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ObjectiveTo investigate the expression level of Golgi transport 1A （GOLT1A） in thyroid carcinoma and its effects on the proliferation， migration， invasion， and epithelial-mesenchymal transition （EMT） of thyroid carcinoma cells. MethodsThe expression of GOLT1A in thyroid carcinoma was analyzed online by tumor immune estimation resource （TIMER）， the University of Alabama at Birmingham cancer data analysis portal （UALCAN）， gene expression profiling interactive analysis 2 （GEPIA2）. The expression level of GOLT1A in thyroid carcinoma cells was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （RTFQ-PCR） and western blot. Cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） assay， colony formation assay， and transwell assay were used to detect the effects of GOLT1A expression on the proliferation， migration， and invasion of thyroid carcinoma cells. Western blot assay was used to detect the effect of GOLT1A on the expression of EMT-related genes including E-cadherin， vimentin， and N-cadherin. ResultsThe online analysis of GEPIA2， TIMER， and UALCAN showed that the expression of GOLT1A was higher in thyroid carcinoma than in normal tissues， and the expression of GOLT1A in thyroid carcinoma cells was significantly higher than in normal control cells. Knockdown of GOLT1A inhibited TPC1 cell proliferation， migration， and invasion. The expression of E-cadherin increased and the expressions of N-cadherin and vimentin decreased in GOLT1A knockdown TPC1 cells. Overexpression of GOLT1A promoted BCPAP cell proliferation， migration， and invasion. The expression of E-cadherin decreased and the expressions of N-cadherin and vimentin increased in GOLT1A overexpression BCPAP cells. ConclusionGOLT1A is highly expressed in thyroid carcinoma and can promote the proliferation， migration， and invasion of thyroid carcinoma cells.
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The set of guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer (the second edition) was published in 2023 in China. Based on the first (2012) edition, the current set was revised jointly by nearly 100 experts in endocrinology, thyroid surgery, oncology, nuclear medicine, ultrasound medicine, and pathology from seven national societies for one year. The new version of the guideline is still divided into two parts, namely, thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. The writing mode of asking clinical questions, explaining and giving recommendations is adopted, and a total of 117 recommendations are provided. This article aims to compare the variations in the differentiation of benign and malignant thyroid nodules and surgical treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer between the new and old versions from the perspective of surgery. The author's own understanding and experiences are also discussed.
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Abstract Lateral Lymph Node Metastasis (LLNM) is common in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (PTC) and is associated with a poor prognosis. LLNM without central lymph node metastasis as skip metastasis is not common. We aimed to investigate clinicopathologic and sonographic risk factors for skip metastasis in PTC patients, and to establish a nomogram for predicting the possibility of skip metastasis in order to determine the therapeutic strategy. We retrospectively reviewed the data of 1037 PTC patients who underwent surgery from 2016 to 2020 at a single institution. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify the clinicopathologic and preoperative sonographic risk factors of skip metastasis. A nomogram including the risk factors for predicting skip metastasis was further developed and validated. The incidence of skip metastasis was 10.7%. The univariate and multivariate analyses suggested that gender (p = 0.001), tumor location (p = 0.000), extrathyroidal extension (p = 0.000), and calcification (p = 0.000) were independent risk factors. For papillary thyroid microcarcinoma, tumor location (p = 0.000) and calcification (p = 0.001) were independent risk factors. A nomogram according to the clinicopathologic and sonographic predictors was developed. The receiver operating characteristic curve indicated that AUC was 0.824 and had an excellent consistency. The calibration plot analysis showed a good performance and clinical utility of the model. Decision curve analysis revealed it was clinically useful. A nomogram for predicting the probability of skip metastasis was developed, which exhibited a favorable predictive value and consistency. For the female PTC patient, tumor located at the upper pole is more likely to have skip metastasis. Surgeons and sonographers should pay close attention to the patients who have the risk factors. Evidence level: This article's evidence level is 3. Level 3 evidence is derived from nonrandomized, controlled clinical trials. In this study, patients who receive an intervention are compared to a control group. Authors may detect a statistically significant and clinically relevant outcome.
