Patología tiroidea en el síndrome de ovario poliquístico

Objetivo: Determinar la función y ecoestructura tiroidea en pacientes con síndrome de ovario poliquístico, así como la asociación con la resistencia a la insulina. Métodos: Se determinó función y ecoestructura tiroidea en 64 pacientes con diagnóstico reciente de síndrome de ovario poliquístico, sin tratamiento, divididas en dos grupos de 32 pacientes cada uno según la presencia de resistencia a la insulina, el grupo 1(G1) con HOMA-IR >2,5 y grupo 2 (G2)con HOMA-IR<2,5. Resultados: Se observó en la función tiroidea, en el G1, 15/32 (46,9 %) pacientes con TSH>2,5 μUI/mL. Para el G2 7/32 (21,9 %) pacientes con TSH>2,5 μUI/mL, (P=0,035). La presencia de AntiTPO positivos se identificó en 11/32 (34,4 %) pacientes del G1 y 6/32 (18,8 %) del G2 (P=0,15), con un total de 53,2 % de enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune identificada de manera independiente a la presencia de resistencia a la insulina. La evaluación ecográfica de la glándula tiroides, reveló la presencia de nódulos en 12/32 (37,6 %) de las pacientes del G1, y 4/32 (12,5 %) del G2 (P= 0,025). Se observó sobrepeso y obesidad en 74,99 % de las pacientes del G1 y 37,49 % del G2 (P= 0,001). Otros parámetros fueron evaluados, como el hirsutismo, el cual se identificó en 96,9 % pacientes del G1, y 62,5 % en el G2 (P=0,002). El índice de andrógenos libres (IAL) fue >3,8 en 20/32 (62,5 %) pacientes del G1 y 14/32 (43,8 %) en el G2 (P=0,13). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune en síndrome de ovario poliquístico es mayor a la identificada en la población general, las bases moleculares se direccionan a un gen común, sin embargo, esto aun no ha sido bien aclarado. Los efectos de la resistencia a la insulina en síndrome de ovario poliquístico no se limitan a la función ovárica, su relación con valores elevados de TSH y cambios ecográficos de la glándula tiroides, en especial para la presencia de patología nodular, justifica su evaluación para un correcto abordaje terapéutico.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine thyroid function and echostructure in policystic ovary syndrome, as well as the association of these with insulin resistance. Methods: Echostructure and thyroid function were determined in 64 patients newly diagnosed with policystic ovary syndrome, without treatment, divided into two groups of 32 patients each according to the presence of insulin resistance, group 1 (G1) with HOMA-IR> 2.5 and Group 2 (G2) with HOMA-IR <2.5. Results: The thyroid function in the G1 was, 15/32 (46.9 %) patients with TSH> 2.5 mUI / mL. For G2 7/32 (21.9 %) patients with TSH> 2.5 mUI / mL (P = 0.035). The presence of positive AntiTPO identified in 11/32 (34.4 %) patients in G1 and 6/32 (18.8 %) of G2 (P = 0.15), a total of 53.2 % of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease (ATD) independently of the presence of insulin resistance. Ultrasound evaluation of the thyroid gland, revealed the presence of nodules in 12/32 (37.6 %) of G1, and 4/32 (12.5 %) of G2 (P = 0.025). Overweight and obesity was observed in 74.99 % of patients in the G1 and G2 37.49 % (P = 0.001). Other parameters were assessed, as hirsutism, which was identified in 96.9 % of patients in G1 and G2 62.5 % (P = 0.002). The free androgen index was> 3.8 in 20/32 (62.5 %) patients in G1 and 14/32 (43.8 %) in G2 (P = 0.13). Conclusions: The prevalence of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease in policystic ovary syndrome is higher than in the general population, the molecular basis point to a common gene, however this has not yet been well clarified. The effects of insulin resistance in policystic ovary syndrome are not limited to ovarian function, its relationship with elevated TSH and ultrasound changes of the thyroid gland, especially for the presence of nodular pathology justifies its evaluation for correct therapeutic approach.

