Identificação de fatores que alteram a confiabilidade da temperatura axilar em relação à temperatura de cateter de artéria pulmonar / Identification of factors that alter axillary temperature reliability in relation to pulmonary artery catheter temperature / Identificación de factores que alteran la confiabilidad de la temperatura axilar en relación a la temperatura del catéter de la arteria pulmonar

OBJETIVOS: identificar fatores que alteram a confiabilidade da temperatura axilar em relação à temperatura de cateter artéria pulmonar. MÉTODOS: estudo de medidas repetidas utilizando 67 aferições de temperatura axilar coletadas de 24 pacientes internados em centros de terapia intensiva de dois hospitais da região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte entre 2017 e 2018. Realizada análise descritiva e regressão linear dos dados. RESULTADOS: foram encontradas acurácia de 0,48 e precisão de 0,47 referentes à temperatura axilar aferida com termômetro digital comparada com a temperatura de cateter de artéria pulmonar. Os fatores que alteram a confiabilidade da temperatura axilar foram o índice de massa corporal e a dose de dobutamina. CONCLUSÃO: os fatores encontrados foram inéditos em relação à alteração da confiabilidade da temperatura axilar e poderão auxiliar enfermeiros na tomada de decisão ao escolherem um método mais preciso para estimativa da temperatura real do corpo. Ainda é necessária a realização de estudos com amostragem maior para avaliação dos fatores intervenientes da confiabilidade de técnicas de temperatura não invasivas, como a temperatura axilar.(AU)

Objectives: to identify factors that alter the reliability of axillary temperature in relation to pulmonary artery catheter temperature. Methods: studying repeated measures using 67 axillary temperature measurements collected from 24 patients admitted to intensive care centers of two hospitals in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte between 2017 and 2018. Descriptive analysis and linear regression of the data were performed. Results: accuracy of 0.48 and precision of 0.47 were found for axillary temperature measured with a digital thermometer compared with pulmonary artery catheter temperature. Factors that change the reliability of axillary temperature were body mass index and dobutamine dose. Conclusion: the found factors were unprecedented in relation to the change in axillary temperature reliability and may help nurses in their decision making by choosing a more accurate method to estimate the actual body temperature. Studies with larger sampling are still necessary to evaluate the intervening factors of the reliability of noninvasive temperature techniques, such as axillary temperature.(AU)

Objetivos: identificar los factores que alteran la fiabilidad de la temperatura axilar en relación con la temperatura del catéter de la arteria pulmonar. Métodos: estudio de mediciones repetidas utilizando 67 mediciones de temperatura axilar de 24 pacientes ingresados en centros de cuidados intensivos de dos hospitales de la región metropolitana de Belo Horizonte entre 2017 y 2018. Análisis descriptivo y regresión lineal de los datos. Resultados: se encontró precisión de 0,48 y precisión de 0,47 para la temperatura axilar medida con termómetro digital en comparación a la temperatura del catéter de la arteria pulmonar. Los factores que alteran la fiabilidad de la temperatura axilar fueron el índice de masa corporal y la dosis de dobutamina. Conclusión: los factores encontrados no tienen precedentes en relación con la alteración en la confiabilidad de la temperatura axilar y pueden ayudar a los enfermeros en la toma de decisiones al elegir un método más preciso para estimar la temperatura corporal real. Son necesarios estudios con muestras más amplias para evaluar los factores que intervienen en la fiabilidad de las técnicas de temperatura no invasivas, como la temperatura axilar.(AU)

Métodos de termometria não invasiva em comparação oa método de aferição da temperatura de cateter de artéria pulmonar: um estudo de medidas repetidas / Comparison of noninvasive methods of thermometry and the pulmonary artery, temperature method: a repeated measures study