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ABSTRACT Objective: The recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) may be involved by papillary thyroid carcinoma ≤ 1 centimeter (PTC ≤ 1 cm). Current study investigated the predictive factors of RLN invasion in PTC ≤ 1 cm, the risk factors of disease recurrence in RLN invaded cases and the results of surgical management for RLN invasion. Materials and methods: Data of 374 PTC ≤ 1 cm patients were retrospectively collected. We performed univariate and multivariate analysis to identify predictive factors of RLN invasion and risk factors of disease recurrence. The abilities of factors in predicting RLN invasion were evaluated. Surgical outcomes and recurrence free survival (RFS) of patients were analyzed. Results: A total of 28 patients suffered RLN invasion, among which seven had disease recurrence. Preoperative vocal cord palsy (VCP), gross extrathyroidal extension, larger tumor size and tumor on the dorsal side of thyroid were verified as predictive factors of RLN invasion. RLN involved patients had poorer RFS, but better than those who also had upper-aerodigestive tract invasion. Upper-aerodigestive tract invasion, lateral neck lymph nodes metastasis (LNM) and BRAF V600E mutation were independent risk factors of disease recurrence in RLN invaded cases. Tumor shaving showed better RLN function preservation without increasing recurrent risk. Conclusions: Current study confirmed the rarity of RLN invasion in PTC ≤ 1 cm. Various aggressive features were verified as predictive factors of RLN invasion. Tumor shaving showed superiority in preserving nerve function without increasing recurrent risk. Special attentions should be paid for disease recurrence when RLN invasion accompanied by upper-aerodigestive tract invasion, lateral neck LNM or BRAF V600E mutation.
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RESUMEN La presencia de quilotórax y de abdomen agudo quiloso luego de un vaciamiento ganglionar cervical izquierdo es una complicación muy poco frecuente. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 24 años a quien se le realizó un vaciamiento ganglionar cervical bilateral por metástasis de carcinoma de tiroides. El segundo día del posoperatorio presentó dolor abdominal. Los estudios complementarios permitieron diagnosticar quilotórax y abdomen agudo quiloso, posiblemente como consecuencia de la ligadura inadvertida del conducto torácico. Se realizó el tratamiento médico y el drenaje percutáneo de ambas cavidades. Debido a buena evolución se indicó el alta hospitalaria con el drenaje abdominal, y continuar el seguimiento en forma ambulatoria. El tratamiento médico controlado para las lesiones del conducto torácico constituye la primera opción. En caso de mala evolución se debe pensar en la resolución quirúrgica sin demora.
ABSTRACT Chylothorax and chyloperitoneum after left lymph node dissection are rare complications. We report the case of a 24-year-old woman with a history of total thyroidectomy with bilateral lymph node dissection for metastases of papillary thyroid carcinoma. On postoperative day 2 the patient presented generalized abdominal pain. The complementary tests allowed for the diagnosis of chylothorax and chyloperitoneum. Medical treatment was started and percutaneous drainage of both cavities. The patient had favorable outcome and was discharged with the abdominal drain and indication of follow-up in the outpatient clinic. Supervised medical treatment for thoracic duct injuries constitute the first treatment option. Surgery should not be delayed in case of poor outcome.
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Introduction: Thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has gained significance as a quick, safe, and relatively simple method to differentiate malignant from benign thyroid nodules and is regarded as the gold-standard first-line diagnostic test in the evaluation of thyroid nodules. The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) established a standardized, category-based reporting system for thyroid FNAC with each category having an implied cancer risk. However, the optimal management of thyroid nodules in the Bethesda III and IV categories is controversial, given the variable malignancy rates. Aims/Objectives: (1) Analysis of the cytomorphological characteristics of patients with categories III and IV of “TBSRTC.” (2) Assessment of risk of malignancy of TBSRTC category III, IV, and substratification of TBSRTC category III. Materials and Methods: A retrospective and prospective study of cases categorized under TBSRTC as category III and IV at a tertiary-care center. Cytological along with their histological results were compared. Results: We identified an overall malignancy rate of 33% for nodules belonging to Bethesda category III and a malignancy rate between 19% and 33% for Bethesda category IV. Also, a significantly higher risk of malignancy in subcategories with nuclear and architectural atypia (66.6%) than only architectural atypia (28.7%). Conclusion: Although surgery is recommended in most of these cases, cytomorphology helps to predict the final histopathological findings with greater accuracy. Substratification of category III into subgroups may help reduce the heterogeneity of the atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance category and more.
