PEG- NPs could significantly inhibit the growth of SW620 tumor in vivo compared with ORI. Conclusion The obtained ORI-GO-PEG-NPs displayed excellent drug-loading capacity and better tumor inhibitory effect. These results provided the experimental basis for development of anticancer drug delivery system.

Processing of calamine with modern analytical techniques: Processed with Huanglian Decoction () and Sanhuang Decoction () / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the pyrolysis characteristics of calcined and processed calamine, qualitatively and quantitatively compare the contents of related elements, morphology and functional groups of the pyrolysis products dried at different heating temperatures and explore the critical temperature and the optimal drying temperature for the process of calamine with Huanglian Decoction (HLD, ) and San Huang Decoction (SHD, ).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Pyrolysis products were prepared by programmable and constantly heating the calcined and processed calamine to or at different heating temperatures. Thermogravimetry (TG) was used to test their pyrolysis characteristics. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopeenergy dispersive spectrometer were used to determine their morphology, functional groups and element contents. Page model was used to investigate the constant drying kinetics of processed calamine.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The adding of HLD or SHD to calcined calamine (CC) can slow its weight loss in drying pyrolysis process. The temperature ranges where HLD and SHD can affect its weight loss were 65-150 °C and 74-180 °C, respectively. The drying temperature was optimized as 90 °C. The drying kinetic for the processed calamine fits Page model shows good linearity.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Conclusions: The critical temperature and the optimal drying temperature where HLD and SHD can affect the weight loss rate in the process of calamine were explored using the theories and methods of both biophysical chemistry and processing of Chinese materia medica. This work provides a good example for the study of the process of other Chinese medicines using modern analytical techniques.</p>

Análise termogravimétrica da cartilagem articular de ratos exercitados após imobilização / Thermogravimetric analysis of articular cartilage of exercised rats after immobilization / Análisis termogravimétrico del cartílago articular de ratones ejercitados después de inmovilización

INTRODUÇÃO: A imobilização articular é uma técnica de tratamento frequentemente utilizada na ortopedia e, associada ao processo de senescência, promove alterações tanto na estrutura quanto na síntese e biomecânica do tecido cartilaginoso. OBJETIVO: Descrever os efeitos da imobilização, da remobilização livre e por meio de exercício físico sobre a cartilagem articular de ratos situados em duas faixas etárias. MÉTODOS: Trinta e nove ratos Wistar divididos em dois grupos etários, um grupo adulto (cinco meses de idade) e um idoso (15 meses de idade), subdivididos em: controle, imobilizado, remobilizado livre e remobilizado por meio de exercício físico. Os membros posteriores dos ratos foram imobilizados por sete dias. O protocolo de exercícios foi composto por cinco sessões diárias de natação, de 25 minutos cada. A cartilagem articular do quadril foi submetida à análise termogravimétrica, tendo sido avaliado seu conteúdo de água. RESULTADOS: Nos animais adultos a imobilização reduziu a quantidade de água presente no tecido cartilaginoso, e os protocolos de remobilização foram eficazes para restabelecer a condição inicial do tecido. Nos animais idosos não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos, porém o grupo idoso controle obteve resultado significantemente menor que o grupo adulto controle (X: 13,10 ± 5,24 vs 10,70 ± 1,95). CONCLUSÕES: A imobilização e o processo de senescência induzem a diminuição do conteúdo de água da cartilagem articular e os protocolos de remobilização foram eficientes para restabelecer esta propriedade apenas nos animais adultos. .

INTRODUCTION: Joint immobilization is a technique often used in orthopedic treatment and, associated with the aging process, promotes changes in both the structure and synthesis and biomechanics of cartilage tissue. OBJECTIVE: To describe the effects of immobilization, free remobilization and remobilization by physical exercise over articular cartilage of rats of two age groups. METHODS: Thirty nine Wistar rats divided into two groups according to age, an adult group (five months old) and an elderly group (15 months old), and subdivided into: control, immobilized, free remobilized and remobilized by physical exercise. The pelvic limb of rats was immobilized for seven days. The exercise protocol consisted of 25 minutes swimming sessions, five sessions per day. The hip articular cartilage was subjected to thermogravimetric analysis, and the water content was evaluated. RESULTS: In adult animals immobilization reduced the water content of the articular cartilage, and the remobilization protocols were effective to restore the initial condition of the tissue. In elderly animals there were not significant differences among the groups, however the elderly control group obtained results significantly lower than the adult control group (X: 13.10 ± 5.24 vs 10.70 ± 1.95). CONCLUSIONS: Immobilization and the senescence process induce the decrease of water content of articular cartilage and remobilization protocols were effective to restoring this property only in adult animals. .

