Points of entry dynamics: understanding the cross-border threats for Ebola virus disease and COVID-19 in Ghana using a logic model approach

Background. The influx of people across the national borders of Ghana has been of interest and concern in the public health and national security community in recent times due to the low capacity for the prevention and management of epidemics and other public health risks. Although the International Health Regulations (IHR) stipulate core public health capacities for designated border facilities such as international airports, seaports, and ground crossings, contextual factors that influence the attainment of effective public health measures and response capabilities remain understudied. Objective. To assess the relationship between contextual factors and COVID-19 procurement to help strengthen infrastructure resources for points of entry (PoE) public health surveillance functions, thereby eliminating gaps in the design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of pandemicrelated interventions in Ghana. Materials and Methods. This study employed a mixed-methods design, where quantitative variables were examined for relationships and effect size interactions using multiple linear regression techniques and the wild bootstrap technique. Country-level data was sourced from multiple publicly available sources using the social-ecological framework, logic model, and IHR capacity monitoring framework. The qualitative portion included triangulation with an expert panel to determine areas of convergence and divergence. Results. The most general findings were that laboratory capacity and KIA testing center positively predicted COVID-19 procurement, and public health response and airline boarding rule negatively predicted COVID-19 procurement. Conclusion. Contextual understanding of the COVID-19 pandemic and Ebola epidemic is vital for strengthening PoE mitigation measures and preventing disease importation.

Comparación de cuatro métodos para contar peces en una bahía tropical: el caso del Área Marina de Manejo Bahía Santa Elena en el Pacífico de Costa Rica / Comparison of four methods to count fish in a tropical bay: the case of the Santa Elena Bay Marine Management Area in the Pacific of Costa Rica

Resumen Introducción: La naturaleza tropical está experimentando una amenaza sin precedentes que incluye comunidades de peces costeros que requieren un constante seguimiento de la presencia de especies. El uso simultáneo de varios métodos de monitoreo debería reducir el sesgo causado por la selectividad de cada método. Objetivo: Este estudio uso cuatro diferentes métodos de muestreo a lo largo de dos años para evaluar y comparar los ensamblajes de peces en el Área Marina de Manejo Bahía Santa Elena, Pacífico de Costa Rica. Métodos: Examinamos los cambios en la riqueza y composición de especies entre épocas de afloramiento y no afloramiento entre julio de 2019 y febrero de 2020. Aplicamos censos visuales, cámaras remotas submarinas; líneas de fondo; y pesca deportiva. Resultados: Identificamos 140 especies de peces (54 familias); las cámaras submarinas remotas detectaron el 83 %, seguido por los censos visuales submarinos (65 %), la pesca deportiva (16 %) y las líneas de fondo (14 %). Solo el método de pesca deportiva detectó diferencias en la riqueza y composición de especies entre temporadas. Conclusión: Las cámaras remotas parecen ser el mejor método para el conteo de especies y la pesca deportiva para detectar diferencias estacionales en las costas tropicales similares a la aquí estudiada.

Abstract Introduction: Tropical nature is experiencing an unprecedented threat that includes coastal fish communities that requires a close monitoring of species presence. The simultaneous use of several monitoring methods should reduce the bias caused by the selectivity of each method. Objective: This study used four different sampling methods over two years to assess and compare fish assemblages in the Santa Elena Bay Marine Management Area (AMM-BSE), North Pacific of Costa Rica. Methods: We examined changes in species richness and composition between upwelling and non-upwelling seasons from July 2019 and February 2020. We applied visual censuses, underwater remote cameras; bottom lines; and sport fishing. Results: We identified 140 species of fish (54 families); remote underwater cameras detected 83 %, followed by underwater visual censuses (65 %), sport-fishing (16 %) and bottom lines (14 %). Only the sport-fishing method detected differences in species richness and composition between seasons. Conclusion: Remote cameras appear to be the best method for species counts, and sport-fishing to detect seasonal differences in tropical coasts similar to the one studied here.

Áreas en riesgo para los mamíferos marinos en Colombia / Areas at risk for marine mammals in Colombia

Resumen Introducción: Los mamíferos marinos se ven afectados por diversas amenazas que deben identificarse para los esfuerzos de mitigación. Objetivo: Cuantificar visualmente las amenazas a los mamíferos marinos en Colombia e identificar acciones de mitigación. Métodos: Georreferenciamos las amenazas con base en la literatura, cubriendo 35 especies en el período 1991-2020, y las superpusimos en mapas de distribución de especies. Resultados: 22 especies presentaron al menos una amenaza. La captura incidental y las interacciones con los artes de pesca afectaron a 16 especies, seguidas de la captura directa (8 especies), el tráfico/tránsito de embarcaciones (6 especies) y la alteración de la física oceánica (6 especies). Las especies más afectadas, en cuanto a mayor diversidad de amenazas, son: ballena jorobada (Megaptera novaeangliae), manatí antillano del Caribe (Trichechus manatus), el tucuxi marino (Sotalia guianensis) y el delfín nariz de botella (Tursiops truncatus). Casi todo el territorio marino de Colombia presenta algún grado de riesgo para los mamíferos marinos. Las áreas de alto riesgo son Buenaventura, Guapi, Golfo de Cupica y Tumaco en el Pacífico; y Golfo de Urabá, Golfo de Darién, Golfo de Morrosquillo, frente a Barranquilla, Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta y Golfo de Coquivacoa en el Caribe. Conclusión: Los mamíferos marinos en Colombia se encuentran actualmente en riesgo debido a varias amenazas, especialmente relacionadas con actividades de pesca, caza/captura y transporte marítimo, principalmente en las zonas costeras. Se necesitan acciones urgentes de evaluación y gestión en las diez áreas de alto riesgo identificadas en este estudio.

Abstract Introduction: Marine mammals are affected by diverse threats that must be identified for mitigation efforts. Objective: To visually quantify threats to marine mammals in Colombia, and to identify mitigation actions. Methods: We georeferenced threats based on the literature, covering 35 species in the period 1991-2020, and superimposed them on species range maps. Results: 22 species had at least one threat. Bycatch and interactions with fishing gear affected 16 species, followed by direct capture (8 species), vessel traffic/transit (6 species) and alteration of ocean physics (6 species). The most affected species, in terms of the greatest diversity of threats, are: humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), Caribbean West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), marine tucuxi (Sotalia guianensis) and bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Nearly all of Colombia's marine territory presents some degree of risk for marine mammals. High-risk areas are Buenaventura, Guapi, Cupica Gulf and Tumaco in the Pacific; and Urabá Gulf, Darién Gulf, Morrosquillo Gulf, off Barranquilla, Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta and Coquivacoa Gulf in the Caribbean. Conclusion: Marine mammals in Colombia are currently at risk due to several threats, especially related to fishing, hunting/capture and shipping activities, mainly in coastal areas. Urgent evaluation and management actions are needed in the ten high-risk areas identified in this study.

