Influence of electroacupuncture of "Zhongwan" (CV12) and "Zusanli" (ST36) in different combinations of stimulating strength and sequence on intragastric pressure in normal rats / 针刺研究

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) of "Zhongwan" (CV12) and "Zusanli" (ST36) in different combinations of stimulating parameters on intragastric pressure (IGP) in normal rats so as to explore their best combinations for promoting gastrointestinal mobility. METHODS: A total of 90 male SD rats were randomly divided into 6 EA groups：CV12-1 mA＋ST36-1 mA, CV12-1 mA＋ST36-2 mA, CV12-1 mA＋ST36-4 mA, ST36-1 mA＋CV12-1 mA, ST36-2 mA＋CV12-1 mA, and ST36-4 mA＋CV12-1 mA which the first acupoint was stimulated first, followed by the second in each group (n＝15 rats/group). Before (1 min), and 0-30 s, 30-60 s, 60 -90 s, and 90-120 s during EA stimulation of the left ST36 or CV12 first or later, the IGP was measured via an inserted intragastric balloon, a connected pressure transducer and an amplifier. Changes of the IGP were analyzed using 2×3×4 factorial design. RESULTS: 1) During 0-30 s, EA-CV12 showed an obvious inhibitory effect on IGP(P0.05). 2) Compared with the IGP level of 0-30 s, the IGP levels of 30-120 s were significantly decreased in all the groups (P0.05). CONCLUSION: Simultaneous EA stimulation of ST36 and CV12 has an antagonistic effect on IGP in normal rats, which is affected by the stimulating sequence, stimulating strength and time course.

Pharmacodynamic principles and the time course of immediate drug effects

This tutorial defines the principles of the concentration - effect relationship which are the basis of pharmacodynamics. The two key parameters of pharmacodynamics are the maximum response (Emax) and the concentration producing 50% of Emax (C₅₀). The time course of effect is illustrated under the assumption that drug effects are immediately related to concentration in the central compartment e.g. plasma. The related idea of duration of drug action and its relationship to dose is shown to have a simple relationship with drug half-life.

Target range of motion for rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty / Journal of Rural Medicine

<p><b>Objective:</b> Postoperative knee range of motion (ROM) is among the most important factors influencing patient satisfaction after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study was to clarify the time course of improvement in knee ROM up to 12 months after TKA, including intraoperative knee ROM after implantation, and to clarify a target ROM for rehabilitation after TKA.</p><p><b>Patients and Methods:</b> In total, 39 knee joints in 26 patients with osteoarthritis who underwent TKA (retaining the posterior cruciate ligament) were evaluated. Goniometry was used to measure the knee range of extension and flexion preoperatively; intraoperatively; at 1 and 2 weeks after TKA; and then at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after TKA.</p><p><b>Results:</b> The postoperative extension range gradually improved up to a maximum at 6 months after TKA; there were no significant differences in the extension range between intraoperative and 6 months after TKA, intraoperative and 12 months after TKA, or 6 and 12 months after TKA. The postoperative flexion range gradually improved, with the maximum improvement observed at 3 months after TKA; there were no significant differences in the flexion range before TKA and 3, 6, and 12 months after TKA. There were no significant differences between flexion ROM measured at 3, 6, and 12 months after TKA.</p><p><b>Conclusions:</b> The changes in the knee range of extension plateaued 6 months after TKA, and those in the knee range of flexion plateaued 3 months after TKA. The target range of extension for rehabilitation from 6 months to 12 months after TKA was the intraoperative range, and the target range of flexion for rehabilitation from 3 months to 12 months after TKA was the preoperative range.</p>

Differential accumulation of defense-related isoflavonoids inhypocotyls/roots of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) cultivars treatedwith salicylic acid and structurally related compounds / Acumulación diferencial de isoflavonoides relacionados con la defensa en hipocótilos/raíces de variedades deporoto (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) tratados con ácido salicílico y compuestos estructuralmente relacionados