A aferição da temperatura corporal é uma ferramenta essencial no cuidado de pacientes críticos. Para a identificação da temperatura corporal é necessário o uso de um termômetro preciso e ágil. Quando técnicas invasivas não estão sendo utilizadas, a equipe de enfermagem depende de termômetros não invasivos. Atualmente, na literatura, não há um consenso sobre a acurácia e precisão de métodos como as temperaturas oral, axilar, de membrana timpânica ou de artéria temporal. Ademais evidências acerca dos fatores que podem alterar a confiabilidade desses métodos são escassas. Por isso estudos clínicos devem ser realizados com esses métodos para respaldar o uso dessas técnicas na prática. Objetivo: Comparar a acurácia e precisão de métodos de termometria não invasivas (artéria temporal, membrana timpânica, oral e axilar) em comparação a temperatura de artéria pulmonar. Método: Foram realizados uma revisão sistemática e metanálise e um estudo clínico de medidas repetidas. A metanálise foi realizada com dados de 41 artigos pesquisados na literatura. Os dados do estudo clínico foram coletados em duas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva na cidade de Belo Horizonte. Foram incluídos pacientes adultos em uso do cateter de artéria pulmonar. As cinco temperaturas foram aferidas três vezes de cada paciente. Para análise dos dados foi realizada análise descritiva, gráficos de Bland-Altman e análises de regressão. Resultados: A acurácia e precisão das temperaturas na metanálise foram; temperatura axilar, -0,35 e 0,06; temperatura oral, -0,21 e 0,08; temperatura de membrana timpânica, -0,05 e 0,05; e temperatura de artéria temporal, -0,22 e 0,26. A acurácia e precisão após análise dos dados do estudo clínico foram, respectivamente: temperatura axilar, -0,42 e 0,59; temperatura oral, -0,30 e 0,37; temperatura de membrana timpânica, -0,21 e 0,44; e temperatura de artéria temporal, -0,25 e 0,61. Conclusão: Os termômetros não invasivos mostraram uma boa acurácia e precisão em relação a temperatura de artéria pulmonar, entretanto em pacientes com alterações da temperatura os termômetros não invasivos tornam-se pouco acurados.(AU)

The identification of body temperature is an essential tool in critical care nursing. The use of a reliable and agile thermometer is necessary to identify the real body temperature. When available, invasive thermometer are indicated for its precision. Although, when not available, the nursing staff must rely in noninvasive thermometers. Nowadays, in the literature, there isn´t a consensus about the reliability of noninvasive temperature techniques, such as axillary, oral, tympanic membrane and temporal artery. Furthermore, there is a lack of knowledge about factors that alters the reliability of those thermometers. Clinical studies must be developed to back these techniques in nursing care. Aim: Compare the accuracy and precision of noninvasive techniques (axillary, oral, tympanic membrane and temporal artery) with the pulmonary artery temperature. Methods: An Systematic review/Metanalysis and a Cross-sectional Repeated measure clinical study were developed. The Metanalysis used data from 41 published articles. The data for the clinical study were collected in two intensive care units of two hospitals in Belo Horizonte. Patients with pulmonary artery catheter were included. The five temperatures were measured three times in each patient. Descriptive analyses were made, Bland-Altmann graphics were plotted and a four regression models were developed. Results: The accuracy and precision identified in the Metanalysis were: axillary, -0,35 and 0,06; oral, -0,21 and 0,08; tympanic membrane, -0,05 and 0,05; and temporal artery, -0,22 and 0,26. The accuracy and precision of the noninvasive thermometers and the pulmonary artery temperature identified in the clinical study were: axillary -0,42 and 0,59; oral -0,30 and 0,37; tympanic membrane -0,21 and 0,44; and temporal artery -0,25 and 0,61. Conclusion: The noninvasive thermometers showed a good accuracy and precision when compared with the pulmonary temperature, However, in non-normothermic patients the reliability of the thermometers is poor.(AU)

Intraoperative body temperature control: esophageal thermometer versus infrared tympanic thermometer / Control de la temperatura corporal en el intraoperatorio: termómetro esofágico versus termómetro timpánico / Controle da temperatura corporal no intraoperatório: termômetro esofágico versus termômetro timpânico