Anidación del chorlo nevado (Charadrius nivosus) en Atotonilco, Jalisco, México

El chorlo nevado (Charadrius nivosus) es una de las aves playeras menos abundantes. Es una especie amenazada cuyas poblaciones se encuentran en constante declive. México es importante para las poblaciones de esta especie, pero existe poca información sobre su reproducción y amenazas. Con el objetivo obtener datos sobre su anidación y potenciales amenazas existentes, realizamos un monitoreo de la población del chorlo nevado en la laguna de Atotonilco durante la temporada reproductiva (marzo-julio) del año 2020. Efectuamos conteos de individuos y nidos, tamaño de nidada, fecha aproximada de puesta de los huevos y observaciones sobre las amenazas presentes durante este periodo. Los machos representaron el 85% (n = 140) de la población total y el mes con la mayor cantidad de nidos fue mayo (n = 15). El tamaño promedio de la nidada fue de 2.5 huevos. La superficie de agua fue variable durante los meses de muestreo, pero no se comprobó estadísticamente que a mayor desecación el tamaño de la nidada disminuyera (p = 0.09). Las principales amenazas identificadas fueron los vehículos motorizados y la ganadería. La laguna de Atotonilco es un sitio clave para la reproducción del chorlo nevado y se deben implementar acciones de manejo que permitan ampliar la presencia de agua y regulen las actividades humanas.

The snowy plover (Charadrius nivosus) is one of the least abundant shorebirds. It is an endangered species whose populations are in steady decline. Mexico is important for the populations of this species, but there is little information on its reproduction and threats. To obtain data on nesting and potential threats, we monitored the snowy plover population at Atotonilco Lagoon during the breeding season (March-July) in 2020. We conducted counts of individuals and nests, clutch size, approximate egg-laying date, and observations on threats present during this period. Males represented 85% (n = 140) of the total population and the month with the highest number of nests was May (n = 15). The average nest size was 2.5 eggs. Water surface area was variable during the sampling months, but it was not statistically proven that the greater the desiccation, the smaller the nest size (p = 0.09). The main threats identified were motorized vehicles and livestock. The Atotonilco Lagoon is a key site for snowy plover reproduction and management actions should be implemented to increase the presence of water and regulate human activities.

Diversidad y amenazas de los mamíferos mayores en los bosques montanos de Huánuco, Perú / Diversity and threats of larger mammals in montane forests of Huánuco, Peru

Resumen En este trabajo los mamíferos mayores que habitan en los bosques montanos del departamento de Huánuco son estudiados para determinar la diversidad de especies y el estado actual de sus poblaciones. Se realizaron censos por transecto lineal y entrevistas entre los años 2014 y 2015, en seis sitios de muestreo correspondientes a cinco provincias. De los censos y exploraciones nocturnas se obtuvieron 439 registros pertenecientes a 37 especies; de estas, 4 son endémicas de Perú y 9 se encuentran en alguna categoría de conservación de la Legislación peruana. Los órdenes más representativos correspondieron a los carnívoros y primates con 11 y 10 especies, respectivamente, mientras que los avistamientos más frecuentes fueron de Tremarctos ornatus (43 registros), Nasua nasua (34 registros) y Cuniculus paca (32 registros). Los Índices de diversidad de Shannon-Wiener y de Simpson indican a Miraflores como el sitio de muestreo con más alta diversidad (H'=3.11, 1-D=0.95). La principal amenaza para los mamíferos mayores y otros componentes de la fauna mayor es la deforestación; no obstante, la presencia de especies indicadoras de la comunidad primaria de fauna como Tremarctos ornatus, Lagothrix flavicauda y otros primates, nos indican que todavía existen fragmentos de bosque primario relativamente extensos, en particular entre los ríos Chontayacu y Crisnejas en la provincia de Marañón y entre los ríos Oso mayo y Blanco en la provincia de Puerto Inca, por lo que deben ser tomados en cuenta para su conservación.

Abstract In this work, the larger mammals that inhabit the montane forests of the department of Huánuco are studied to determine the diversity of species and the status of their populations. Linear transect censuses and interviews were conducted between 2014 and 2015 on six sampling sites corresponding to five provinces. 439 records belonging to 37 species were obtained from the censuses and nocturnal explorations. Of these species, 4 are endemic to Peru and 9 are in some conservation category of Peruvian legislation. The most representative orders corresponded to carnivores and primates with 11 and 10 species, respectively, while the most frequent sightings were of Tremarctos ornatus (43 records), Nasua nasua (34 records) and Cuniculus paca (32 records). The Shannon-Wiener and Simpson Diversity Indices indicate Miraflores as the sampling site with the highest diversity (H'=3.11, 1-D=0.95). The main threat to larger mammals and other components of the larger fauna is deforestation; however, the presence of indicator species of the primary fauna community such as Tremarctos ornatus, Lagothrix flavicauda and others primates, indicate that there are still relatively extensive fragments of primary forest, particularly between the Chontayacu and Crisnejas rivers in the province of Marañón and between the Oso mayo and Blanco rivers in the province of Puerto Inca, so they must be taken into account for their conservation.

Major threats and habitat use status of Demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo), in district Bannu, Pakistan / Principais ameaças e estado de uso de habitat de Demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo), no distrito de Bannu, Paquistão

Cranes are the large and attractive Creatures of nature with long necks, legs, and life-span. Adults of both sexes are the same with similar color patterns. Demoiselle cranes spend most of their lifespan on dry grasses. They are also found around the stream, rivers, shallow lakes, natural wetlands, and depressions. To evaluate the current status of habitat use and major threats a study was conducted in tehsil Domel district Bannu. Line transect method and water quality tests (temperature, PH, contamination of E-coli bacteria) were used. To determine the major threats questionnaire method was used. The whole data was analyzed by using SPSS 21 version. Based on the distribution four study sites were selected and four water samples from each study site were taken. Most sites were moderate to highly degraded except Kashoo and kurram river mixing point which was low degraded with livestock grazing and human activities. Water quality tests showed PH ranges from 7-9, temperature 6.5-8.5, and contamination of E-coli in all samples. The social survey revealed that hunting, habitat degradation, and pollution as major threats. Effective long-term conservation and management in the study area are needed to focus on the protection of disturbance-free habitat.