Hypocotyls/roots of four (anthracnose-resistant: ICA Quimbaya and CORPOICA 106; anthracnose-susceptible: Cargamanto Rojo and Cargamanto Mocho) common bean cultivars treated with salicylic acid (SA) as elicitor, were analyzed to determine the capacity for synthesizing defense-related isoflavonoids. Time-course and dose-response studies indicated that the maximum levels of isoflavonoids, occurred at 1.45 mM SA and between 96 and 144 h post-induction. Overall, anthracnose-resistant cultivars produced the defense-related isoflavonoids to superior amounts than the susceptible ones. Additionally, crude isoflavonoid extracts from SA-treated tissues cvs. ICA Quimbaya and Cargamanto Rojo displayed higher inhibitory effect against C. lindemuthianum than those from water-treated tissues. A comparison of the isoflavonoid-eliciting activity of a series of structurally-related compounds to SA revealed that isoflavonoid production may be differentially controlled. Acetyl-salicylic acid showed the best isoflavonoid-inducing effect. Results might be useful for crop protection programs through the selecting of common bean cultivars with better prospects of disease resistance, and the development of better isoflavonoid-eliciting agents.

Los hipocótilos/raíces de cuatro variedades de poroto (resistente a antracnosis: ICA Quimbaya y CORPOICA 106; susceptible a antracnosis: Cargamanto Rojo y Cargamanto Mocho) tratados con ácido salicílico (AS) como elicitor, se analizaron para determinar la capacidad para sintetizar isoflavonoides relacionados con la defensa. Los estudios en el curso del tiempo y dosis-respuesta indicaron que los niveles máximos de isoflavonoides, ocurrieron a una concentración de AS de 1.45 mM y entre 96 y 144 h post-inducción. En general, las variedades resistentes a la antracnosis produjeron los isoflavonoides relacionados con la defensa en cantidades superiores en comparación con las variedades susceptibles. Adicionalmente, los extractos de isoflavonoides crudos provenientes de tejidos tratados con AS var. ICA Quimbaya y Cargamanto Rojo desplegaron un efecto inhibitorio contra C. lindemuthianum mayor que aquellos resultantes de tejidos tratados con agua. Una comparación de la actividad inductora de isoflavonoides de una serie de compuestos estructuralmente relacionados con el AS reveló que la producción de isoflavonoides puede ser controlada diferencialmente. El ácido acetilsalicílico mostró el mejor efecto inductor de isoflavonoides. Los resultados pueden ser útiles para los programas de protección a cultivos a través de la selección de variedades con mejores perspectivas de resistencia a enfermedades, y el desarrollo de mejores agentes elicitores de isoflavonoides.

Relationship of time-course curve between the expression of TRPC1 and vascular tone of pulmonary arteries in chronic hypoxia pulmonary hypertension rats / 中国药理学通报

Aim To evaluate the time-course curve of expression of TRPC1 and vascular tone of pulmonary arteries(PAs)mediated by SOCE in chronic hypoxia pulmonary hyperte-nsion rats.Methods Both tension of PA rings and expression of TRPC1 were tested in CH exposure (1 0.0 % ±0.5 %partialpressure ofoxygen ) induced pulmonary hypertensive (PH)rats,and the time-course curve(detected respectively in CH 1 ,3,5, 7,1 4,21 d)was traced.Results ①CH could up-regulate the mean right ventricular pressure(mRVSP) ,which was increased significantly on 1 d,and reached the maximum on 7d;right ventricular weight index (RV-MI)began increase on 3d,and kept rising;②semi-quantitative reverse transcription polyme-rase chain reaction (RT-PCR)was performed to detect the expression of TRPC1 in PAs.The expression of TRPC1 increased significantly on 1 d,and reached the maxi-mum on 3d;③CH could up-regulate the vascular tone of PAs mediated by SOCE,which was increased signif-icantly on 3d,and reached the maximum on 7d.Con-clusions TRPC1 /SOCE increases significantly in the early days of CH,and the time-course curve of the two has correlation,which reflects the important role of the upregulation of TRPC1 /SOCE in the process of chronic hypoxia pulmonary hypertension.

Time Course of The Passage of An Ingested Brass Wire Separator Through The Gastrointestinal Tract.

Fixed Orthodontic Treatment involves the use of applinces with many metallic components. Some times appliance parts may go missing between appointments instead of and may be noticed during recall appointments. Ingestion of this parts is rare but if it happens it may be life threatening. Herewith a case of ingestion of metallic brass wire ligature and timely intervention is discussed.