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Objective:To explore and analyze the correlation between thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (Tg) in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (papillary thyroid carcinoma, PTC) and to provide a more reasonable plan for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of patients.Methods:A retrospective analysis was made of 142 PTC patients who underwent surgical resection from Jun. 2019 to Jun. 2022 in the Oncology Department of Wenzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 115 patients were selected, including 25 males (21.74%), and 90 females (78.26%), and the average age was (43.48±9.74) years old. The medical records, pathology reports, and demographic characteristics and pathological characteristics were collected. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of TPO and Tg in PTC tissues, which were divided into positive and negative groups. Multifactorial Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze its relationship with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients.Results:The negative rate of TPO was 95.45% (105 cases). Univariate analysis showed that the tumor diameter ( t=5.746), lymph node metastasis, and the proportion of PT1 patients were significantly different between the two groups ( P<0.05), the TPO negative group was significantly higher than the positive group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found that tumor diameter, lymph node metastasis, and proportion of PT1 patients were independent factors (95% CI=2.367-5.365, 1.101-2.738, 1.103-2.589, P<0.05). The positive rate of Tg was 77.41% (89 cases). Univariate analysis showed the proportion of people with BMI ≥ 25 ( χ2=11.180), tumor diameter ( t=2.117), and intracapsular invasion ( χ2=8.354), extrathyroidal invasion, lymph node metastasis ( χ2=27.740), and proportion of PT1 patients were significantly different between the two groups ( P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis found BMI≥25, intracapsular invasion, extrathyroidal invasion, lymph node metastasis, proportion of PT1 patients were independent factors affecting Tg in patients with PTC (95% CI=3.845-11.735, 1.485-2.983,1.171-2.762,4.083-16.526,1.003-2.174, P<0.05). There was a negative correlation between the expression of TPO and Tg in PTC ( r=-0.498, P<0.001) . Conclusion:TPO and Tg are highly correlated with tumor lymphatic metastasis, pathological grade, tumor diameter and tumor invasion range in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, and the expression of the two is negatively correlated, which can be used as effective indicators for evaluating the prognosis of patients.
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Objective:To explore the value of thromboela-stogram (TEG) in predicting the risk of bleeding in patients undergoing thyroid cancer surgery and guiding blood transfusion therapy.Methods:46 patients with hemorrhage after thyroid cancer surgery in General Surgery Department of the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from Sep. 2021 to Sep. 2022 were selected as the hemorrhage group, including 12 males and 34 females. The age ranged from 18 to 76 years old, with an average age of (45.39±8.64). A total of 46 patients with no postoperative bleeding during the same period were selected as control group, including 9 males and 37 females. The average age was (43.86±9.12) years, ranging from 18 to 75 years. Postoperative TEG parameters, thrombin time (fibrinogen), fibrinogen (FIB), prothombin time (PT), thrombin time (thrombin time, TT), activited partial thomboplastin time (APTT) ], Spearman correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between TEG parameters, coagulation parameters and postoperative blood loss. The value of TEG parameters and coagulation indexes in predicting bleeding was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.Results:R value (9.81±1.39) min, K value (3.52±0.94) min, PT value (14.12±1.98) s, TT value (21.36±3.21) s and APTT value (40.29±7.18) s in hemorrhage group were higher than those in control group (7.09±1.12) min and 2.75±0.81) min, (12.86±1.74) s, (19.71±2.53) s, (36.15±6.52) s, MA value (51.67±5.13) mm, Angle (47.06±9.24) °, FIB (1.95±0.64) g/L were lower than control group (57.76±6.05) mm, (58.29±10.28) °, (2.41±0.89) g/L (t 1=10.335, t 2=4.209, t 3=3.242, t 4=2.738, t 5=2.895, t 6=5.207, t 7=5.510, t 8=2.846, all P<0.05) ; R-value (11.02±1.26) min and K-value (4.16±0.93) min in patients with high blood (≥10 ml) bleeding group were higher than those in patients with low bleeding (<10 ml) (9.28±1.19) min and (3.24±0.89) min. MA value (48.04±5.01) mm, Angle (42.15±9.14) ° were lower than those of patients with hypohemorrhage (53.26±5.29) mm, (49.21±9.53) ° (t 1=4.484, t 2=3.183, t 3=3.127, t 4=2.340, P<0.05). The amount of blood loss after thyroid cancer surgery was positively correlated with R value and K value, and negatively correlated with MA value and Angle (r 1=0.421, r 2=0.335, r 3=-0.318, r 4=-0.306, all P<0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) of R value, K value, MA value and Angle predicted perioperative bleeding of thyroid cancer surgery was>0.7. R value (7.13±1.15) min, K value (2.81±0.82) min, PT (13.01±1.76) s, TT (20.03±2.60) s, APTT (37.12±6.64) s after treatment were lower than those before treatment (9.81±1.39) min, (3.52±0.94) min, (14.12±1.98) s, (21.36±3.21) s, (40.29±7.18) s, MA value (56.89±5.94) mm, Angle (56.73±9.86) °, FIB (2.35±0.85) g/L were higher than those before treatment (51.67±5.13) mm, (47.06±9.24) °, (1.95±0.64) g/L (t 1=10.076, t 2=3.860, t 3=2.842, t 4=2.184, t 5=2.198, t 6=4.511, t 7=4.854, t 8=2.550, all P<0.05) . Conclusion:TEG parameters R value, K value, MA value and Angle have certain predictive efficacy in predicting bleeding risk of patients undergoing thyroid cancer surgery, and can guide clinical transfusion therapy.