Guindastes são a grande e atraente criatura da natureza com um pescoço longo, pernas e vida útil. Adultos de ambos os sexos são os mesmos com padrões de cores semelhantes. Guindastes Demoiselle passam a maior parte da vida em gramíneas secas. Também se encontram ao redor do córrego, rios, lagos rasos, pântanos naturais e depressões. Para avaliar o estado atual do uso do hábitat e as principais ameaças, um estudo foi realizado no distrito de Tehsil Domel, em Bannu. Foram utilizados o método transect e testes de qualidade da água (temperatura, pH, contaminação da bactéria E. coli). Para determinar as principais ameaçasfoi utilizado o método de questionário. Todos os dados foram analisados por meio da versão SPSS 21. Com base na distribuição, foram selecionados quatro locais de estudo e quatro amostras de água de cada local de estudo. A maioria dos locais estava moderada a altamente degradada, exceto no ponto de encontro dos rios Kashoo e Kurram, que teve baixa degradação com pastagem de gado e atividades humanas. Os testes de qualidade da água mostraram variação de pH de 7-9, temperatura 6,5-8,5 e contaminação de E. coli em todas as amostras. A pesquisa do questionário revelou que a caça, a degradação do hábitat e a poluição são as principais ameaças. Efetiva conservação e gestão a longo prazo na área de estudo são necessárias para se concentrar na proteção de um hábitat livre de distúrbios.

Major threats and habitat use status of Demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo), in district Bannu, Pakistan / Principais ameaças e estado de uso de habitat de Demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo), no distrito de Bannu, Paquistão

Cranes are the large and attractive Creatures of nature with long necks, legs, and life-span. Adults of both sexes are the same with similar color patterns. Demoiselle cranes spend most of their lifespan on dry grasses. They are also found around the stream, rivers, shallow lakes, natural wetlands, and depressions. To evaluate the current status of habitat use and major threats a study was conducted in tehsil Domel district Bannu. Line transect method and water quality tests (temperature, PH, contamination of E-coli bacteria) were used. To determine the major threats questionnaire method was used. The whole data was analyzed by using SPSS 21 version. Based on the distribution four study sites were selected and four water samples from each study site were taken. Most sites were moderate to highly degraded except Kashoo and kurram river mixing point which was low degraded with livestock grazing and human activities. Water quality tests showed PH ranges from 7-9, temperature 6.5-8.5, and contamination of E-coli in all samples. The social survey revealed that hunting, habitat degradation, and pollution as major threats. Effective long-term conservation and management in the study area are needed to focus on the protection of disturbance-free habitat.

Guindastes são a grande e atraente criatura da natureza com um pescoço longo, pernas e vida útil. Adultos de ambos os sexos são os mesmos com padrões de cores semelhantes. Guindastes Demoiselle passam a maior parte da vida em gramíneas secas. Também se encontram ao redor do córrego, rios, lagos rasos, pântanos naturais e depressões. Para avaliar o estado atual do uso do hábitat e as principais ameaças, um estudo foi realizado no distrito de Tehsil Domel, em Bannu. Foram utilizados o método transect e testes de qualidade da água (temperatura, pH, contaminação da bactéria E. coli). Para determinar as principais ameaças foi utilizado o método de questionário. Todos os dados foram analisados por meio da versão SPSS 21. Com base na distribuição, foram selecionados quatro locais de estudo e quatro amostras de água de cada local de estudo. A maioria dos locais estava moderada a altamente degradada, exceto no ponto de encontro dos rios Kashoo e Kurram, que teve baixa degradação com pastagem de gado e atividades humanas. Os testes de qualidade da água mostraram variação de pH de 7-9, temperatura 6,5-8,5 e contaminação de E. coli em todas as amostras. A pesquisa do questionário revelou que a caça, a degradação do hábitat e a poluição são as principais ameaças. Efetiva conservação e gestão a longo prazo na área de estudo são necessárias para se concentrar na proteção de um hábitat livre de distúrbios.

Major threats and habitat use status of Demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo), in district Bannu, Pakistan

Abstract Cranes are the large and attractive Creatures of nature with long necks, legs, and life-span. Adults of both sexes are the same with similar color patterns. Demoiselle cranes spend most of their lifespan on dry grasses. They are also found around the stream, rivers, shallow lakes, natural wetlands, and depressions. To evaluate the current status of habitat use and major threats a study was conducted in tehsil Domel district Bannu. Line transect method and water quality tests (temperature, PH, contamination of E-coli bacteria) were used. To determine the major threats questionnaire method was used. The whole data was analyzed by using SPSS 21 version. Based on the distribution four study sites were selected and four water samples from each study site were taken. Most sites were moderate to highly degraded except Kashoo and kurram river mixing point which was low degraded with livestock grazing and human activities. Water quality tests showed PH ranges from 7-9, temperature 6.5-8.5, and contamination of E-coli in all samples. The social survey revealed that hunting, habitat degradation, and pollution as major threats. Effective long-term conservation and management in the study area are needed to focus on the protection of disturbance-free habitat.

Resumo Guindastes são a grande e atraente criatura da natureza com um pescoço longo, pernas e vida útil. Adultos de ambos os sexos são os mesmos com padrões de cores semelhantes. Guindastes Demoiselle passam a maior parte da vida em gramíneas secas. Também se encontram ao redor do córrego, rios, lagos rasos, pântanos naturais e depressões. Para avaliar o estado atual do uso do hábitat e as principais ameaças, um estudo foi realizado no distrito de Tehsil Domel, em Bannu. Foram utilizados o método transect e testes de qualidade da água (temperatura, pH, contaminação da bactéria E. coli). Para determinar as principais ameaçasfoi utilizado o método de questionário. Todos os dados foram analisados por meio da versão SPSS 21. Com base na distribuição, foram selecionados quatro locais de estudo e quatro amostras de água de cada local de estudo. A maioria dos locais estava moderada a altamente degradada, exceto no ponto de encontro dos rios Kashoo e Kurram, que teve baixa degradação com pastagem de gado e atividades humanas. Os testes de qualidade da água mostraram variação de pH de 7-9, temperatura 6,5-8,5 e contaminação de E. coli em todas as amostras. A pesquisa do questionário revelou que a caça, a degradação do hábitat e a poluição são as principais ameaças. Efetiva conservação e gestão a longo prazo na área de estudo são necessárias para se concentrar na proteção de um hábitat livre de distúrbios.