Diagnostic Characteristics of Symptom Combinations over Time in Meningitis Patients / General Medicine

<b>Objective:</b> The aim of this study was to investigate diagnostic characteristics to distinguish bacterial meningitis (BM) from aseptic meningitis (AM) in meningitis patients. Indicators from the initial consultation were combined with a measure of time since the onset of fever.<br><b>Methods:</b> This was a retrospective chart review. We examined the sensitivity and specificity of the clinical information for BM. The diagnostic characteristics for BM were analyzed by considering the duration of fever for each patient at consultation, together with the presence or absence of changes in their mental status.The study examined 117 inpatients diagnosed with meningitis in their clinical record at the time of admission. The patients were admitted into two emergency hospitals in Japan between 2001 and 2011. Meningitis was defined as the presence of five or more cells per mm³ of CSF.<br><b>Results:</b> Twenty-five patients were diagnosed with BM and 92 patients with AM. There was no single clinical symptom that could distinguish BM from AM in patients suspected of meningitis. The sensitivity and specificity of the clinical information for fever duration and disturbance of consciousness at consultation were 95.0% and 40.3%, respectively, for BM patients with disturbance of consciousness or with duration of fever less than three days. Thus, the proportion of BM patients without disturbance of consciousness for three or more days after fever onset was only 5%.<br><b>Conclusions:</b> Patients without disturbance of consciousness for three or more days after fever onset are rarely suffering from BM.

Facilitatory effects of an auditory warning stimulus in a visual location identification task and a visual shape identification task

The occurrence of a weak auditory warning stimulus increases the speed of the response to a subsequent visual target stimulus that must be identified. This facilitatory effect has been attributed to the temporal expectancy automatically induced by the warning stimulus. It has not been determined whether this results from a modulation of the stimulus identification process, the response selection process or both. The present study examined these possibilities. A group of 12 young adults performed a reaction time location identification task and another group of 12 young adults performed a reaction time shape identification task. A visual target stimulus was presented 1850 to 2350 ms plus a fixed interval (50, 100, 200, 400, 800, or 1600 ms, depending on the block) after the appearance of a fixation point, on its left or right side, above or below a virtual horizontal line passing through it. In half of the trials, a weak auditory warning stimulus (S1) appeared 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, or 1600 ms (according to the block) before the target stimulus (S2). Twelve trials were run for each condition. The S1 produced a facilitatory effect for the 200, 400, 800, and 1600 ms stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA) in the case of the side stimulus-response (S-R) corresponding condition, and for the 100 and 400 ms SOA in the case of the side S-R non-corresponding condition. Since these two conditions differ mainly by their response selection requirements, it is reasonable to conclude that automatic temporal expectancy influences the response selection process.

De la estabilización sintomática a la recuperación funcional en el tratamiento farmacológico de la Esquizofrenia y la Depresión Unipolar / From symptomatic stability to functional recovery in the pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia and unipolar depression

Este trabajo revisa en qué medida el tratamiento farmacológico incide en el curso crónico de la esquizofrenia y de la depresión unipolar. Se propone contestar tres preguntas: ¿produce la curación del trastorno?; ¿incide significativamente en su evolución sintomática?; ¿limita o modifica sustancial mente la discapacidad resultante? A partir de analizar conceptualmente la bibliografía disponible, se concluye que los antipsicóticos mejoran el curso sintomático de la esquizofrenia, aunque su eficacia es limitada, y que no tienen incidencia en la discapacidad que acompaña al trastorno. Con respecto a la depresión se observa que un porcentaje importante de pacientes permanece sintomático a pesar de recibir tratamientos adecuados. No hay datos acerca de la eficacia de la farmacoterapia en la potencial discapacidad resultante de la depresión unipolar.

This work summarizes the efficacy of pharmacotherapy does it cure these diseases? Does it exert any significant effect on the symptomatic presentation of the disorders? Which is its action on the social dysfunction provoked by schizophrenia or depression?A conceptual analysis of available bibliography was performed. It could be concluded that antipsychotics improve the symptomatic course of schizophrenia, although their efficacy is limited, and that these drugs does not act on the social dysfunction provoked by the disease. With respect to depression, it could be concluded that a significant proportion of patients remain symptomatic despite receiving adequate treatments. No data about efficacy of pharmacotherapy on the dysfunction resultant from unipolar depression is available.