INTRODUCCIÓN: La inmovilización articular es una técnica de tratamiento frecuentemente utilizada en ortopedia y asociada al proceso de senescencia, que promueve alteraciones tanto en la estructura como en la síntesis y la biomecánica del tejido cartilaginoso. OBJETIVO: Describir los efectos de la inmovilización, de la removilización libre y mediante el ejercicio físico sobre el cartílago articular de ratones de dos grupos de edad. MÉTODOS: Treinta y nueve ratones Wistar divididos en dos grupos de edad, un grupo adulto (cinco meses) y un grupo anciano (15 meses), y subdividos en control, inmovilizado, removilizado libre y removilizado a través de ejercicio físico. Los miembros posteriores de los ratones fueron inmovilizados durante un período de siete días. El protocolo de ejercicios fue compuesto por cinco sesiones diarias de natación, de 25 minutos cada una. El cartílago articular de la cadera fue sometido a análisis termogravimétrico, siendo evaluado su contenido de agua. RESULTADOS: En los animales adultos la inmovilización redujo la cantidad de agua presente en el tejido cartilaginoso, y los protocolos de removilización fueron eficaces para restablecer la condición inicial del tejido. En los animales ancianos no hubo diferencia significativa entre los grupos, aunque el grupo anciano control obtuvo resultado significativamente menor que el grupo adulto control (X: 13,10 ± 5,24 vs 10,70 ± 1,95). CONCLUSIONES: La inmovilización y el proceso de senescencia inducen la disminución en el contenido de agua de cartílago articular y los protocolos de removilización fueron eficientes para restablecer esta propiedad sólo en los animales adultos. .

Identificación de dos formas polimórficas cristalinas de clopidogrel bisulfato en materia prima farmacéutica / Identification of two polymorphic forms of clopidogrel bisulphate crystal in pharmaceutical raw materials

Introducción: el clopidogrel bisulfato existe en numerosas formas cristalinas, que varían en su estabilidad fisicoquímica, por lo que algunas de estas formas, patentadas o no, son útiles en la fabricación de medicamentos. Objetivo: identificar las formas cristalinas existentes en dos muestras de clopidogrel bisulfato materia prima comercializadas para la fabricación de medicamentos y el estado de pureza de ambas muestras. Métodos: las muestras de materia prima se obtuvieron de una industria nacional. Se examinaron mediante técnicas analíticas avanzadas como difracción de rayos X, calorimetría diferencial de barrido, termogravimetría y espectroscopia infrarroja. Se compararon los valores encontrados con los del estado del arte reconocidos en la literatura revisada para el clopidogrel bisulfato materias primas y tomados como referencia. Resultados: se obtuvieron los difractogramas, termogramas y espectros de absorción correspondientes a las muestras analizadas. Se utilizó el software TA Universal Analysis para obtener el porcentaje de descomposición, punto de fusión y picos identificadores en las muestras. Conclusiones: la muestra 1 contiene la forma cristalina I del bisulfato de clopidogrel, que no es pura ya que existe una banda característica de la presencia de contaminación con la forma cristalina II. La muestra 2 corresponde a la forma cristalina II del producto en forma pura(AU)

Introduction: clopidogrel bisulphate exists in many crystalline forms that vary in their physicochemical stability: some of these forms either patented or not are useful in the drug production. Objective: to identify the existing crystalline forms in two samples of Clopidogrel bisufhate raw material for the drug and the purity index of both samples. Methods: the raw material samples were taken from a domestic industry. They were tested through advanced analytical techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray scattering pattern, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The final values were then compared with the well-established state-of-the-art values found in the reviewed literature for the clopidrogrel bisulfate raw materials and accepted as reference. Results: the physicochemical parameters were obtained from the absorption spectra, thermograms and diffractograms. The TA Universal Analysis software yielded the percentage of decomposition, the melting points and the peak identifiers in the samples. Conclusions: its was concluded that the sample 1 contained the crystal form I of the Clopridogrel bisulfate that is not a pure one since there is a characteristic band indicating contamination with the crystalline form II. The sample 2 had the pure crystalline form II of the product(AU)

Pyrolysis characteristics of radix rhizoma rhei, cortex moudan radicis, and radix sanguisorbae and correlations with the carbonizing process of Chinese herbs / 中国天然药物