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Thyroid cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the endocrine system, and its incidence is increasing year by year showing younger trend. The pathological types of thyroid cancer are papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma. Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) are the two common types of thyroid cancer. Since MTC and PTC have different biological origins, invasiveness and prognosis. Therefore, the occurrence of both medullary carcinoma and papillary carcinoma is very rare and rarely reported in China and abroad and the treatment is challenging. In this paper, we review the pathogenesis, ancillary tests, diagnosis and treatment of this disease, with the aim of providing reference for clinical treatment of patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma complicated by papillary carcinoma.
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Objective:To evaluate the differential diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) based on CT signs.Methods:Retrospective analysis was performed on 156 patients with PTC confirmed by surgery and pathology in the Imaging Department of Jinhua Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University College of Medicine from Jan. 2017 to Jan. 2022 as PTC group, and 132 patients with nodular goiter (NG) as NG group. There were 112 females and 45 males in the PTC group. The age was (49.32±3.25) years. There were 104 females and 52 males in NG group. The age was (50.12±3.27) years. Preoperative plain and contrast-enhanced CT scans were performed to analyze the features of the images, and univariate analysis was performed on the morphologic features, high tension, plain "bite cake sign" , enhanced "bite cake sign" , microcalcification, blurred/reduced scope after enhancement, nodule density, and asymmetric diffuse enlargement of thyroid gland. Statistically significant factors were included in the multivariate Logistic regression analysis, and the differential model of PTC was established according to the selected risk factors. The value of the model in the differential diagnosis of PTC was evaluated by ROC curve.Results:The percentages of irregular shape, no high tension, plain scan "bite cake sign" , enhanced "bite cake sign" , microcalcification, enhanced blur/reduced scope, uniform nodule density, completely slightly low tissue density, no cystic degeneration, and asymmetric thyroid diffuse enlargement in PTC group were higher than those in NG group ( χ2=161.014, 3.387, 95.885, 151.331, 60) . 200, 18.104, 105.260, 16.855, 89.064, 16.913, P<0.05) , suggesting that the above CT signs had important diagnostic value in differentiating PTC and NG. Among the single CT signs, plain scan "bite cake sign" had the highest sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. The sensitivity of PTC diagnosis combined with other signs gradually decreased, while the specificity gradually increased. At the same time, plain scan "bite cake sign" and microcalcification signs had high specificity in PTC identification, and the specificity of PTC identification reached 100.00% when any 4 or more signs were present. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis. The results showed that irregular morphology ( OR=15.831, 95% CI: 7.444-33.670) , high tension ( OR=0.162, 95% CI: 0.108-0.242) , plain scan "bite cake sign" ( OR=5.601, 95% CI: 2.691-11.659) , microcalcification ( OR=4.031, 95% CI: 2.062-7.880) , edge blur/range reduction after enhancement ( OR=4.761, 95% CI: 3.126-7.260) , uniform density of nodules ( OR=4.778, 95% CI: 3.299-6.290) and increased asymmetric diffusion ( OR=3.758, 95% CI: 1.911-7.391) were important signs for distinguishing NG from PTC ( P<0.05) . The above factors were incorporated into the Logistic regression equation to construct the model, and then the ROC curve was drawn. The results showed that the area under the curve of the model established based on CT signs was 0.94 (0.925-0.983) , and the sensitivity and specificity were 90.37% and 91.45%, respectively. Conclusions:In CT signs, irregular shape, high tension, "biting cake sign" on plain scan, microcalcification, blurred edge/scope reduction signs after enhancement, and uniform nodule density are important signs for differentiating papillary thyroid carcinoma from nodular goiter. The constructed model has good predictive value for identifying papillary thyroid carcinoma.