El impacto de las minas antipersona en Colombia en los últimos treinta años / The impact of antipersonnel mines in Colombia in the last thirty years / O impacto das minas antipessoais na Colômbia durante os últimos trinta anos

El conflicto armado en Colombia se ha caracterizado por la presencia de grupos al margen de la ley, quienes utilizan las minas antipersona como unas de sus armas principales. El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en evaluar estadísticamente los casos relacionados con las víctimas de minas antipersona en Colombia entre 1990 y 2020. El proceso investigativo se generó a partir de los datos suministrados por la Oficina del Alto Comisionado para la Paz, y se empleó un análisis de correspondencia múltiple y distribución de frecuencia. Se encontró que el 60.5% de las estadísticas relacionadas con las minas antipersona se asocian a personal militar vinculado a las Fuerzas Militares, además que en el 19.7% de los incidentes con dichas armas la persona afectada pierde su vida, y también que el 10.2% de los casos reportados corresponden a menores de edad. Igualmente, se halló que en los departamentos de Antioquia, Meta, Nariño y Caquetá se presentaron el mayor número de hechos. Se concluye que el país debe dar su máximo esfuerzo para erradicar del territorio las minas que aún están sembradas, y trabajar junto con la Comunidad Internacional y los exguerrilleros reintegrados a la sociedad con el fin de promover un país libre de minas.

The armed conflict in Colombia has been characterized by the presence of illegal groups, who use landmines as one of their main weapons. The objective of this research was to statistically evaluate the cases related to landmine victims in Colombia between 1990 and 2020. The research process was generated from data provided by the Office of the High Commissioner for Peace, and a multiple correspondence and frequency distribution analysis was used. It was found that 60.5% of the statistics related to antipersonnel mines are associated with military personnel linked to the Armed Forces, and that in 19.7% of the incidents involving these weapons the affected person loses his or her life, and also that 10.2% of the reported cases correspond to minors. It was also found that the departments of Antioquia, Meta, Nariño and Caquetá had the highest number of incidents. It is concluded that the country must make its maximum effort to eradicate the mines that are still planted in the territory, and work together with the international community and the ex-guerrillas reintegrated into society in order to promote a mine-free country.

O conflito armado na Colômbia tem sido caracterizado pela presença de grupos armados ilegais, que utilizam minas terrestres como uma de suas principais armas. O objetivo desta pesquisa era avaliar estatisticamente os casos relacionados às vítimas de minas terrestres na Colômbia entre 1990 e 2020. O processo de pesquisa foi gerado a partir de dados fornecidos pelo Alto Comissariado para a Paz, e foi utilizada uma análise de correspondência múltipla e distribuição de freqüência. Constatou-se que 60,5% das estatísticas relacionadas às minas antipessoais estão associadas a militares ligados às Forças Armadas, e que em 19,7% dos incidentes envolvendo essas armas, a pessoa afetada perde a vida, e que 10,2% dos casos relatados correspondem a menores. Também foi constatado que os departamentos de Antioquia, Meta, Nariño e Caquetá tiveram o maior número de incidentes. Conclui-se que o país deve fazer o máximo para erradicar as minas que ainda estão plantadas no território e trabalhar junto com a comunidade internacional e os ex-guerrilheiros reintegrados à sociedade para promover um país livre de minas.

Long-term monitoring of marine turtle nests in northeastern Brazil / Monitoramento de longo prazo de ninhos de tartarugas marinhas no nordeste do Brasil

Abstract: This study monitored marine turtle nests in a region known as the Potiguar Basin, which stretches from the northern region of Rio Grande do Norte State (5°4'1.15" S, 36°4'36.41" W) to eastern Ceará State (4°38'48.28" S, 37°32'52.08" W) in Brazil. We collected data from January 2011 to December 2019 to identify species of sea turtles that spawn in the basin, to analyze the nesting spatial-temporal pattern and nests characteristics, and to record effects of environmental and anthropic factors on nests. A field team examined sea turtle tracks and nests signs. Turtle clutches were monitored daily until hatchings emerged from the nests. We monitored nests of hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata; n = 238) and olive Ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea; n = 103). The nesting season for E. imbricata occurred between December and May and for L. olivacea from March to August. Hawksbills had clutch size, incubation time, number of unhatched eggs, and dead hatchlings higher than olive Ridley turtles; nevertheless, they presented lower hatching success. Precipitation between 0 and 22 mm and relative humidity (RH) higher than 69% increased the hatching success rate for E. imbricata; however, rainfall above 11 mm and RH 64% had the same effect for L. olivacea. Signs of egg theft and human presence (e.g. vehicle traffic and plastic residues on the beach) were recorded and are considered threats to nests. The results of our long-term monitoring study in the Potiguar Basin provide basis for the implementation of mitigation measures and adoption of management policies at nesting beaches in this Brazilian region.

Resumo: Este estudo permitiu o monitoramento de ninhos de tartarugas marinhas em uma região conhecida como Bacia Potiguar, que se estende da região norte do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (5 ° 4'1,15 "S, 36 ° 4'36,41" W) até o leste do Estado do Ceará (4 ° 38'48,28 "S, 37 ° 32'52,08" W), no Brasil. Coletamos dados de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2019 com o objetivo de identificar as espécies de tartarugas marinhas que desovam na bacia, analisar o padrão espaço-temporal de nidificação, as características dos ninhos, e registrar os efeitos de fatores ambientais e antrópicos. Uma equipe de campo examinou rastros de tartarugas marinhas e sinais de ninhos. As ninhadas das tartarugas foram monitoradas diariamente até que os filhotes emergissem dos ninhos. Monitoramos ninhos de tartarugas-de-pente (Eretmochelys imbricata; n = 238) e tartarugas-oliva (Lepidochelys olivacea; n = 103). A época de nidificação para E. imbricata ocorreu entre dezembro e maio e para L. olivacea de março a agosto. Tartarugas-de-pente apresentaram maior tamanho das ninhadas, tempo de incubação, número de ovos não eclodidos e número de filhotes mortos quando comparado com tartarugas-oliva; no entanto, apresentaram menor sucesso de eclosão. Precipitação entre 0 e 22 mm e umidade relativa (UR) maior que 69% aumentaram a taxa de sucesso de eclosão para E. imbricata; entretanto, chuvas acima de 11 mm e UR 64% tiveram o mesmo efeito para L. olivacea. Sinais de roubo de ovos e presença humana (por exemplo, tráfego de veículos e resíduos de plástico na praia) foram registrados e são considerados ameaças aos ninhos. Os resultados do nosso estudo de monitoramento de longo prazo na Bacia Potiguar fornecem base para a implementação de medidas de mitigação e adoção de políticas públicas em praias de desova nesta região brasileira.