AIM@#The aim of the work is to study the pyrolysis characteristics of radix rhizoma rhei, cortex moudan radicis, and radix sanguisorbae in an inert atmosphere of argon (Ar), and to investigate the mechanism of the carbonizing process of the three traditional Chinese herbs.@*METHODS@#The pyrolysis characteristics of the crude materials and their extracts were studied by thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry (TG-MS) in a carrier gas of argon, coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods. Correlation of the pyrolysis behaviors with the carbonizing process by stir-frying of traditional Chinese medicines was made.@*RESULTS@#Within the temperature range of 200-300 °C, which is the testing range for the study of the carbonizing process of Chinese herbs, the temperatures indicated by the maximum weight loss rate peak of the above three extracts were taken as the upper-limit temperatures of the carbonizing process of the herbs, and which were 200, 240 and 247 °C for radix rhizoma rhei, cortex moudan radicis, and radix Sanguisorbae, respectively. The ion monitoring signal peaks detected by the TG-MS method corresponded with reports that the level of chemical components of traditional Chinese medicinal materials would decrease after the carbonizing process. It was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods that better results of "medicinal property preservation" could be obtained by heating at 200 °C for radix rhizoma rhei, at about 250 °C for cortex moudan radicis, and radix sanguisorbae, as the relative intensity values of the common peaks were among the middle of their three carbonized samples by programmed heating.@*CONCLUSION@#The upper-limit temperatures of the carbonizing process for radix rhizoma rhei, cortex moudan radicis and radix sanguisorbae were 200, 240 and 247 °C respectively. It is feasible to research the mechanism and technology of the carbonizing process of traditional Chinese medicinal materials using thermogravimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy methods.

Physico-chemical and structural characterization of mucilage isolated from seeds of Diospyros melonoxylon Roxb

Mucilage was isolated from the seeds of Diospyros melonoxylon Roxb., a plant growing naturally in the forests of India. Various physico-chemical methods like particle analysis, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetry analysis, molecular weight by gel permeation chromatography, rheometry, elemental analysis, x-ray diffraction spectrometry, zeta potential, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1D(1H and 13C) (NMR) have been employed to characterize this gum in the present study. Particle analyses suggest that mucilage had particle size in nanometer. SEM analysis suggested that the mucilage had irregular particle size. The glass transition temperature of the gum observed was 78 °C and 74 °C by DSC and DTA respectively. The Thermogravimetry analysis suggested that mucilage had good thermal stability with two stage decomposition. The molecular weight of mucilage was determined to be 8760, by gel permeation chromatography, while the viscosity of mucilage was observed to be 219.1 cP. The XRD pattern of the mucilage indicated a complete amorphous nature. Elemental analysis of the gum revealed specific contents of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur. The major functional groups identified from FT-IR spectrum include 3441 cm-1 (-OH), 1632 cm-1 (-COO-), 1414 cm-1 (-COO-) and 1219 cm-1 (-CH3CO). Analysis of mucilage by paper chromatography and 1D NMR indicated the presence of sugars.

Mucilagem foi isolada de sementes de Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb, uma planta que cresce naturalmente nas florestas da Índia. Vários métodos físico-químicos, como análise de partículas, microscopia electrônica, calorimetria diferencial de varredura, análise térmica diferencial, análise termogravimétrica, massa molecular por cromatografia de permeação em gel, viscosidade, análise elementar, espectrometria de difração de raios-x, potencial zeta, espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier, 1D (1H e 13C) (NMR) foram utilizados no presente estudo para caracterizar essa goma. A análise de partículas sugere que a mucilagem tem tamanho de partícula em nm. A análise SEM sugere que a mucilagem tem tamanho de partícula irregular. Observou-se temperatura de transição vítrea da goma de 78 °C e 74 °C por DSC e DTA, respectivamente. A análise termogravimétrica sugeriu que a mucilagem possuía boa estabilidade térmica, com duas fases de decomposição. A massa molecular da mucilagem foi 8760, por meio de cromatografia de permeação em gel, enquanto que a viscosidade foi 219,1 cP. O padrão de DRX da mucilagem indicou natureza completamente amorfa. Os principais grupos funcionais identificados a partir do espectro de FT-IR foram: 3441 cm-1 (-OH), 1632 cm-1 (-COO-), 1414 cm-1 (-COO-) e 1.219 cm-1 (CH3CO-). As análises de mucilagem por cromatografia em papel e 1D RMN indicaram a presença de açúcares.