Abstract OBJECTIVE To verify the correlation between temperature measurements performed using an infrared tympanic thermometer and an esophageal thermometer during the intraoperative period. METHOD A longitudinal study of repeated measures was performed including subjects aged 18 years or older undergoing elective oncologic surgery of the digestive system, with anesthesia duration of at least 1 hour. Temperature measurements were performed simultaneously by a calibrated esophageal thermometer and by a calibrated infrared tympanic thermometer, with laboratory reading precision of ±0.2ºC. The operating room temperature remained between 19 and 21ºC. RESULTS The study included 51 patients, mostly men (51%), white (80.4%). All patients were kept warm by a forced-air heating system, for an average of 264.14 minutes (SD = 87.7). The two temperature measurements showed no different behavior over time (p = 0.2205), however, tympanic measurements were consistently 1.24°C lower (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION The tympanic thermometer presented reliable results but reflected lower temperatures than the esophageal thermometer.

Resumen OBJETIVO Verificar la correlación entre las medidas de temperatura realizadas por medio de un termómetro timpánico por infrarrojo y por un termómetro esofágico, durante el período intraoperatorio. MÉTODO Se llevó a cabo un estudio longitudinal, de medidas repetidas, incluyendo a sujetos con edad igual o superior a 18 años, sometidos a la cirugía oncológica electiva del sistema digestivo, con duración de la anestesia de, como mínimo, una hora. Las mediciones de temperatura eran realizadas a la vez por medio de un termómetro esofágico calibrado y un termómetro timpánico por infrarrojo calibrado, con precisión de lectura en laboratorio de ±0,2ºC. La temperatura del quirófano permaneció entre 19 y 21ºC. RESULTADOS Fueron incluidos 51 pacientes, en su mayoría hombres (51%), blancos (80,4%). Todos los pacientes se calentaron con el sistema de aire forzado de calefacción, en promedio por 264,14 minutos (DP = 87,7). Ambas mediciones de temperatura no tuvieron comportamiento distinto a lo largo del tiempo (p = 0,2205), pero la medida timpánica fue consistentemente menor en 1,24°C (p <; 0,0001). CONCLUSIÓN El termómetro timpánico presentó resultados confiables, pero reflejó temperaturas más bajas que el termómetro esofágico.

Resumo OBJETIVO Verificar a correlação entre as medidas de temperatura realizadas por meio de um termômetro timpânico por infravermelho e por um termômetro esofágico, durante o período intraoperatório. MÉTODO Realizou-se um estudo longitudinal, de medidas repetidas, incluindo sujeitos com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, submetidos à cirurgia oncológica eletiva do sistema digestório, com duração da anestesia de, no mínimo, 1 hora. As medidas de temperatura eram realizadas, ao mesmo tempo, por meio de um termômetro esofágico calibrado e por termômetro timpânico por infravermelho calibrado, com precisão de leitura em laboratório de ±0,2ºC. A temperatura da sala operatória permaneceu entre 19 e 21ºC. RESULTADOS Foram incluídos 51 pacientes, em sua maioria homens (51%), brancos (80,4%). Todos os pacientes foram aquecidos com o sistema de ar forçado aquecido, em média por 264,14 minutos (DP = 87,7). As duas medidas de temperatura não tiveram comportamento diferente ao longo do tempo (p = 0,2205), mas a medida timpânica foi consistentemente menor em 1,24°C (p < 0,0001). CONCLUSÃO O termômetro timpânico apresentou resultados confiáveis, mas refletiu temperaturas mais baixas do que o termômetro esofágico.