Under the surface: what we know about the threats to subterranean fishes in Brazil

The present work brings information on threats to the subterranean fishes in Brazil. Currently, at least 36 species are known, 22 of which are already formally described. Endemism is the rule for most of them. Regarding their conservation, these fishes are in general considered threatened: and most of the already formally described species are included in national lists of threatened fauna, and only four of them are included in the global list of the IUCN. Regarding habitats, Brazilian subterranean fishes occur in alluvial sediments (part of the hyporheic zone), shallow base-level streams, flooded caves, lakes in the water table, upper vadose tributaries, and epikarst aquifers. We detected 11 main threats, mainly related to agriculture, pasture, and hydroelectric plans, but unmanaged tourism and pollution are also significant threats. Two threats affect a high number of species (physical change of the habitat and food restriction). The river basins with the higher number of identified threats are the upper Tocantins (eight) followed by the upper Paraguaçu (six). Effective proposals to protect this neglected component of the Brazilian biodiversity are still scarce, such as monitoring projects and their function in the subterranean communities, besides education projects aiming to develop public awareness.(AU)

O presente trabalho traz informações sobre as ameaças aos peixes subterrâneos no Brasil. Atualmente, são conhecidas pelo menos 36 espécies, 22 das quais já foram formalmente descritas. O endemismo é a regra para a maioria destas espécies. Em relação à conservação, esses peixes são em geral considerados ameaçados: a maioria das espécies já descritas está incluída em listas regionais de fauna ameaçada e apenas quatro delas estão incluídas na lista global da IUCN. Em relação aos habitats, os peixes subterrâneos brasileiros ocorrem em sedimentos aluviais (parte da zona hiporreica), riachos de nível de base, cavernas inundadas, lagos no lençol freático, tributários vadosos superiores e aquíferos no epicarste. Detectamos onze ameaças principais, a maioria relacionada à agricultura, pecuária e projetos hidrelétricos, entretanto, turismo sem planos de manejo e poluição também representam ameaças significativas. Duas ameaças afetam um grande número de espécies: a mudança física do habitat e a restrição de alimento. As bacias hidrográficas com o maior número de ameaças identificadas são a do alto Tocantins (oito) seguida pela do alto Paraguaçu (seis). Propostas eficazes para proteger esse componente negligenciado da biodiversidade brasileira são ainda escassos, como os projetos de monitoramento e sua função nas comunidades subterrâneas, além de projetos relacionados à educação, visando a sensibilização do público.(AU)

Uma leitura feminista decolonial de o mal-estar na civilização / A decolonial feminist view of culture and its discontents

Trata-se de examinar o ensaio O mal-estar na civilização, de Freud (1930), a partir de leituras feministas decoloniais, especialmente da obra Um feminismo decolonial, de Françoise Vergès (2020), e de Memórias da plantação, de Grada Kilomba (2019). Freud diz que há três ameaças feitas à civilização. Uma delas viria de cristãos que desnutriram a vida terrena com suas crenças na vida do além; outra teria sido feita por mulheres sedentas de sexo e de afetos familiares, dois aspectos que disputariam investimento libidinal com a cultura e o âmbito público da vida, espaços exclusivos de homens, únicos verdadeiramente capazes de sublimação; a última seria oriunda de cidadãos europeus simpatizantes dos povos colonizados. Não se trata aqui de julgar Freud anacronicamente por suas posições e elaborações teóricas pautadas em visões alinhadas aos processos de colonização e à misoginia. Apontar esses embaraçosos pontos é interessante hoje apenas na medida em que "ressitua" a psicanálise contemporânea e a coloca em alerta sobre esses lugares um tanto quanto retrógrados em termos civilizatórios. De qualquer maneira, o Moisés de Freud ainda é um texto freudiano que pode fazer frente aos tropeços do velho pai da psicanálise.

It is a question of examining the essay Culture and its Discontents, written by Freud (1930), from a decolonial feminist perspective, especially from Françoise Vergès' (2020) A decolonial feminism and Grada Kilomba's (2019) Memories of plantation. Freud says that there are three threats made to civilization. One would come from Christians who have malnourished earthly life with their beliefs in the hereafter; another would have been made by women thirsty for sex and family affections, two aspects that would dispute libidinal investment with culture and the public sphere of life, spaces exclusive for men, the only ones truly capable of sublimation; the latter would come from European citizens sympathetic to the colonized peoples. It is not a matter of judging Freud anachronically by his positions and theoretical elaborations based on visions aligned with the colonization processes and misogyny. Pointing out these embarrassing points is interesting today only insofar as it re-situates contemporary psychoanalysis and puts it on alert about these places somewhat retrograde in civilizing terms. In any case, Freud's Moses is still a Freudian text that can face the stumbling blocks of the old father of psychoanalysis.

The Globalization Monster: Challenges and Alternatives of Jacques B. Gélinas / El monstruo de la globalización: desafíos y alternativas, de jacques b. gélinas

RESUMEN Este artículo describió la evolución histórica del término globalización, acompañada de diferentes acontecimientos económicos, políticos y sociales que dan cuenta del estado actual de concentración extrema de riqueza que ocasiona desigualdades y fracturas sociales en el mundo. En la obra El monstruo de la globalización: desafíos y alternativas, de Jacques Gélinas, traducida al español en 2006, Gélinas presenta una propuesta de desarrollo de un pensamiento único cultural que invita a comprender, criticar, resistir y construir alternativas de los fenómenos socioeconómicos y del sentido de la historia, para despertar consciencia planetaria y lograr un balance mundial entre las aspiraciones económicas, sociales, culturales y ambientales. Asimismo, se hace una reflexión sobre el caso colombiano, donde la discrepancia ideológica se presenta precisamente por la concepción conservadora de la sociedad colombiana, niveles salariales no tan elevados y cohesión local en función de los productos agrícolas y textiles; de la misma manera, el alto nivel de regionalismo, potenciado por la limitación geográfica y de vías de comunicación, ha ralentizado en Colombia el desarrollo de productos manufacturados, que se han enfocado como continuidad histórica en la dependencia de commodities como café, petróleo, minería y productos agrícolas.

