ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Fundamento: las fracturas diafisarias de la tibia son frecuentes, afectan a pacientes por lo general jóvenes. Las del tercio distal de la tibia tienen peculiaridades debido a su localización anatómica y vascularización. Objetivo: actualizar los elementos más distintivos de las fracturas diafisarias del tercio distal de la tibia y el enfrentamiento terapéutico. Métodos: la búsqueda y análisis de la información se realizó en un periodo de cuatro meses (primero de abril de 2019 al 30 de junio de 2019), se emplearon las siguientes palabras claves: distal third tibial fracture, fractures of the distal tibia, diaphyseal tibial fractures. A partir de la información obtenida se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de un total de 563 artículos publicados en las bases de datos PubMed, Hinari, SciELO y Medline mediante el gestor de búsqueda y administrador de referencias EndNote, de ellos se utilizaron 37 citas seleccionadas para realizar la revisión, 33 de los últimos cinco años, además se consultaron 11 libros. Resultados: se mencionan los bordes anatómicos del tercio distal de la tibia. Se describen los métodos de tratamiento tanto conservador como quirúrgico con especial énfasis en la fijación intramedular y técnica de colocación. Se hace referencia a otros métodos de fijación como la fijación externa, placas y tornillos con indicaciones específicas. Para concluir se aborda el retardo de la consolidación y pseudoartrosis mediante el uso de la proteína ósea morfogenética. Conclusiones: las fracturas del tercio distal de la tibia necesitan de la pericia del personal médico tratante para disminuir complicaciones relacionadas con las características anatómicas de la zona y biomecánica del trauma.
ABSTRACT Background: the diaphyseal fractures of the tibia are frequent entities that usually affect young patients. Those located in the distal third of the tibia have peculiarities due to their anatomical location and vascularization. Objective: to update the most distinctive elements of the diaphyseal fractures of the distal third of the tibia and the therapeutic confrontation. Methods: the information search and analysis was performed over a period of four months (April 1st, 2019 to June 30th, 2019) and the following words were used: distal third tibial fracture, fractures of the distal tibia, diaphyseal tibial fractures. Based on the information obtained, a bibliographic review of a total of 563 articles published in the PubMed, Hinari, SciELO and Medline databases was carried out using the search manager and EndNote reference manager, of which 37 citations selected were used to carry out the review, of them 33 of the last five years and 11 books were consulted. Results: the anatomical edges of the distal third of the tibia are mentioned. Both conservative and surgical treatment methods are described with special emphasis on intramedullary fixation and placement technique. Reference is made to other fixing methods such as external fixation, plates and screws with specific indications. To conclude, the delay in consolidation and pseudoarthrosis is addressed through the use of morphogenetic bone protein. Conclusions: fractures of the distal third of the tibia need the expertise of the medical staff to reduce complications related to the anatomical characteristics of the area and biomechanics of the trauma.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To compare efficiency of external fixator in modular form with unilateral and uniplanar intramedullary locked seeking definitive treatment of fractures of the tibia diaphysis. METHODS: Orthopedic surgical treatments were compared to 50 patients with definite diafisária fracture of the tibia, through the use of the external fixator, modular and intramedullary locked. The fractures were treated at emergency hospital school of Orthopedics and Traumatology service in the period from January 2007 to January 2011, with a variation of 15 to 48 weeks. RESULTS: this study has proven functional results and excellent consolidation when locked intramedullary rods were used and the versatility and speed of application of external fixator reaching the necessary stabilization of bony fragments. Consolidation of fractures was obtained in 95 cases when using the intramedullary locked and 90 cases undergoing external fixation. CONCLUSIONS: the definitive treatment of tibial diaphysis fractures by external fixator modular presented themselves as valid alternative treatment in patients who could not be submitted for early conversion to internal osteosynthesis or when the intramedullary nails are not available to the surgeon. .
OBJETIVO: Comparar a eficiência de fixador externo modular na forma uniplanar e unilateral com haste intramedular bloqueada (HIB) buscando tratamento definitivo das fraturas diafisárias da tíbia. MÉTODOS: Foram comparados os tratamentos cirúrgicos ortopédicos definitivos de 50 pacientes com fratura diafisária da tíbia, por meio do uso do fixador externo modular e da haste intramedular bloqueada. As fraturas foram tratadas no setor de emergência de um hospital-escola pelo serviço de ortopedia e traumatologia de janeiro de 2007 a janeiro de 2011, com variação de 15 a 48 semanas. RESULTADOS: Este estudo comprovou resultados funcionais e de consolidação excelentes quando usada a haste intramedular bloqueada e a versatilidade e rapidez na aplicação do fixador externo atingindo a estabilização necessária dos fragmentos ósseos. Foi obtida a consolidação das fraturas em 95% dos casos quando usamos a haste intramedular bloqueada e 90% dos casos submetidos à fixação externa. CONCLUSÕES: O tratamento definitivo das fraturas diafisárias da tíbia por meio do fixador externo modular apresentou-se como uma opção válida de tratamento em pacientes que não puderam ser submetidos à conversão precoce para osteossíntese interna ou quando as hastes intramedulares não estão disponíveis para o cirurgião. .