A comparison of the temperature difference according to the placement of a nasopharyngeal temperature probe / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare temperatures measured at three different sites where a nasopharyngeal temperature probe is commonly placed. METHODS: Eighty elective abdominal surgical patients were enrolled. After anesthesia induction, four temperature probes were placed at the nasal cavity, upper portion of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and the esophagus. The placement of the nasopharyngeal temperature probes was evaluated using a flexible nasendoscope, and the depth from the nares was measured. The four temperatures were simultaneously recorded at 10-minute intervals for 60 minutes. RESULTS: The average depths of the probes that were placed in the nasal cavity, upper nasopharynx, and the oropharynx were respectively 5.7 ± 0.9 cm, 9.9 ± 0.7 cm, and 13.6 ± 1.7 cm from the nares. In the baseline temperatures, the temperature differences were significantly greater in the nasal cavity 0.32 (95% CI; 0.27-0.37)℃ than in the nasopharynx 0.02 (0.01-0.04)℃, and oropharynx 0.02 (−0.01 to 0.05)℃ compared with the esophagus (P < 0.001). These differences were maintained for 60 minutes. Twenty patients showed a 0.5℃ or greater temperature difference between the nasal cavity and the esophagus, but no patient showed such a difference at the nasopharynx and oropharynx. CONCLUSIONS: During general anesthesia, the temperatures measured at the upper nasopharynx and the oropharynx, but not the nasal cavity, reflected the core temperature. Therefore, the authors recommend that a probe should be placed at the nasopharynx (≈ 10 cm) or oropharynx (≈ 14 cm) with mucosal attachment for accurate core temperature measurement.

Appropriate Body Temperature Measurement Method for Parents of Infants

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to find a method for parents to easily and accurately measure their infant's body temperature following instructions and to recommend such method as the standard for parents at home. METHODS: Parents of 120 pediatric patients who were brought to the emergency room or well-baby clinic of a general hospital in Seoul were informed of correct ways to measure children's body temperature using digital and infrared thermometers. They were then asked to measure their children's body temperature. We observed and assessed the accuracy of the technique for each measuring method. Difficulty of each method was evaluated by the feedback from parents after the measurement. The correlation was analyzed between axillary, tympanic, or forehead temperature and rectal temperature, and the differences of accuracy and difficulty were compared between the measurement methods. RESULTS: Better accuracy was observed when parents measured the tympanic (87.5%) or axillary temperature (83.3%), rather than the forehead (76.7%) or rectal temperature (47.5%) (p<0.05). More parents indicated ease of use when they measured the forehead (89.2%) or tympanic (80.0%) temperature, rather than the axillary (60.0%) or rectal temperature (5.8%) (p<0.05). The axillary, tympanic, and forehead temperatures correlated well with the rectal temperature when measured accurately by parents (r=0.974, 0.976, 0.942, respectively). CONCLUSION: As parents measured the tympanic temperature using an infrared thermometer with the most accuracy and ease, using this method is recommended as the standard method to measure infant's body temperature at home.

Dispositivos de monitoramento não críticos: aliados ou inimigos? construindo um protocolo de limpeza/desinfecção para a enfermagem / Non-Critical Monitoring Devices: Allies or Enemies? constructing a cleaning / disinfection protocol for nursing

O estudo aborda os processos de limpeza e desinfecção dos principais dispositivos de monitoramento não críticos (termômetros, esfigmomanômetro, cabos de eletrocardiograma e oxímetro) considerando a sua participação na transmissão das infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde. Estes equipamentos têm sido apontados como uma das principais fontes de infecção por bactérias multirresistentes causadoras de surtos infecciosos em ambiente hospitalar portanto, exigem padronização da limpeza e desinfecção, mediante um protocolo que norteie o processo de trabalho. Este estudo teve como objetivos: elaborar um protocolo de limpeza/desinfecção dos principais dispositivos de monitoramento não críticos, com base nas boas práticas e evidências na literatura, e validar este protocolo com avaliação de experts em infecção hospitalar. Trata-se de estudo descritivo e exploratório, que no seu desenvolvimento seguiu as seguintes etapas: revisão integrativa da literatura, elaboração do protocolo de limpeza e desinfecção dos principais dispositivos de monitoramento não críticos e validação do protocolo por experts em infecção hospitalar. A elaboração do protocolo ocorreu a partir das boas práticas identificadas nos estudos selecionados na revisão integrativa, livros, teses, dissertações e documentos de órgãos nacionais e internacionais sobre a temática. Para validação do protocolo foram selecionados cinco experts em infecção hospitalar, de acordo com os critérios de seleção sugeridos no estudo. Após avaliação de cada recomendação do protocolo proposto, em um questionário, foi calculado o grau de concordância entre eles por média ponderada. A partir da análise dos registros dos experts e, considerando o grau de concordância das respostas, foi elaborado o protocolo final. Assim, respondendo aos objetivos do estudo, inicialmente tem-se o protocolo construído a luz do conhecimento científico que foi chancelado por um grupo de experts gerando o protocolo final. Este protocolo é portanto, o produto desta pesquisa e com ele pretende-se padronizar os processos de limpeza e desinfecção destes dispositivos, visando preencher as lacunas do conhecimento teórico/prático identificadas sobre a temática e reduzir os riscos de transmissão de infecção por estes artigos. Este protocolo será proposto à Comissão de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, a fim de implementá-lo nas unidades de pronto atendimento 24 horas (UPAs 24hs) testando sua aplicabilidade e futuramente sua eficácia