ABSTRACT This text describes the historical evolution of the term globalization, accompanied by different economic, political, and social events that account for the current state of extreme concentration of wealth, which causes inequalities and social fractures in the world. In the work "The Globalization Monster: Challenges and Alternatives" by Jacques B. Gélinas, translated to Spanish in 2006, the author presents a proposal for the development of a unique cultural thought, one that invites us to understand, criticize, resist, and build alternatives to socioeconomic phenomena and the meaning of history, to awaken planetary consciousness, and to achieve a global balance between economic, social, cultural, and environmental aspirations. Likewise, a reflection is made on the Colombian case, where the ideological discrepancy is presented, precisely because of the conservative conception of Colombian society, not-so-high salary levels, and local cohesion based on agricultural and textile products; in the same way, the high level of regionalism, enhanced by geographical limitations and communication routes, have slowed down the development of manufactured products in Colombia, focusing as a historical continuity on dependence of commodities such as coffee, oil, mining, and agricultural products.

La crisis en Libia y sus efectos en la región del Sahel / The crisis in Libya and its effects on the Sahel región / A crise em Líbia e os seus efeitos na região do Sahel

Resumen El siguiente artículo analiza desde la perspectiva clásica de seguridad la evolución de la política exterior de Libia durante la era de Muammar Gaddafi, caracterizándose en su inicio por ser una amenaza de guerra constante a transformarse en el principal factor de estabilidad de la región del Sahel antes de su caída. Desde este punto se examinan las consecuencias que, en materia de seguridad, acontecieron en la región tras la desaparición del líder libio y los factores de riesgo que aumentan la vulnerabilidad de esta, ante la situación caótica en el país norafricano, sumado a la intervención militar de Occidente en Libia, la cual profundiza la situación de violencia al no permitir la reconfiguración de una autoridad central fuerte.

Abstract The following article analyzes from the classical security perspective the evolution of Libya's foreign policy during the era of Muammar Gaddafi , characterized at the beginning as being a constant threat of war, to become the main stability factor of the Sahel region before his fall. From this point we examine the consequences that, in terms of security, occurred in the region following the demise of the Libyan leader and the risk factors that increase its vulnerability, given the chaotic situation in the North African country, added to the Western military intervention in Libya, which deepens the violence situation by not allowing the reconfi guration of a strong central authority.

Resumo O seguinte artigo analisa desde a perspectiva clássica de segurança a evolução da política exterior de Líbia durante a era de Muammar Gaddafi, caracterizar-se em seu início por ser una ameaça de guerra constante a se transformar no principal fator de estabilidade da região do Sahel antes da sua caída. Desde este ponto examinam-se as consequências que, em matéria de segurança, aconteceram na região após do desaparecimento do líder líbio e os fatores de risco que aumentam a vulnerabilidade desta, perante a situação caótica no país norte-africano, somado à intervenção militar de Ocidente em Líbia, a qual aprofunda a situação de violencia ao não permitir a reconfiguração de uma autoridade central forte.

Investigación para la toma de decisiones de manejo en áreas marinas protegidas como la Isla del Coco, Costa Rica

Introducción: En la práctica de la conservación biológica, a menudo se necesita de información científica para guiar las decisiones de manejo, pero esta información es especialmente escasa en áreas marinas protegidas. Las áreas marinas protegidas enfrentan el desafío de proteger especies pelágicas que se desplazan entre zonas protegidas de distintos países y zonas de pesca. En general, un obstáculo para generar la información que requieren las áreas protegidas es que comúnmente existe una disociación entre el sector académico y el sector de gestión, los cuales difieren en sus objetivos, forma de trabajo, y sistemas de recompensa. Esta situación se ve agravada en áreas marinas protegidas que se encuentran lejos de la costa, ya que los costos económicos y logísticos para realizar investigación son muy elevados. Objetivos: Utilizar el contexto del Parque Nacional Isla del Coco para ilustrar dificultades al momento de definir y recopilar la información necesaria para la gestión, y proponer posibles soluciones a este problema. Resultados: Para producir la información relevante, creemos que es necesario tomar en cuenta los siguientes aspectos: i) distinguir entre información biológica e información requerida para la gestión, ii) generar información sobre las amenazas a las especies, aún en ausencia de datos sobre las especies, iii) direccionar los planes de monitoreo, y iv) establecer una coordinación entre dos grupos de personas: las que frecuentan el área y las que están lejos del área en centros académicos. Además, debido a la naturaleza de la información que se requiere, y a la remotidad del sitio, se necesita de una articulación entre sectores (incluido el sector pesquero) para generar los datos. Conclusión: Parece indispensablelograr esta articulación entre sectores, lo cual conlleva grandes retos. Aún así, esta opción parece ser más viable desde el punto de vista logístico y económico que el intentar generar esta información desde una plataforma exclusivamente académica. Además, dicha articulación parece ser la única forma de generar información que es requerida para regular el manejo pesquero; por ejemplo la caracterización adecuada del esfuerzo de captura y de la biomasa extraída.

Introduction: Scientific information is often needed to guide management decisions, but marine protected areas usually lack such information. Further, these protected areas face the challenge of protecting highly-mobile pelagic species that move between protected areas in different countries and across fishing zones. In general, the dissociation that commonly exists between academic and conservation groups, which work under different objectives and reward systems, serves as an obstacle for producing the information that is needed by wildlife managers. This limitation is further enhanced in oceanic islands, such as Isla del Coco because of their mere remoteness, a condition that dramatically increases the economic and operational costs for doing research. Objective: To illustrate the challenge of generating useful scientific information for conservation decision making in protected areas, using Isla del Coco National Park in Costa Rica as a case study, and to propose possible solutions. Results: In order to produce the scientific information that these areas require, it is necessary to: i) distinguish between biologically relevant information, and information required for decision-making, ii) generate information about the threats to biodiversity, even in the absence of information about the species themselves, iii) establish clear goals and objectives for monitoring plans, and iv) build strong links between two types of groups: those that work from mainland and those that operate offshore; this includes working alongside fishing vessels. Conclusions: It will be a great challenge to articulate such relationships between groups, but this option seems more viable (in terms of associated logistic and economical costs) than attempting to collect the required data from an isolated academic platform. Also, this articulation appears to be the only way of generating information that is crucial for stock management, such as the accurate characterization of the fishing activity.