The time course of ethanol tolerance: associative learning

The effect of different contextual stimuli on different ethanol-induced internal states was investigated during the time course of both the hypothermic effect of the drug and of drug tolerance. Minimitters were surgically implanted in 16 Wistar rats to assess changes in their body temperature under the effect of ethanol. Rat groups were submitted to ethanol or saline trials every other day. The animals were divided into two groups, one receiving a constant dose (CD) of ethanol injected intraperitoneally, and the other receiving increasing doses (ID) during the 10 training sessions. During the ethanol training sessions, conditioned stimuli A (tone) and B (buzzer) were presented at "state +" (35 min after drug injection) and "state -" (170 min after drug injection), respectively. Conditioned stimuli C (bip) and D (white noise) were presented at moments equivalent to stimuli A and B, respectively, but during the saline training sessions. All stimuli lasted 15 min. The CD group, but not the ID group, developed tolerance to the hypothermic effect of ethanol. Stimulus A (associated with drug "state +") induced hyperthermia with saline injection in the ID group. Stimulus B (associated with drug "state -") reduced ethanol tolerance in the CD group and modulated the hypothermic effect of the drug in the ID group. These results indicate that contextual stimuli acquire modulatory conditioned properties that are associated with the time course of both the action of the drug and the development of drug tolerance.

Observations of Oxygen Administration Effects on Visuospatial Cognitive Performance using Time Course Data Analysis of fMRI

PURPOSE: This study attempted to investigate the effects of supply of highly concentrated (30%) oxygen on human ability of visuospatial cognition using time course data analysis of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: To select an item set in the visuospatial performance test, two questionnaires with similar difficulty were developed through group testing. A group test was administered to 263 college students. Two types of questionnaire containing 20 questions were developed to measure the ability of visuospatial cognition. Eight college students (right-handed male, average age of 23.5 yrs) were examined for fMRI study. The experiment consisted of two runs of the visuospatial cognition testing, one with 21% level of oxygen and the other with 30% oxygen level. Each run consisted of 4 blocks, each containing control and visuospatial items. Functional brain images were taken from 3T MRI using the single-shot EPI method. Using the subtraction procedure, activated areas in the brain during visuospatial tasks were col-orcoded by t-score. To investigate the time course data in each activated area from brain images, 4 typical regions (cerebellum, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, and frontal lobe) were selected. RESULTS: The average accuracy was 50.63 +/-8.63 and 62.50 +/-9.64 for 21% and 30% oxygen respectively, and a statistically significant difference was found in the accuracy between the two types of oxygen (p<0.05). There were more activation areas observed at the cerebellum, occipital lobe, parietal lobe and frontal lobe with 30% oxygen administration. The rate of increase in the cerebellum, occipital lobe and parietal lobe was 17% and that of the frontal lobe, 50%. Especially, there were increase of intensity of BOLD signal at the parietal lobe with 30% oxygen administration. The increase rate of the left parietal lobe was 1.4% and that of the right parietal lobe, 1.7%. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that while performing visuospatial tasks, high concentrations of oxygen administration make oxygen administration sufficient, thus making neural network activate more, and the ability to perform visuospatial tasks increase.

Observations of Oxygen Administration Effects on Visuospatial Cognitive Performance using Time Course Data Analysis of fMRI

PURPOSE: This study attempted to investigate the effects of supply of highly concentrated (30%) oxygen on human ability of visuospatial cognition using time course data analysis of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: To select an item set in the visuospatial performance test, two questionnaires with similar difficulty were developed through group testing. A group test was administered to 263 college students. Two types of questionnaire containing 20 questions were developed to measure the ability of visuospatial cognition. Eight college students (right-handed male, average age of 23.5 yrs) were examined for fMRI study. The experiment consisted of two runs of the visuospatial cognition testing, one with 21% level of oxygen and the other with 30% oxygen level. Each run consisted of 4 blocks, each containing control and visuospatial items. Functional brain images were taken from 3T MRI using the single-shot EPI method. Using the subtraction procedure, activated areas in the brain during visuospatial tasks were col-orcoded by t-score. To investigate the time course data in each activated area from brain images, 4 typical regions (cerebellum, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, and frontal lobe) were selected. RESULTS: The average accuracy was 50.63 +/-8.63 and 62.50 +/-9.64 for 21% and 30% oxygen respectively, and a statistically significant difference was found in the accuracy between the two types of oxygen (p<0.05). There were more activation areas observed at the cerebellum, occipital lobe, parietal lobe and frontal lobe with 30% oxygen administration. The rate of increase in the cerebellum, occipital lobe and parietal lobe was 17% and that of the frontal lobe, 50%. Especially, there were increase of intensity of BOLD signal at the parietal lobe with 30% oxygen administration. The increase rate of the left parietal lobe was 1.4% and that of the right parietal lobe, 1.7%. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that while performing visuospatial tasks, high concentrations of oxygen administration make oxygen administration sufficient, thus making neural network activate more, and the ability to perform visuospatial tasks increase.