Caracterização físico-química da mucilagem de inhame liofilizada / Physical and chemical characteristics of the mucilage of lyophilized yam

A mucilagem do inhame desempenha papel de interesse na indústria de alimentos em razão das suas propriedades como espessante, estabilizante e emulsificante. Neste estudo, objetivou-se caracterizar a mucilagem liofilizada do inhame por meio de análises físicas, químicas e reológicas. Foram determinados a composição centesimal, valor calórico, pH, acidez, sais minerais, vitamina C, açúcares totais, polifenóis, pectinametilesterase, poligalacturonase, termogravimétrica, análise térmica diferencial, calorimetria diferencial de varredura, espectroscopia infravermelho e viscosidade aparente. A mucilagem de inhame liofilizada apresentou elevados teores de proteína bruta e fibra alimentar e baixos teores de fração glicídica e de valor calórico. Quanto à análise termogravimétrica a mucilagem de inhame demonstrou maior perda de massa cerca de 60 por cento à temperatura média de 200º C, o que inviabiliza o seu uso acima desta temperatura.

The mucilage of yam is of interest in the food industry due to its properties as a thickener, stabilizer and emulsifier. The aim of this study was to characterize the freeze-dried mucilage of yam through physical analysis, chemical and rheological properties. The study measured the proximate composition, caloric value, pH, acidity, minerals, vitamin C, sugars, polyphenols, pectin methylesterase, polygalacturonase, thermogravimetric, differential thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, infrared spectroscopy and viscosity. The lyophilized yam mucilage showed high levels of crude protein and dietary fiber content and low fraction of glucose and calories. A thermogravimetric analysis mucilage of the yam showed a higher weight loss (about 60 percent) at an average temperature of 200º C, thus precluding their use above this temperature.

Compatibilidad química por calorimetría diferencial de barrido y termogravimetría del auranofin tabletas 3 mg / Chemical compatibility of 3 mg Auranofin tablets demonstrated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry

Como parte de la pre-estabilidad de la preformulación de auranofin tabletas, se realizó un estudio de compatibilidad química, para lo cual se emplearon técnicas de análisis térmico como la calorimetría diferencial de barrido y la termogravimetría. Previo a dichos estudios se caracterizó térmicamente por calorimetría diferencial de barrido el principio activo y cada uno de los excipientes. Posteriormente se procedió a la realización del estudio de compatibilidad química, mediante la preparación de mezclas físicas binarias entre el principio activo y cada uno de los excipientes. Se detectó por ambos métodos que el principio activo tuvo una transición física de fusión, no reportada en la literatura, lo que permitió poder calcular su pureza por calorimetría diferencial de barrido. Mediante la técnica calorimétrica fue posible inferir la ausencia de incompatibilidad química entre el principio activo y los excipientes estudiados. Además, mediante el cálculo de la energía de activación se estableció el siguiente orden de estabilidad térmica: auranofin:PVP> auranofin:lactosa> auranofin:explotab> auranofin:estearato> auranofin:aerosil> auranofin:celulosa, por lo que se recomienda el uso de estos excipientes en la elaboración de la formulación farmacéutica

As part of the pre-stability study of the Auranofin tablet pre-formulation, a chemical compatibility study was conducted using thermal analysis techniques such as the differential scanning calorimetry and the thermogravimetry. Prior to these studies, the active principle and each of the excipients were thermally characterized with the aid of the differential scanning calorimetry. Then, there proceeded to carry out the chemical compatibility study by preparing binary physical mixtures between the active principle and each of the excipients. Both methods showed that the active principle had a melting physical transition, not reported in the literature, which allowed calculating its purity aided by the differential scanning calorimetry. It was possible to infer from the calorimetry technique that there was not chemical incompatibility between the active principle and the studied excipients. By means of the activation energy estimation, the following order of thermal stability was set: Auranofin:PVP> Auranofin: lactose> Auranofin:explotab> Auranofin:estearate> Auranofin:aerosil> Auranofin:celullose. The use of these excipients was recommended for the preparation of the pharmaceutical formulation

Análise termogravimétrica do óleo essencial de pimenta longa (Piper hispidinervium C DC) / Thermogravimetric analysis of long pepper (Piper hispidinervium C DC) essential oil

A pimenta longa (Piper hispidinervium C. DC.) é um arbusto originário da região amazônica, cujo óleo essencial é rico em safrol. O óleo essencial da pimenta longa é comercializado in natura, o que faz o processamento para a obtenção do safrol elemento fundamental de investigação científica e tecnológica. Uma importante etapa para a obtenção do safrol é a definição da estratégia da sua separação do óleo essencial a partir, por exemplo, da destilação. Neste caso, torna-se essencial o conhecimento de parâmetros termodinâmicos, tais como energia de ativação e calor latente de vaporização. Neste trabalho é utilizada a técnica termogravimétrica para a obtenção dos valores da energia de ativação e calor latente de vaporização do óleo essencial de P. hispidinervium. O processo de evaporação do óleo essencial obedece à cinética de ordem zero, resultando para a energia de ativação e calor latente de vaporização os valores 42,11 kJ.mol-1 e 43,73 kJ.mol-1, respectivamente.