Knowledge, attitude and practice study on awareness and preventing cyber threats among the electronic devices used by the doctors of government medical college Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India

Background: Now a days the whole World is submerged with digital electronics devices round the clock for all utilities. Even the doctor community also is not spared by these digital gadgets. Almost every doctor in India is permanently having and operating a smart phone and laptops or desktops plus vide computer applications.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 45 doctors across 7 departments of Government Medical College, Vellore. Mean, median, mode, standard deviation was used for quantitative data and Pearson chi square test and logistic regression was used for qualitative data using trial version of SPSS 22.Results: The mean score was 11.2±2.8 with mean scoring percentile of 38.8±6.5. There was Pearsons Chi square significance for Variables like exposure to external resources and, Books related to cyber security, age less than 34 years and average spending time with electronic devices >2.5 hours per day, designation MD versus MBBS, gender difference.Conclusions: On running logistic regression the multivariate analysis for study variables with statistical significance was seen for four variables- exposure to external resources, and books related to cyber security, age <34 years, average spending time with electronic devices >2.5 hours per day. Designation and gender variables lost their significance on logistic regression analysis.

Causas de la pérdida global de biodiversidad / Causes of global biodiversity loss

La biodiversidad comprende la variabilidad de organismos y los sistemas ecológicos de los que forma parte, y constituye el sustento de la humanidad. Sin embargo, las actividades humanas han modificado a la biodiversidad en sus distintos niveles a un grado sin precedentes. Por lo cual, el objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar y describir el estado de la biodiversidad global y las cinco importantes causas de su declive: degradación y pérdida del hábitat, introducción de especies exóticas, sobreexplotación de recursos, contaminación y el cambio climático. La crisis actual se califica como la sexta extinción masiva, donde los anfibios y los corales formadores de arrecifes son los que presentan mayor riesgo de desaparecer. Debido a que para los próximos años el panorama no es el mejor, es urgente la toma acciones integrales para relentizar los procesos que dañan la integridad y funcionamiento de la diversidad biológica.

Biodiversity comprises the variability of organisms and the ecological systems of which it is part, and constitutes the livelihood of humanity. However, human activities have modified biodiversity at its various levels to an unprecedented level. Therefore, the aim of this work was to analyze and describe the state of global biodiversity and the five important causes of its decline: degradation and loss of habitat, introduction of exotic species, overexploitation of resources, pollution and climate change. The current crisis is classified as the sixth mass extinction, with amphibians and reef-building corals most at risk of disappearing. Because for the next few years the outlook is not the best, it is urgent to take concrete actions to slow down the processes that damage the integrity and functioning of biological diversity.

Distribución espacial, estructura social y amenazas de conservación de una pequeña comunidad de delfines nariz de botella, Tursiops trunca (Odontoceti: Delphinidae) en Ecuador

Una comunidad residente de bufeos costeros Tursiops truncatus ha sido estudiada de manera intermitente entre 2005 y 2018 en la punta de la península de Santa Elena, Ecuador (2°11' S & 81°0.7' W). Avistamientos oportunistas y dirigidos desde la playa y abordo de un bote con motor fuera de borda se realizaron a lo largo de 40 km de costa, contabilizándose un esfuerzo de 917.2 km de seguimiento en automóvil desde tierra y 707.4 km en bote por mar. El tamaño grupal promedio fue 5.31 delfines/grupo (SD = 1.97, rango 1-10), sin cambios significativos a lo largo del estudio. Desde tierra el tamaño grupal fue subestimado en promedio en 32 %. Esta comunidad de bufeos tiene actualmente solo nueve individuos, incluyendo seis adultos, un inmaduro y dos crías, siendo la comunidad más pequeña encontrada en el golfo de Guayaquil. La tasa de encuentro varió entre 0.03 delfines/km en la parte noroeste y 0.31 delfines/km en la parte sur, donde los delfines concentran sus actividades, posiblemente porque las actividades humanas ahí son menos intensas. Los delfines se distribuyeron generalmente entre los primeros 200 m de la orilla llegando hasta 1 200 m en la parte norte donde la profundidad es menor y las actividades portuaria y turística más intensas. La velocidad de los delfines fue significativamente más alta cuando fueron seguidos desde un bote a corta distancia (5.87 km/h) que cuando fueron monitoreados desde tierra (2.9 km/h) (P < 0.01), lo cual sugiere que el seguimiento en bote tuvo un impacto sobre el movimiento de los delfines. Un análisis clúster jerárquico mostró que los delfines tienen altos índices de asociación entre ellos (promedio 0.67, rango 0.01-1.0), indicando que es una comunidad altamente cohesionada. Adicionalmente muestran un alto nivel de residencia (índice de ocurrencia promedio de 0.62). Durante el estudio se identificaron dos amenazas principales, una pesquería con redes agalleras en la parte suroeste y un intenso tráfico de botes pesqueros en la parte noroeste. La mayoría del área de estudio actualmente es parte de un área costero-marina protegida creada en 2008, lo cual ofrece una oportunidad para la recuperación de esta comunidad de delfines. Debido a su fragilidad, se recomienda a las autoridades ambientales, entre otras cosas, eliminar potenciales fuentes de amenaza para los delfines como las redes de pesca, implementar un área de exclusión para artes de pesca y tráfico de botes pesqueros de 1 km de ancho desde la orilla y limitar la velocidad de todo tipo de embarcación a 10 nudos dentro del área protegida.