Effects of sevoflurane on the dose-response relationship and the time-course of recovery of rocuronium / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective: To evaluate the effects of sevoflurane on the dose-response relationship and on the timecourse of recovery of rocuronium. Method: Sixty patients,ASA grade Ⅰ,aged 18 to 52 years, undergoing elective plastic surgery,were included in this study. Patients were equally allocated randomly to either the control or the sevoflurane group. Anesthesia was maintained with 60％ N_2O-O_2-thiopental in the control group,and with 1 MAC sevofurane-N_2O-O_2 in the sevoflurane group. The dose-response relationship of rocuronium was established with a cumulative dosing regimen. Result: The dose response curve of rocuronium in the sevoflurane group was shifted to the left. The ED_(50),ED_(90) and ED_95 of rocuronium were decreased by 31％, 27％ and 25％, respectively in sevoflurane group as compared with those of the control group. Following an intravenous administration of rocuronium 400ug/kg,the duration of peak effect,duration of clinical relaxation,recovery index,and the total duration of action in the sevoflurane group were significantly prolonged vs. the control group. Conclusion: Sevoflurane can significantly enhance the neuromuscular blockade effect of rocuronium and prolong its duration of action.

Complications after the Ventriculo-peritoneal Shunt according to the Time Course

The Ventriculo-peritoneal(VP) shunt is effective and easy method for the treatment of hydrocephalus. But it has a high complication rate including malfunction and infection. This study seeks to find out how to reduce reoperation and complication rates of previously VP shunt-treated patients by analyzing risk factors, complication, and the relstionship with the time course. The authors reviewed 714 cases with VP shunt performed from 1986 to 1994. The risk factors of VP shunt related complications were insufficient surgical skill, younger age group, and some causes of hydrocephalus which were meningitis, neurocysticercosis, and congenital orgin. The complications including shunt malfunction were most frequent within 1 month after the initial VP shunt and were most common at the proximal site of the shunt system.

Time course of twitch potentiation after tetanic nerve and direct stimulations in the thumb adduction in man / 体力科学

Effects of various tetanic stimulation frequencies (50 Hz, 100 Hz and 200 Hz) on the time course of twitch potentiation were examined in the adduction of human pollicis. Isometric twitch tension curve and surface electromyogram were recorded immediately after (1 sec) the 10 sec-tetanus and at intervals of lOsec (up to 300sec) . The stimulating methods were by nerve and direct stimulations in order to examine the role of nerve on the post-tetanic potentiation. The results were summarized as follows :<BR>1) The greatest potentiation was observed immediately after the tetanus. The potentiation decreased rapidly in the period of 60 sec after the tetanus. Then, the potentiation continued to decrease at the low frequency (50 Hz) ; however, it tended to level off at the high frequencies (100 Hz and 200 Hz) .<BR>2) The time course of twitch potentiation by the nerve stimulation was larger than that by the direct stimulation. This result suggests that nerve has a factor which enhances potentiation. The duration of the potentiation varied according to the stimulation frequencies by the nerve stimulation. It seems that this phenomenon was strongly influenced by the nerve.<BR>3) The degree of increase in twitch tension tended to depend greatly on the peak rate of force development. This result suggests that the increase in twitch tension was closely related to the intensity of the active state.<BR>4) Time course of time to peak tension relatively corresponded to the half relaxation time. It seems possible for the duration of the active state to be related to calcium uptake at the sarcoplasmic reticulum.<BR>5) The coupling efficiency by the direct stimulation tended to be smaller than that by the nerve stimulation after 10 sec. This result suggests that the stimulating nerve possesses a factor which prolongs the period of potentiation.

The study of T lymphocyte in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome(SARS) / 中国免疫学杂志

Objective:To study the evalution of T lymphocyte in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) patients.Methods:T lymphocyte in the peripheral blood was determined by Flow Cytometry in 53 patients with SARS. Results:The CD4 +T cell and CD8 +T cell decreased reversiblly in the cured SARS patients, but decreased progressively in the dead cases. The level and duration of the decrease are correlated with the patient's condition. The lowest CD4 +T cell count is 305?150 cells/?l(P