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Objective:To study the diagnostic value of ultrasonic elastography (UE) CEUS in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) and its correlation with invasive gene and proliferative gene expression in DTC tissue.Methods:100 DTC patients who were treated in the Ultrasound Department of Zhuji People’s Hospital of Zhejiang Province from Jan. 2019 to Jan. 2022 were retrospectively selected and included in the TC group, and 100 thyroid adenoma patients who were treated during the same period were included in the thyroid adenoma group. UE and CEUS tests were performed on all patients, and the expression levels of proliferative and invasive genes in tumor tissues were measured. Time to peak (TTP) , average time of contrast medium passage (MTT) and peak intensity (PI) were recorded. DTC patients were divided into groups according to the blue area ratio, elastic ratio of lesions, optimal ROC truncation value of TTP, MTT and PI, that is, elastic value > 1.66, blue area ratio > 51.21%, PI≤17.11dB, MTT≤36.39s, TTP≤18.90s were group A, and vice president was Group B. SPSS 19.0 was used for data analysis, and P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results:The blue area ratio and elastic ratio of lesions in TC group were higher than those in thyroid adenoma group ( P < 0.05) , while TTP, MTT and PI in TC group were lower than those in thyroid adenoma group ( P < 0.05) . There were statistically significant differences in blue area ratio, elastic ratio of lesions, TTP, MTT and PI among TC groups with different clinical stages, capsule invasion and lymph node metastasis ( P<0.05) . ROC curve was drawn. The AUC of DTC combined with blue area ratio, elastic ratio of lesions, TTP, MTT and PI was the highest, the specificity of combined detection was 86.37%, and the detection sensitivity was 80.16%. Compared with thyroid adenoma group, Xklp2 target protein (TPX2) , chemokine receptor 4, CXCR4) and polymetalloproteinase-9 (ADAM9) gene expression levels were higher, but TDCD4 gene expression levels were lower ( P<0.05) . The expression levels of TPX2, CXCR4 and ADAM9 genes in group A were higher than those in group B ( P<0.05) , and the programmed death factor 4 (PDCD4) gene in group A was lower than that in group B ( P<0.05) . According to Pearson linear analysis, the blue area ratio and elastic ratio of lesions were positively correlated with the expression levels of TPX2, ADAM9 and CXCR4 genes in DTC tissues, and inversely correlated with the expression levels of PDCD4 genes in DTC tissues ( P<0.05) . The expression levels of TPX2, ADAM9 and CXCR4 genes in TTP, MTT and PI were inversely proportional to the expression levels of PDCD4 genes in DTC patients ( P<0.05) . Conclusion:The combination of blue area ratio, elastic ratio of lesions, TTP, MTT and PI has good diagnostic value for DTC, and the blue area ratio, elastic ratio of lesions, TTP, MTT and PI are correlated with the expression levels of invasive genes and proliferating genes in tumor tissues.
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Objective:To examine the expression of human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) in the peripheral blood and cancerous tissues of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) .Methods:The expression of soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) in the peripheral blood of 50 individuals with PTC (PTC group) , 25 patients with benign thyroid tumors (BTT group) from Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Beilun branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University and 20 healthy controls (healthy control group) from physical examination center was assessed by ELISA. Immunohistochemical examination of HLA-G levels was also performed on tissue specimens from patients in the PTC and BTT groups, and their correlation with clinicopathological features of thyroid cancer was analyzed. SPSS 19.0 was used for statistical analysis. The measurement data of normal distribution were tested by two independent samples t test. Chi square test was used to compare the rates between the two groups. Results:The sHLA-G expression in peripheral blood was 21.33 (±5.54) , 22.73 (±4.99) , and 18.29 (±4.43) ng/mL in the preoperative PTC, BTT, and healthy control groups, respectively. Compared to the healthy group, sHLA-G levels were considerably higher in the PTC and BTT groups, with statistically significant differences (totally P < 0.05) . There was no significant difference in statistically sHLA-G levels between the BTT and PTC groups ( P > 0.05) . The positive HLA-G expression rate in PTC tissues was 78% (39/50) . There was no evidence of HLA-G expression in common tissues adjacent to PTC. HLA-G was not expressed in benign tumors. HLA-G was linked with the PTC tumor diameter, and the rate of positive expression was considerably greater with tumor diameters >1 cm than with those ≤1 cm ( P<0.05) . The rate of HLA-G positive expression was not significantly correlated with sex, age, multiple foci, extra-glandular invasion, metastasis of lymph nodes, or the TNM stage in PTC individuals ( P > 0.05) . Conclusions:HLA-G is significantly expressed at high levels in PTC tissues, is correlated with the tumor diameter, and may probably have a significant role in this disease. Peripheral blood sHLA-G may be associated with thyroid tumorigenesis, and its value in PTC requires further verification.
