Effect of bleaching gels with different thickeners under normal and hyposalivation conditions: in situ study

Abstract Bleaching gel thickeners induce important changes in tooth enamel and these changes are reversed by saliva. Objective This in situ study aimed to evaluate the effect of bleaching gels with different thickeners on tooth enamel under normal and hyposalivation conditions. Methodology Of 28 participants, 14 had normal salivary flow and 14 had low salivary flow. For each salivary flow, four types of treatment were performed with different thickeners: no bleaching (negative control), bleaching with a commercial 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) gel with carbopol (positive control) and bleaching with experimental 10% CP gels with natrosol and aristoflex. Participants used a palatal appliance containing bovine enamel/dentin specimens for 15 days. From day 2 to day 15, specimens were bleached extraorally. The bleaching gel was applied according to the groups for four hours. When the bleaching gel was removed, the palatal appliance was inserted again in the participants' mouth until the next day for another bleaching application. This procedure was repeated for 14 days and on day 15, surface microhardness (SMH), color (ΔE*ab and ΔE00), surface roughness (Ra), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) analyses were performed and data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results Neither salivary flow nor thickeners influenced ΔE*ab and ΔE00 results. Carbopol had the lowest SMH, the highest Ra, and the lowest Ca% among all groups. For normal flow, natrosol and aristoflex had higher SMH. For low flow, aristoflex had higher SMH and natrosol and aristoflex had lower Ra. Aristoflex had higher Ca% and Ca/P and differed from carbopol for normal flow. Conclusion For normal flow, 10% CP gels with natrosol and aristoflex caused fewer surface changes, and for low flow, only the 10% CP gel with aristoflex.

Application of agar thickener in dysphagia after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective To compare a new agar thickener with xanthan gum as a thickener in treating dyspha-gia patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma after radiotherapy. Methods Twenty nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with dysphagia after radiotherapy were asked to swallow moderately and extremely thick liquids thickened with the agar and xanthan gum, and their swallowing was recorded with a videofluoroscope. Results The average pharyngeal con-striction ratio when swallowing agar thickener was significantly lower than when swallowing the traditional thickener. The average oral transit time, the initiation of pharyngeal swallowing were both significantly quicker. There was no sig-nificant difference in the average penetration aspiration scale scores between the two thickeners. In the subjective eval-uation, the agar thickener was adjudged smoother and with better residual mouthfeel than the xanthan gum, but the scent of the xanthan gum was preferred. Conclusion The new agar thickener is smooth and not sticky. It produces faster transport with less oropharyngeal residue. It can be widely used among nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with dysphagia after radiotherapy.

Application of agar thickener in dysphagia after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective@#To compare a new agar thickener with xanthan gum as a thickener in treating dysphagia patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma after radiotherapy.@*Methods@#Twenty nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with dysphagia after radiotherapy were asked to swallow moderately and extremely thick liquids thickened with the agar and xanthan gum, and their swallowing was recorded with a videofluoroscope.@*Results@#The average pharyngeal constriction ratio when swallowing agar thickener was significantly lower than when swallowing the traditional thickener. The average oral transit time, the initiation of pharyngeal swallowing were both significantly quicker. There was no significant difference in the average penetration aspiration scale scores between the two thickeners. In the subjective evaluation, the agar thickener was adjudged smoother and with better residual mouthfeel than the xanthan gum, but the scent of the xanthan gum was preferred.@*Conclusion@#The new agar thickener is smooth and not sticky. It produces faster transport with less oropharyngeal residue. It can be widely used among nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with dysphagia after radiotherapy.