The study discusses the procedures of cleaning and disinfection of the main non-critical monitoring devices (thermometers, sphygmomanometer, electrocardiography wires and oximeters wires) considering their participation in the transmission of infections related with health care. These equipments have been identified as the major source of infection by multiresistant bacteria that causes hospital infections, therefore, require standardization of cleaning and disinfection, by using a protocol that guides the work process. This study aims to: develops a protocol for cleaning / disinfection of the main non-critical monitoring devices, based on best practices and evidence in the literature, and validate this protocol with assessment of experts in hospital infections. It is descriptive and exploratory study, which involved the following steps: integrative literature review, development of the protocol for cleaning and disinfection of the main devices of non-critical monitoring and a validation of this protocol by the experts of hospital infection. The protocol development is based on best practices identified in the studies selected in integrative review, books, thesis, dissertations and national and international documents on the subject. To validate the protocol, five experts in hospital infection were selected according to the selection criteria suggested in the study. After evaluating each recommendation of the proposed protocol, in a questionnaire, the degree of agreement was calculated by weighted average. From the analysis of the observations of experts and considering the degree of agreement of answers, a final protocol was developed. So, to answer the aim of this work, first of all, a protocol was developed with scientific knowledge and afterward judged by some experts, which leads to a final protocol. Therefore this final protocol is the result of this study and it is intended to standardize the process of cleaning and disinfection of these devices, fill gaps in theoretical/practical knowledge on the subject and reduce the risk of infection transmission by these objects. These protocol will be proposed to the of Hospital Infection Control Committee at the State Department Health of Rio de Janeiro, to implement it in emergency care unit (called "UPAs 24 hs") testing its applicability and future effectiveness

Infrared Thermometer: an accurate tool for temperature measurement during renal surgery

Purpose To evaluate infrared thermometer (IRT) accuracy compared to standard digital thermometer in measuring kidney temperature during arterial clamping with and without renal cooling. Materials and Methods 20 pigs weighting 20Kg underwent selective right renal arterial clamping, 10 with (Group 1 - Cold Ischemia with ice slush) and 10 without renal cooling (Group 2 - Warm Ischemia). Arterial clamping was performed without venous clamping. Renal temperature was serially measured following clamping of the main renal artery with the IRT and a digital contact thermometer (DT): immediate after clamping (T0), after 2 (T2), 5 (T5) and 10 minutes (T10). Temperature values were expressed in mean, standard deviation and range for each thermometer. We used the T student test to compare means and considered p < 0.05 to be statistically significant. Results In Group 1, mean DT surface temperature decrease was 12.6 ± 4.1°C (5-19°C) while deep DT temperature decrease was 15.8 ± 1.5°C (15-18°C). For the IRT, mean temperature decrease was 9.1 ± 3.8°C (3-14°C). There was no statistically significant difference between thermometers. In Group 2, surface temperature decrease for DT was 2.7 ± 1.8°C (0-4°C) and mean deep temperature decrease was 0.5 ± 1.0°C (0-3°C). For IRT, mean temperature decrease was 3.1 ± 1.9°C (0-6°C). No statistically significant difference between thermometers was found at any time point. conclusions IRT proved to be an accurate non-invasive precise device for renal temperature monitoring during kidney surgery. External ice slush cooling confirmed to be fast and effective at cooling the pig model. IRT = Infrared thermometer DT = Digital contact thermometer D:S = Distance-to-spot ratio .