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Objective:To discuss the effect of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) on papillary thyroid carcinoma (РТС) .Methods:The clinical features and pathological characteristics of 682 patients who underwent surgical treatment for the first time from Sep. 1st,2019 to May. 1st, 2021 in Department of Thyroid, Breast and Hernia Surgery, and confirmed by postoperative pathology as papillary thyroid carcinoma were retrospectively analyzed. There were 189 male patients, and 493 female patients, 529 patients < 55 years old and 153 patients ≥55 years old. 476 patients were classified as PTC group and 206 patients as PTC combined with HT group. Chi square test was used to compare the difference between two groups in gender, age, thyroglobulin antibody, thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroid peroxidase antibodies, thyroid peroxidase, number of lesions, metastasis lymph node in central region, thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibody, carcinoembryonic antigen, whether microcarcinoma, vascular invasion, glandular outside violation, capsule and lateral transfer analysis, ultrasonic calcification, etc. At the same time, all patients were divided into the group without central lymph node metastasis (345 cases) and the group with central lymph node metastasis (337 cases) . The χ 2 test was used to compare the differences between the two groups in terms of sex, age, number of lesions, microcarcinoma, vascular invasion, extradular invasion, capsular invasion, lateral cervical lymph node metastasis, ultrasonic calcification and so on, so as to analyze the differences in clinical characteristics between the two groups. Results:There were 206 cases (30.21%) in PTC combined with HT group and 476 cases (69.79%) in PTC without HT group. There were significant differences in gender (12/194 vs 177/299) ( P=0.000) , age (175/31 vs 354/122) ( P=0.002) , TgAb (115/91 vs 455/21) ( P=0.000) ,TSH (13/175/18 vs 33/429/14) ( P=0.004) , TPOAb (90/116 vs 422/54) ( P=0.000) , number of lesions (114/92 vs 325/151) ( P=0.001) and lymph node metastasis in central area (87/119 vs 250/226) ( P=0.014) between the two groups ( P < 0.05) , but there were no significant differences in TRAb (196/10 vs 461/15) ( P=0.171) , CEA (205/1 vs 469/7) ( P=0.478) , microcarcinoma (136/70 vs 309/167) ( P=0.781) , vascular invasion (4/202 vs 16/460) ( P=0.446) , extraglandular invasion (52/154 vs 108/368) ( P=0.470) , capsule invasion (149/57 vs 358/118) ( P=0.429) , lateral neck lymph node metastasis (31/175 vs 72/404) ( P=0.979) or ultrasonic calcification (157/49 vs 392/84) ( P=0.063) . Compared with PTC group, PTC combined with HT group had the characteristics of more women, younger age, high TgAb, high TSH, high TPOAb, multiple lesions and high proportion of non central lymph node metastasis. There were 345 cases (50.59%) without central lymph node metastasis and 337 cases (49.41%) with central lymph node metastasis. Gender (71/274 vs 118/219) ( P=0.000) , age (246/99 vs 283/54) ( P=0.000) , exadular invasion (66/279 vs 94/243) ( P=0.007) , number of lesions (240/105 vs 199/138) ( P=0.004) , microcarcinoma (259/86 vs 186/151) ( P=0.000) , calcification on ultrasound (250/95 vs 299/38) ( P=0.000) , and HT (119/226 vs 87/250) ) ( P=0.014) had statistical significance ( P<0.05) but had no statistical significance in capsule invasion (250/95 vs 257/80) ( P=0.256) or vascular invasion (10/335 vs 10/327) ( P=0.958) . In addition, patients in the group with central lymph node metastasis were more male, younger, with multiple lesions, exadenocarcinoma, less microcarcinoma, and calcification on ultrasound without hashimoto. Univariate analysis showed that gender, age, number of lesions, extraglandular invasion, calcification, microcarcinoma and Hashimoto had significant effects on lymph node metastasis in the central region; Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of microcarcinoma, ultrasonic calcification, Hashimoto and the number of lesions were independent risk factors for central lymph node metastasis. Conclusion:HT may promote the occurrence of PTC, but at the same time inhibit its development, so that PC patients with HT have a better prognosis.
