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Objective@#To construct the three-dimensional (3D) average face of Han women of different age groups in northern China.@*Methods@#From October 2016 to May 2017, a total of 187 facial 3D photographs of Han women aged from 20 to 65 in northern China were collected, using 3D photography technology. The subjects were divided into four groups according to their ages. The reverse engineering software and mathematical modeling software were used to construct the three-dimensional average faces of each group. Subjective description, deviation analysis and linear measurements were performed to analyze the facial morphology changing with age.@*Results@#(1) The average faces of the twenties and thirties showed insignificantly differences in periorbital area and cheilion. Those in the thirties and forties showed loosen of upper eyelids, obvious depression in frontal and temporal area, and downward and backward movement of lower face. The differences between the forties and fifties could be described as sagging and dropping, which may be caused by the drooping of facial soft tissue. They were most obvious in the lateral upper eyelid, followed by nasolabial groove and ridge, lips and chin. (2) The average epicanthus and ocular width narrowed with age, however, nasal width, height and length increased. Oral width and philtrum length significantly increased with age, accompanying with decreased upper and lower vermilion height.@*Conclusions@#The facial morphology of Han women in northern China changed most significantly when they in their forties. Facial soft tissue sagging and dropping mainly occurred in their fifties. The construction of 3D average face can be clinically applied and show the common facial features of a specific population. It has the potential to be applied in a variety of clinical studies in the future. Our findings can be used as guidance of facial rejuvenation treatment.
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OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate and analyze the accuracy of three-dimensional camera system acquisition based on stereophotography for the photographic acquisition of images of facial deformities.@*METHODS@#3D digital models of 45 waxen facial models of patients with facial deformities were obtained via a 3D camera system based on stereophotography. A total of 19 feature lines were measured on each 3D model by using the software. The measurements taken by the coordinate-measuring machine were accepted as standard values. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the accuracy of the system and the corresponding factors.@*RESULTS@#Statistical analysis results showed that the measured values of the characteristic distance obtained by 3D camera system were statistically different from the standard values (P0.05). The facial regions significantly influenced measuring error (P0.05). The middle facial regions had significant difference with bilateral facial regions on the percentage of measurement values (P0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The accuracy of 3D camera system based on stereophotography for the photographic acquisition of facial deformities are influenced by the morphology of the facial deformities and facial regions. Moreover, the measuring error is acceptable in clinical settings.
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Humans , Craniofacial Abnormalities , Diagnostic Imaging , Imaging, Three-Dimensional , Reproducibility of Results , SoftwareABSTRACT
Objective To analyze factors of volume maintenance percentage after autologous fat grafting breast augmentation.Methods From March 2011 to December 2014,39 patients were included.Age,BMI,donor site,breast preoperative volume,whether or not application of Brava and water-jet-assisted liposuction were collected as variables.We performed multivariate regression and univariate regression analyses in a general linear regression model and multilevel linear regression model to identify significant factors.Results The mean percentage of volume maintenance was (34± 12) ％.In univariate regression analysis,rate of volume maintenace was decreased 3.3％ as increase of age per 5 years;Brava application increased volume maintenace,compared with donor sites of the back and abdomen 8.4％ (40.7％ vs 32.3％,P＜0.05),application of leg fat increased by 9.6％ of volume maintenace (39.1％ vs 29.5％,P＜0.05).In the multivariate regression analysis,Brava use increased volume maintenance of 6.2％ (P＜0.05);use of leg fat increased by 6.0 ％ of volume maintenace as compared with donor sites of the back and abdomen (P＜0.05).Conclusions The age,Brava,and donor site are significant impact factors to percentage volume maintenance in autologous fat graft breast augmentation.