A resident community of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) has been studied irregularly between 2005 and 2018 around the tip of the Santa Elena Peninsula, Ecuador (2°11' S & 81°0.7' W). Opportunistic sightings and systematic surveys from the beach and at sea were carried out along 40 km of coast, accounting for 917.2 km of tracking by car from land and 707.4 km of boat tracking by sea. Average group size was 5.31 dolphins/group (SD = 1.97, range 1-10), with no significant changes throughout the study period. From land, however, the group size was underestimated 32 % on the average. This small bottlenose dolphin community currently has only nine individuals, including six adults, one immature and two calves, and is the smallest community within the Gulf of Guayaquil. The encounter rate ranged between 0.03 dolphins/km in the northwestern part and 0.32 dolphins/km in the South, where dolphins concentrate their activities, possibly because human activities are less intense there. Dolphins were generally distributed in the first 200 m from the shore, reaching up to 1 200 m in the Northern shallower part and where port and tourist activities concentrate. The dolphins' speed was significantly higher when they were followed from a boat at close range (5.87 km/h) than when they were monitored from the beach (2.9 km/h) (P < 0.01), which suggests that boat tracking had an effect on dolphin´s movements. Pairwise cluster analysis showed that animals from this community show high rates of association among each other (average 0.67, range 0.01-1.0), indicating that is a highly cohesive community. Dolphins also showed high level of residence (average occurrence index = 0.62). During the study, two main threats were identified, a gillnet fishery in the Southwestern part and an intense fishing boat traffic in the Northwestern. Most of the study area is currently part of a coastal-marine protected area created in 2008, which offers an opportunity for the recovery and conservation of this dolphin community. Given its fragility, we recommend the environmental authorities to address potential threats for this dolphin community by eliminating gillnets, implementing an exclusion zone for fishing gear and boat traffic of 1 km width from the shore and limit the speed of any type of vessel to 10 knots within the reserve.

Características y desafíos del crimen organizado transnacional en la Triple Frontera: Argentina-Paraguay-Brasil / Characteristics and challenges of the transnational organized crime on the tripartite border among Argentine, Paraguay and Brazil / Características e desafios do crime organizado transnacional na tríplice fronteira: Argentina-Paraguai-Brasil

Resumen El impacto del crimen organizado transnacional en la frontera compartida entre Argentina, Paraguay y Brasil es tan grande, que hace que la región sea caracterizada por la prensa internacional y se considere como una de las más peligrosas del mundo. Este documento pretende, en primer lugar, realizar una caracterización de la región, con el fin de establecer el contexto que hace propicia la consolidación de los esquemas criminales. En seguida, se mostrará cuáles son los principales crímenes que se desarrollan y los actores involucrados. Finalmente, se establecerá cuáles han sido las respuestas de los tres gobiernos para superar la situación. La metodología empleada fue cualitativa, con vocación analítica y documental, a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias que permitieron identificar la importancia estratégica y socioeconómica de los corredores fronterizos en la Triple Frontera, y la existencia de zonas grises, donde ha tenido amplio desarrollo el crimen organizado transnacional, a partir de la existencia de grupos nativos y no nativos en la zona, y de un amplio portafolio criminal que pone en evidencia la evolución de las amenazas a la seguridad. Las iniciativas implementadas por los gobiernos, en forma individual y en conjunto, finalmente se muestran insuficientes para contener el avance del fenómeno y como uno de los principales desafíos en la Triple Frontera.

Abstract The impact of the transnational organized crime in the tripartite border among Argentine, Paraguay and Brazil is so great that the region is characterized by the international media and considered one of the most dangerous areas in the world. This paper aims, first, to do a characterization of the region to establish the context that makes the consolidation of the criminal schemas favorable. Then, it will present the main crimes perpetrated and the individuals involved. Finally, it will establish the three governments' responses to overcome this problematic. This study used a qualitative analysis and documentary methodology, starting from primary and secondary sources. These sources allowed identifying the strategic and socioeconomic importance of the border corridors in this triple borderline, and the existence of grey zones, where transnational organized crime has had a great growth since the existence of native and non-native groups in this area; and of a broad criminal portfolio that points out the evolution of threats to security. The initiatives implemented by the governments, individually and collectively, are insufficient to stop the advancement of this matter and are shown as one of the main challenges in this shared border.

Resumo O impacto do crime organizado transnacional na fronteira compartilhada entre Argentina, Paraguai e Brasil é tão grande, que faz que a região seja caraterizada pela imprensa internacional e que seja considerada como uma das mais perigosas do mundo. Este documento pretende, em primeiro lugar, realizar uma caracterização da região, com o fim de establecer o contexto que propicia a consolidação dos esquemas criminais. Logo, se mostrará quais são os principais crimes cometidos e os atores envolvidos. Finalmente, se estabelecerá quais têm sido as propostas dos três governos para resolver a situação. A metodología utilizada foi qualitativa de tipo analítica e documental, a partir de fontes primárias e secundárias que permitiram identificar a importância estratégica e socioeconómica dos corredores fronteiriços na tríplice fronteira, e a existência de zonas cinzentas, onde o crime organizado transnacional tem tido um amplo desenvolvimento a partir da existência de grupos nativos e não nativos na zona, e de uma ampla variedade de crimes que evidencia a evolução das ameaças à segurança. As iniciativas implementadas pelos governos, de forma individual e conjunta, finalmente se mostram insuficientes para conter o avanço do fenômeno e se mostram como um dos principais desafios na tríplice fronteira.

Interaction Positions among Medical Students and Students Trained as Educators and Psychologists

Introduction: The study was done to identify the importance of psychological factors that influence people in adoptingcertain positions in interaction: coercion, manipulation, non-violence, or non-involvement. Goal: The aim was to study thestructure of interaction positions among medical students and future educators and psychologists. Materials and methods:Theoretical methods (analysis, comparison, specification, generalization); empirical methods and materials (a set ofquestionnaires that help reveal interaction strategies, and also factors that determine their acceptance; methods ofmathematical statistics – φ* criterion: Fisher angular transformation); and correlation analysis using a Pearson linearproduct-moment correlation coefficient were used. Results: In the course of the study, 16 types of interaction among studentswere identified and described. The optimal type was where the dominant position was occupied by the position of nonviolence. Positive and negative connections of positions of interaction with various factors were revealed. Discussion ofresults and conclusion: As a result, various models of students' behaviour in situations of interaction with other people weredescribed; the main directions of work on the purposeful formation of students' position of nonviolence were highlighted.The obtained results can be used in the process of professional training of students - future physicians and future teachers -psychologists, as well as in the development of special programs for the formation of students ' ability to interact nonviolently.