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Objective:To observe the application of near-infrared autofluorescence imaging (NIRAF) technology combined with carbon nanoparticle (CNP) negative imaging in identification of parathyroid gland (PG) during thyroid carcinoma surgery.Methods:80 patients with thyroid cancer who underwent total thyroidectomy + central lymph node dissection performed by the same experienced physician team at the 960th Hospital of the PLA from Jan. to Mar. 2022 were prospectively included. Before operation, they were divided into two groups using random number table method before surgery: control group (40 cases) using CNP negative imaging, and experimental group (40 cases) using CNP negative imaging combined with NIRAF technique for intraoperative identification of PG. The gold standard for the identification of parathyroid glands was to compare the amount of intraoperative discovery retention misresection and transplantation of PG and the number of postoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the number of complications in the two groups by immune colloidal gold technique. SPSS 25.0 software was used for statistical analysis.Results:All patients in the two groups were successfully operated and followed up. 137 149 PG were found and confirmed in the control group and the observation group, 108 132 PG were retained in situ and 29 17 PG were transplanted, the differences were statistically significant (all P <0.05) ; The number of A1 PG was 103 and 109, respectively. Among them, 84 102 were retained in situ and 19 7 were transplanted, the difference was statistically significant ( P <0.05) . There was no significant difference in the amount of A2 type PG and B type PG between the two groups ( P >0.05) . No A3 type PG was found in the two groups, and a total of 3 A3 types of PG were confirmed in postoperative pathological reports. There were no significant differences in misresection in the control group and the observation group, 5 and 2 PG were mistakenly cut, respectively (all P >0.05) . The PTH 1 day after surgery was 17.7 (5.6,30.4) pg/mL in the control group and 21.7 (12.8,38.3) pg/mL in the observation group, the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05) . There were no significant differences in the levels of serum calcium and serum phosphorus 1 day after operation and PTH 1 month after surgery between the two groups (all P > 0.05) . Conclusion:Compared with CNP alone, combined with NIRAF technique can quickly and effectively identify PG, and PG can be better protected in situ and postoperative hypoparathyroidism can be reduced.
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Objective:To evaluate the excitation and identification of parathyroid autofluorescence in thyroid surgery by a fluorescence laparoscopic system.Methods:The clinical data of 6 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma who underwent Laparoscopic thyroid surgery at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from Mar. 2022 to Apr. 2022 were collected. The autofluorescence of the parathyroid glands was detected and identified by the OptoMedic fluorescence laparoscopic system during the operation. A rapid frozen sections pathological examination of possible parathyroid tissue with autofluorescence was performed to determine whether it was parathyroid tissue.Results:Parathyroid autofluorescence with different intensities was visualized intraoperatively in all 6 patients, and it was confirmed as parathyroid tissue by rapid frozen pathological section.Conclusions:The parathyroid gland has a unique autofluorescence feature. Using this feature to identify, locate and protect the parathyroid gland during surgery can help reduce the complications of parathyroid injury.
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Objective:To compare the effectiveness of areola approach endoscopic thyroidectomy (AET) and conventional open thyroidectomy (OT) in treating papillary thyroid carcinoma.Methods:Four hundred and twenty-eight female patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma who were treated at the Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital between January 2017 and January 2020 were included according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, of whom 183 underwent AET (AET group) and 245 underwent OT (OT group). Direct comparison and subsequent propensity score matching methodology were utilized to compare the differences between the two operation methods in terms of surgical time, intraoperative parathyroid transplantation rate, intraoperative nerve injury, postoperative complications, reoperation rate, number of lymph node dissections, postoperative lymph node metastasis at 2 years, and route tumor implantation. Data analysis was performed by using SPSS 25.0 software. The metric data of normal distribution was represented by mean ± standard deviation ( ± s), and the t-test was used for between-group comparison. The Chi-test was used for between-group comparison of count data. Results:The AET group had an age of (38.89±9.08) years, weight of (62.10±10.45) kg, and height of (161.97±5.31) cm; the OT group had an age of (45.88±12.47) years, weight of (65.11±12.72) kg, and height of (161.62±5.24) cm. The differences in age, weight, and body mass index between the two groups were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The surgical time in the AET group was (183.00±137.22) min, which was significantly longer than (87.94±28.25) min of the OT group ( t=16.67, P<0.001). The parathyroid transplantation rate in the OT group was significantly higher than that in the AET group (49.39% vs 34.97%, χ2=8.87, P=0.003). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of intraoperative nerve injury, postoperative complications, reoperation rate, number of lymph node dissections, postoperative lymph node metastasis at 2 years, and route tumor implantation. After propensity score matching based on differences in age, weight, body mass index, and soon, 183 cases of AET (AET-PS group) and OT (OT-PS group) were obtained for statistical analysis. The surgical time in the AET-PS group was (137.22±32.77) min, which was significantly longer than (90.26±29.35) min of the OT-PS group ( t=14.44, P<0.001). The parathyroid transplantation rate in the OT-PS group was significantly higher than that in the AET-PS group (53.01% vs. 34.97%, χ2=12.08, P=0.001). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of intraoperative nerve injury, postoperative complications, reoperation rate, number of lymph node dissections, postoperative lymph node metastasis at 2 years, and route tumor implantation. Conclusions:AET and OT are equally safe and effective in treating papillary thyroid carcinoma. AET surgery can be performed safely and feasibly under strict adherence to surgical principles.