Comparación de valores de temperatura obtenidos con termómetro ótico digital y con termómetros axilar y rectal de mercurio en menores de 5 años / Comparison of body temperature measurements obtained with otic digital thermometer and mercury axillary and rectal thermometers in children under the age of five

Introducción: En los últimos años han aparecido nuevos métodos para medir la temperatura en niños, como el termómetro digital ótico. Siendo este un método más rápido para medir la temperatura y por lo tanto ideal para el servicio de urgencias, es necesario conocer su confiabilidad. Objetivo: Comparar los valores de temperatura corporal que entrega el termómetro ótico digital con los termómetros de mercurio axilar y rectal. Pacientes y Método: Se efectuó la medición de la temperatura en 50 pacientes menores de 5 años elegidos al azar, que consultaron en el Servicio de Urgencia del Hospital de Niños y Cunas de Viña del Mar. Se les midió la temperatura con un termómetro digital ótico al lado izquierdo y derecho, y las temperaturas axilar derecha y rectal con termómetros de mercurio. EL análisis de los resultados se efectuó en el grupo estudiado, separado en dos grupos, menores y mayores de 6 meses. Resultados: Los resultados entre ambos subgrupos fueron los mismos. La temperatura media rectal obtenida fue 0,414°C más alta que la media ótica derecha (p < 0,001) y 0,438°C más alta que la temperatura media ótica izquierda (p < 0,001). Conclusión: El termómetro ótico digital entrega una temperatura significativamente más baja que la que entregan los termómetros de mercurio axilar y rectal.

Background: In recent years, otic thermometers to measure body temperature in children have become increasingly popular as they reflect changes in body temperature sooner than other thermometers. The have become valuable assets in hospital emergency rooms; however, their accuracy and reliability need further studies. Objective: To compare corporal temperature readings between an otic thermometer and mercury axillary and rectal thermometers. Patients and Method: 50 patients under the age of 5, who were treated at the emergency room of our hospital, were randomly chosen to participate in this study. Temperature was measured on their right and left ears using an otic thermometer, and their rectal and right axillary temperature was taken using mercury thermometers. Patients were separated into 2 subgroups for comparison, children under and over 6 months old. Results: The results between the 2 subgroups were very similar. The average temperature obtained by rectal thermometers was 0.414°C higher than the average right-ear temperature (p < 0.001) and 0.438°c higher than the average left-ear temperature (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The otic thermometer's reading is significantly lower than the one obtained using mercury rectal and axillary thermometers.

Effect of Otitis Media and Cerumen Occlusion on Body Temperature Measured by Thermometers / 소아감염

PURPOSE: To examine the effect of unilateral otitis media and unilateral cerumen occlusion of the ear canal on thermometers. METHODS: One hundred eighty six children with unilateral otitis media, fifty children with unilateral cerumen occlusion, and fifty children with neither otitis media nor cerumen were enrolled. Temperature was measured in both ear canals using thermometers. After 15 minutes, second temperature was measured again in both ears. Unilateral otitis media was graded by video otoscope for 7 grades. Differences in temperatures between affected ears and unaffected ears were analyzed. RESULTS: No temperature difference between the normal and cerumen groups was observed. The mean temperature of the otitis media ear canal was 0.13+/-0.20degrees C higher than that of the intact ear canal (36.99+/-0.54degrees C vs 36.86+/-0.52degrees C; P<0.001). There was no statistically significant temperature difference between grades. CONCLUSION: Unilateral otits media can affect estimation of body temperature measured by thermometers.