Long pepper (Piper hispidinervium C. DC.) is a shrub found in the Amazon region, which supplies an essential oil rich in safrole. Normally, long pepper essential oil is commercialized in natura, which makes its processing a fundamental step in scientific and technological investigation. An important step of safrole commercialization is the separation of essential oil by, for example, a distillation process. In such a case it is important to know some thermodynamics parameters, such as energy of activation and enthalpy of vaporization. The present study was aimed at applying the kinetic of zero order evaporation process for the essential oil of P. hispidinervum by thermogravimetric analysis. The thermal analysis data were utilized to determine the energy of activation and enthalpy of vaporization, which resulted in the values 41.11 kJ.mol-1 and 43.73 kJ.mol-1, respectively.

Estudios organolépticos, fisicoquímicos, microbiológicos e interacción con excipientes farmacéuticos de un extracto purificado de cera de Apis mellifera / Organoleptic, physicochemical and microbiological studies and its interaction with pharmaceutical excipients of a purified extract from Apis mellifera wax

El D-002, ingrediente activo antioxidante extraído de la cera de abejas Apis mellifera, fue caracterizado desde el punto de vista físicoquímico, de igual forma se analizó su interacción con excipientes de interés farmacéutico. El D-002 es un polvo fluido inodoro de color blanco a crema, con pérdidas por secado £ 1 por ciento; es insoluble en agua y etanol, y muy ligeramente soluble en otros disolventes orgánicos. Su composición, determinada por cromatografía de gases, fue: 1-tetracosanol (6-15 por ciento), 1-hexacosanol (7-20 por ciento), 1-octacosanol (12-20 por ciento), 1-triacontanol (25-35 por ciento) 1-dotriacontanol (18-25 por ciento) y 1-tetratriacontanol (£ 7,5 por ciento), para una pureza ³ 85 por ciento. Fue estable durante 5 años en la zona climática IV y su análisis por calorimetría diferencial de barrido mostró 2 transiciones de fusión a 59,0 y 81,1 ºC sin descomposición, una alta estabilidad térmica hasta 200 ºC, así como la ausencia de interacciones con lactosa, almidón, croscarmelosa sódica, polivinil pirrolidona, celulosa microcristalina y estearato de magnesio, lo que posibilita el empleo de estos excipientes en la formulación de las tabletas

The D002, an antioxidant active ingredient extracted from the Apis mellifera bees wax was characterized from the physicochemical point of view analyzing its interaction with excipients of pharmaceutical interest. The D-002 is a creamy white odourless fluid powder with losses by £ 1 percent dry; it is water and ethanol insoluble and very slightly soluble in other organic solvents. Its composition, determined by gas chromatography was: 1-tetracosanol (6-15 percent), 1-hexacosanol (7-20 percent), 1-octacosanol (12-20 percent), 1-triacontanol (25-35 percent, 1-dotriacontanol (18-25 percent) and 1-tetratriacontaol (£ 7,5 percent) for ³ 85 percent of purity. It remained stable during 5 years in the IV climatic zone and its analysis by differential scanning calorimetry showed 2 fusion transitions at 59,0 and 81,1 ºC. without decomposition, a high thermal stability up to 200 ºC, as well as a lack of interactions with lactose, starch, sodium croscarmelosa, polyvinylpyrrolidone, microcrystalline cellulose, and magnesium stearate allowing the use of these excipients in tablets formula

Thermal and spectroscopic analyses on the molecular interaction between eucalyptus kraft pulp components and offset printing inks

Thermal and infrared spectroscopic analyzes were carried out in order to study the kind of interaction between the anatomical components of the bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp with offset inks. A Bauer-McNett fiber classifier was used in order to obtain the anatomical components of the pulp, separately. The determinations of the enthalpy of the processes occurring in the samples of inks and pulp, as well as the enthalpy of these components interactions were obtained by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. In the interaction between pulp and offset ink, the reduced enthalpy values of the endothermic peak were interpreted as due to the released energy for adhesion of the ink pigment to the substratum. The low enthalpy value, 58 to 121 cal.g -, ¹indicated that the settling of the ink occurs by physical interactions. The pulp fraction enriched with vessel elements caused a higher energy release during the adherence of the pigment into the pulp.