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Thyroid Carcinoma, as one of the most common malignant tumors in the endocrine system and head and neck, has a rising incidence rate in the world in recent years, which seriously affects human health. Thyroid carcinoma is often divided into 4 pathological types: papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma. Among them, papillary carcinoma is the most common with low malignancy and undifferentiated carcinoma is extremely rare with the highest malignancy. BRAFV600E mutation has been found to be closely related to the genesis, development mechanism and prognosis of thyroid carcinoma, and is a current molecular research focus. Clinically, BRAFV600E mutation is often considered as a molecular marker affecting the prognosis of thyroid carcinoma. In this paper, the relevant literature in recent years was reviewed, mainly from the aspects of BRAFV600E mutation and thyroid carcinoma diagnosis, clinicopathological features, guidance of clinical treatment decision, prognosis and so on, to evaluate the clinical application value of BRAFV600E mutation.
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Objective:To explore the risk factors of central lymph node metastasis (CLNM) in Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) patients with thyroid micropapillary carcinoma (PTMC), and formulate a reasonable range of lymph node.Methods:Retrospective analysis of 448 cases of PTMC admitted to the People′s Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from September 2018 to September 2021 including 94 males and 354 females, with a male female ratio of 1.00∶3.77, all patients aged 21 to 82 years old, with the average of (46.9 ± 11.0) years old. According to whether Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is combined, it is divided into HT-PTMC group ( n=142) and non HT-PTMC group ( n=306).Single factor analysis and multiple factor analysis were used to explore whether the clinicopathological characteristics of patients such as gender, age, tumor diameter, number of lesions (single/multiple lesions), presence of capsule invasion, pretracheal/paratracheal lymph nodes, delphian lymph nodes, and lateral cervical lymph nodes were related to lymph node metastasis in the central region. SPSS 20.0 software was used for statistical analysis and logistic regression equation was established, The mathematical model was used to evaluate the predictive value of diagnosis and treatment. Results:There were significant differences between HT-PTMC group and non HT-PTMC group in terms of age, sex, metastasis of anterior laryngeal lymph nodes and lateral cervical lymph nodes ( P<0.05). Univariate analysis showed that tumor diameter, number of lesions, capsule invasion, calcification, lateral cervical lymph node metastasis were correlated with CLNM in HT-PTMC patients ( P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that tumor diameter increase and capsule invasion were independent risk factors for CLNM ( P<0.05). Logistic regression mathematical model was established according to the above independent risk factors: (Y=-1.974+ 0.191 × Tumor diameter+ 1.139 × The area under the ROC curve for predicting CLNM in HT-PTMC patients was 0.669 (95% CI: 0.571- 0.766). When taking the maximum Jordan index, the sensitivity of prediction was 0.460, and the specificity was 0.859. Conclusions:For PTMC patients with HT, there is evidence that the tumor diameter increases or the capsule is invaded, and the risk of lymph node metastasis in the central region is increased. Preventive lymph node dissection in the central region is recommended.
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Objective To investigate the effect of calcification on the ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation(RFA)of papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC).Methods We retrospectively analyzed the preoperative and follow-up data of 164 patients(182 nodules)with PTC treated by percutaneous ultrasound-guided RFA in the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 1,2018 to December 31,2021.The tumor status 12 months after RFA was taken as the endpoint event.The univariate Logistic regression analysis was employed to predict the influencing factors of incomplete ablation.The factors were then included in the multivariate Logistic regression analysis for prediction of the independent risk factors of incomplete ablation.Results The maximum nodule diameter(OR=1.16,95%CI=1.04-1.29,P=0.009)and calcification ratio >2/3(OR=19.27,95%CI=4.02-92.28,P<0.001)were the factors influencing the disappearance of lesion 12 months after RFA.Conclusions PTC with calcification can be treated with ultrasound-guided RFA.In the case of calcification ratio ≤ 2/3,this therapy demonstrates the effect equivalent to that of no calcification.
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Humans , Thyroid Cancer, Papillary/surgery , Retrospective Studies , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local , Radiofrequency Ablation/methods , Calcinosis , Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology , Ultrasonography, InterventionalABSTRACT
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common pathological type of thyroid cancer,accounting for 90%.Most cases of PTC are inert tumors,while a few are invasive.Cervical lymph node metastasis is one of the major manifestations of invasive PTC.Preoperative accurate prediction of cervical lymph node metastasis is of great significance for the selection of therapeutic regimen and the evaluation of prognosis.New ultrasound technology is a non-invasive,convenient,and radiation-free examination method,playing a key role in predicting the cervical lymph node metastasis of PTC.This paper reviews the research status and makes an outlook on new ultrasound technology in predicting cervical lymph node metastasis of PTC.