Osmolality analysis of human milk and an infant formula with modified viscosity for use in infants with dysphagia / Análise da osmolalidade do leite humano e da fórmula infantil com a viscosidade modificada para uso em lactentes com disfagia

ABSTRACT Purpose: to evaluate the effects of a thickening agent on the osmolality of human milk and on an infant formula, with respect to concentration and time. Methods: six trials were performed to evaluate the osmolality of a natural and thickened infant formula, raw human milk, and pasteurized human milk. Rice cereal was used as a thickening agent (at concentrations of 2%, 3%, 5%, and 7%). Osmolality was measured using the Advanced Micro Osmometer Model 3300 after sample preparation periods of 0-60 minutes. Statistical evaluations were performed using ANOVA. Results: pasteurized human milk exhibited time- and concentration-dependent variation in osmolality. The osmolality of raw human milk differed among time points and between the samples with 5% and 7%, when compared to the non-thickened milk. The infant formula did not show differences in osmolality with respect to time. At time zero, there were differences in osmolality between the infant formula samples with 2%, 3%, and 5% thickener. At other time points, there were differences in osmolality between the sample with a 5% thickener and the non-thickened formula. Conclusion: the osmolality of diets varied over time and according to the concentration of thickener in human milk and the infant formula. However, the observed variation remained within the recommended parameters, indicating that rice cereal is a safe thickener for the feeding of infants presented with mild or moderate oropharyngeal dysphagia.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o efeito do agente espessante na osmolalidade do leite humano e da fórmula infantil em relação às concentrações e ao efeito do tempo. Métodos: foram realizados 6 ensaios para avaliar a osmolalidade, ao natural e com espessamento, da fórmula infantil, leite humano ordenhado cru e pasteurizado. O cereal de arroz foi usado como agente espessante (nas concentrações de 2%, 3%, 5% e 7%). A osmolalidade foi aferida pelo The Advanced TM Micro Osmometer Model 3300 após a preparação das amostras por um período de 0-60 minutos. As diferenças significantes foram avaliadas por meio de Anova. Resultados: observou-se variação da osmolalidade no leite humano pasteurizado nos tempos observados e nas concentrações. O leite humano cru apresentou variação nos tempos e nas concentrações 5 e 7%, quando comparado ao leite não espessado. A fórmula infantil não mostrou diferenças na osmolalidade com relação ao tempo. No tempo zero, apresentou variações entre as concentrações de 2, 3 e 5%. Nos demais tempos, houve diferença na osmolalidade entre as amostras com concentração de 5% e a fórmula não espessada. Conclusão: a osmolalidade das dietas analisadas variou conforme o tempo e as concentrações para o leite humano e a formula infantil. No entanto, estas variações se mantiveram dentro dos parâmetros preconizados, indicando que o cereal de arroz é um espessante seguro para a alimentação de lactentes com disfagia orofaríngea leve ou moderada.

Study on viscosity modification of human and formula milk for infants with dysphagia / Estudo sobre a modificação da viscosidade do leite humano e da fórmula para lactentes com disfagia