The value of CT signs in combination with clinical materials of single papillary thyroid carcinoma to predict the central lymph node metastasis / 中华内分泌外科杂志

Objective To investigate the value of CT signs in combination with clinical materials of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) to predict the central lymph node metastasis (CLNM).Methods This article reviewed the CT signs and clinical materials of 366 patients with surgically and pathologically verified PTC.The single factor and multi-factor logistic regression analyses were performed on the relation of tumor position,thyroid marginal contact,calcification,plain scan border,border after enhancement,diameter,age and sex with CLNM.Results Among the 366 patients with PTC,the number of patients with positive CLNM and negative CLNM was 155 and 211 respectively.The single factor and multi-factor logistic regression analysis indicated that the thyroid marginal contact,diameter,age and sex were related with CLNM,and the more common patients diagnosed with CLNM had the following features:thyroid marginal contact,a diameter ＞1.0 cm,age ＜45 years and males (P＜ 0.05).Among the single risk factors,the tumor position,calcification,plain scan border and border after enhancement were unrelated with CLNM (P＞0.05).Conclusion The thyroid margin contact,diameter＞l.0 cm,age＜45 years and males are independent risk factors in diagnosis of positive CLNM.

Tireóide e gravidez / Thyroid and pregnancy

A gravidez está associada com a necessidade aumentada de secreção hormonal pela tireóide desde as primeiras semanas após a concepção. Para que esta maior demanda ocorra, a gestação induz uma série de alterações fisiológicas que afetam a função tireoidiana e, portanto, os testes de avaliação da função glandular. Para as mulheres grávidas normais que vivem em áreas suficientes em iodo, este desafio em ajustar a liberação de hormônios tireoidianos para o novo estado de equilíbrio e manter até o término da gestação, geralmente, ocorre sem dificuldades. Entretanto, em mulheres com a capacidade funcional da tireóide prejudicada por alguma doença tireoidiana ou naquelas que residem em áreas de insuficiência iódica, isso não ocorre. O manejo de disfunções tireoidianas durante a gestação requer considerações especiais, pois tanto o hipotireoidismo quanto o hipertireoidismo podem levar a complicações maternas e fetais. Além disso, nódulos tireoidianos são detectados, com certa freqüência, em gestantes, o que pode gerar a necessidade do diagnóstico diferencial entre benignos e malignos ainda durante a gestação.

Pregnancy is associated with an increased requirement of hormone secretion by the thyroid, within the first weeks after conception. To this greater demand to occurs, pregnancy induces a series of physiological changes that affect thyroid function and, consequently, the tests of glandular function. For normal pregnant women living in areas with a sufficient supply of iodine, this challenge regarding the adjustment of thyroid hormone releases to this new state of equilibrium and its maintenance until the end of pregnancy it meets no difficulties. However, among women with impaired thyroid function due to some thyroid disease or among women residing in areas with an insufficient iodine supply, this does not occur. The management of thyroid dysfunction during gestation requires special considerations, since both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can lead to maternal and fetal complications. In addition, thyroid nodules are detected at reasonable frequency among pregnant women, a fact that requires a differential diagnosis between benign and malignant growths during the pregnancy itself.

The clinico-pathological characteristics of nodular goiter with lymphocytes infiltration / 中国普通外科杂志

Objective To investigate the clinico-pathological characteristics of nodular goiter (NG) with lymphocytes infiltration and its relationship with Hashimoto′s disease. Methods Clinical and histologic data were collected and reviewed for 1121 cases of nodular goiter and 55 cases of thyroid adenoma, among which 83 cases had lymphocytes infiltration. These 83 cases of NG with lymphocytes infiltration were observed histologically in detail, followed up and assessed for the correlation of thyroid function to histologic findings. Results The overall incidence of lymphocytic infiltration in non-toxic nodular goiter was 7.4% (83/1121). Most of them were women of middle age. All had lymphocytes infiltration, follicule atrophy and oxiphilic epithelia in the background of nodular goiter. Seventy-six percent underwent cystic degeneration or had fibrous scar. Nineteen percent with lymphocytes infiltration in NG developed post-operative hypothyroidism. Six cases (7%) had high levels of thyroid auto-antibodies. None of the 55 cases of thyroid adenoma had overt lymphocytes infiltration. Conclusion Nodular goiter with lymphocytes infiltration and Hashimoto′s disease shares similar morphology and clinical presentation in some degree. It seems that NG with lymphocytes infiltration is a kind of inflammatory hyperplasia relating to autoimmunity and perhaps the beginning of some cases of Hashimoto′s disease.