O conhecimento técnico-científico das interações que ocorrem no processo de impressão offset é escasso, embora várias observações mostrem sua importância. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar por análises térmicas e espectroscópicas, na região 1do infravermelho, o tipo de interação dos componentes anatômicos da polpa branqueada kraft de eucalipto com tintas de impressão offset. Foi utilizado um classificador de fibras Bauer-McNett com o intuito de se obter os componentes anatômicos da polpa separadamente. As determinações da entalpia dos processos que ocorrem com as amostras de tintas, polpa e também a entalpia de interação destes componentes foram obtidas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura. Na interação entre polpa e tinta offset, a redução dos valores de entalpia do pico endotérmico foi interpretada como sendo devida à liberação de energia para a adesão do pigmento da tinta ao substrato. Os baixos valores de entalpia (58 a 121 cal.g-1) indicam que o assentamento da tinta ocorre por meio de interações físicas A fração de polpa enriquecida com elementos de vasos acarreta uma maior liberação de energia, durante a aderência do pigmento na polpa.

Análise térmica aplicada à cosmetologia / Thermal analysis applied to cosmetology

Este artigo apresenta a análise térmica para os estudos das propriedades físicas e químicas de compostos e de suas misturas no contexto da área de cosméticos. Os autores relatam alguns trabalhos da literatura em que diferentes técnicas termoanalíticas são usadas na caracterização de matérias-primas, produtos cosméticos e amostras de cabelo.

This paper presents the thermal analysis for the studies of the physical and chemical properties of compounds and their mixtures in the cosmetic area. The authors relate some papers in wich different thermoanalytic techniques have been used for characterization of raw material, cosmetic product and samples of hair.

Fracionamento químico da matéria orgânica e características de ácidos húmicos de solos com horizonte a antrópico da amazônia (Terra Preta) / Chemical fractionation of organic matter and humic acid characteristic in anthropogenic dark earth soils of brazilian amazonic region

Os solos da Amazônia que possuem horizonte A antrópico (Au) apresentam elevada fertilidade natural geralmente atribuída ao teor elevado de matéria orgânica e à sua elevada reatividade. Neste estudo foram quantificadas as substâncias húmicas e caracterizados os ácidos húmicos (AH) extraídos da camada 0-20 cm de solos com horizonte Au do estado do Amazonas (Terra Preta de índio) sob floresta e cultivo agrícola. Também foram investigadas amostras de solos adjacentes sem o horizonte antrópico. A caracterização dos AH foi realizada através de análise termogravimétrica, análise da composição elementar e quantificação dos grupos funcionais (total, carboxílica e fenólica). Os horizontes A de solos antropogênicos apresentaram maior teor de carbono total, comparados aos de solos adjacentes. Entre as frações húmicas, a mais abundante foi a humina. A fração de ácidos húmicos (AH) foi a dominante das frações alcalino-solúveis nos solos estudados. Os AH dos solos antropogênicos tanto sob floresta como sob cultivo agrícola apresentaram maior grau de humificação quando comparados aos AH dos solos sem o horizonte Au. O cultivo agrícola também teve efeito na estabilidade e reatividade dos AH nos solos antropogênicos.

Amazonian dark earth soils that have anthropogenic A horizon (Au) present high natural fertility usually attributed to their high organic matter content and to their higher reactivity. In this study humic substances were quantified and the humic acids (HA) extracted from the 0-20 cm layer of Amazonian dark earth soils (Terra Preta do índio) under forest and agricultural use were characterized. Adjacent soils with no Au horizon were also investigated. The HA were characterized through the thermogravimetric analysis, elemental composition analysis and characterization of functional groups (total, carboxylic, and phenolic). The A horizon of the anthropogenic soils presented higher total carbon level compared to adjacent soils. Among the humic fractions, the humin was the most abundant. The humic acid fraction (HA) was the dominant among the alkaline soluble fractions. The humic acids of the anthropogenic soils, both under forest and cultivation, showed higher humification degree compared to the non-anthropogenic soils. The agricultural cultivation affected the humic acids stability and reactivity in the anthropogenic soils.