ABSTRACT Purpose: to analyze the modification of the viscosity of human milk and infant formula. Methods: three studies were performed to assess the viscosity and effect of time on infant formula with a thickener, at concentrations of 2, 3, and 5%, as well as raw and pasteurized human milk at concentrations of 2, 3, 5, and 7% at 37ºC, for 60 minutes. Rice cereal was used as a thickening agent. The viscosity was evaluated using a Ford Cup-type viscometer, and the samples were analyzed at 20-minute intervals. Significant differences were assessed using the ANOVA test. Results: no significant differences in viscosity were observed over time in concentrations of 2, 3, and 5%. There was a difference in the viscosity between human milk and infant formula, in concentrations of 2% and 5%, 2% and 7%, 3% and 5%, and 3% and 7%, independently of the time intervals evaluated. Conclusion: the findings of this study demonstrate the need for different concentrations of the thickening agent for human milk and infant formula. Rice cereal is a suitable therapeutic option for newborns presented with dysphagia in concentrations of 2, 3, 5, and 7%, due to its effect on the viscosity and flow reduction, provided that the feeding time is considered.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o leite humano e a fórmula láctea infantil com a viscosidade modificada. Métodos: foram realizados três estudos considerando a viscosidade e efeito do tempo na fórmula nas concentrações 2, 3 e 5% e no leite humano cru e pasteurizado nas concentrações 2, 3, 5 e 7% na temperatura de 37ºC pelo tempo de 60 minutos. O cereal de arroz foi utilizado como agente espessante. A viscosidade foi avaliada pelo viscosímetro do tipo Copo Ford e as amostras analisadas em quatro intervalos de tempo. Diferenças significativas foram avaliadas por meio do teste da Anova. Resultados: não foram observadas diferenças significativas da viscosidade em relação ao tempo para as concentrações de 2, 3 e 5%. Observou-se diferença na viscosidade entre leite humano e fórmula nas concentrações de 2% e 5%, 2% e 7%, 3% e 5%, e 3% e 7%, independente dos intervalos de tempo considerados. Conclusão: o estudo aponta para a necessidade de diferentes concentrações para leite humano e formula. O cereal de arroz apresenta-se como opção terapêutica adequada para os recém-nascidos com disfagia nas concentrações de 2, 3, 5 e 7% pelo seu efeito na viscosidade e redução do fluxo, desde que se observe o tempo de mamada.

Desenvolvimento e avaliação de produtos cosméticos para a higiene capilar contendo tensoativos "não-sulfatados" / Development and assessment of hair-cleansing cosmetic formulations containing non-sulfate surfactants

Produtos cosméticos para a higiene capilar promovem a remoção de gordura, suor, poeira, células mortas, micro-organismos e resíduos de outros cosméticos do couro cabeludo e do cabelo. Com esta finalidade, foi proposto o desenvolvimento e avaliação da estabilidade de formulações contendo tensoativos primários não sulfatados associados separadamente com diferentes agentes de consistência (Myrj® 6000, NovethixTM L-10 e Carbopol® Ultrez 20). Dentre os seis tensoativos "não sulfatados" avaliados, dois foram selecionados (Plantapon® LGC Sorb e Sensactive® C30) conforme critérios de avaliação da viscosidade e da formação de espuma. Seis formulações foram desenvolvidas, com combinações distintas entre os tensoativos selecionados e os diferentes agentes de consistência (sem a adição intencional de cloreto de sódio), com posterior estudo de estabilidade em variadas condições de armazenamento. Durante os estudos de estabilidade acelerada, as formulações contendo os agentes de consistência Myrj® 6000 ou NovethixTM L-10 não apresentaram estabilidade adequada. Ao final do estudo de estabilidade normal, as formulações remanescentes, contendo Carbopol® Ultrez 20, mantiveram as características organolépticas e desempenho adequado quanto à viscosidade, comprovando a eficiência deste polímero, mesmo em formulações com grandes quantidades de tensoativos "não sulfatados" e eletrólitos.

Cosmetic products for hair cleansing promote the removal of grease, sweat, dirt, dead cells, microorganisms and residues of other cosmetics from the skin, scalp and hair. In this context, it was decided to develop and assess the stability of formulations containing various non-sulfate primary surfactants, combined separately with three different consistency agents (Myrj® 6000, NovethixTM L-10 and Carbopol® Ultrez 20). Among the six non-sulfate surfactants tested, two were selected (Plantapon® LGC Sorb and Sensactive® C30) by viscosity and foam formation criteria. Thus, 6 formulations were developed, with distinct combinations of the 2 selected surfactants and 3 consistency agents (without the intentional addition of sodium chloride), and subsequently their stability under various storage conditions was studied. In the short-term stability study, formulations containing the consistency agents Myrj® 6000 or NovethixTM L-10 did not show adequate stability. At the end of the full-length stability study, the remaining formulations, containing Carbopol® Ultrez 20, maintained their organoleptic characteristics and good viscosity, proving the efficiency of this polymer, even in formulations with large amounts of non-sulfate surfactants and electrolytes.