Manejo del tiempo en estudiantes de medicina paraguayos / Time management in paraguayan medicine students

Introducción: la gestión eficiente del tiempo se erige como una competencia cardinal entre los estudiantes de Medicina. Esta destreza resulta imperativa, dado que les habilita para administrar sus agendas de forma eficaz, evitando así el estrés inherente a su formación y asegurando un desempeño exitoso, mejorando así el equilibrio entre sus compromisos académicos y personales al adoptar decisiones pertinentes, tales como la priorización efectiva de tareas y la prevención de situaciones de sobrecarga que puedan menoscabar su rendimiento. Metodología: estudio observacional descriptivo, de prevalencia y asociación cruzada, temporalmente prospectivo, realizado en estudiantes de Medicina de Paraguay, con el fin de determinar el manejo de su tiempo. Para medir el manejo del tiempo se usó la versión en español de la Time Management Behavior Questionnaire for University Students que es un instrumento autoadministrado que integra 34 ítems relacionados con la forma en que los estudiantes manejan su tiempo de aprendizaje y estudio. Resultados: la correlación entre las variables cuantitativas demostró relación entre edad y la subescala "establecimiento de objetivos y prioridades" (r= -0,208; p=0,038), siendo esta asociación indirecta y débil. En cuanto a diferencia de medias, se encontró relación entre sexo y la subescala "herramientas de gestión del tiempo" (t=-2,37; gl=98; p=0,020), observándose que los hombres (2,61 ± 0,89) tenían una media menor que las mujeres (3,04 ± 0,74). Conclusiones: el aspecto que obtuvo la puntuación más baja fue la preferencia hacia la desorganización. Esta característica, contrastada con la alta puntuación otorgada al establecimiento de metas y prioridades, señala una tendencia hacia un enfoque de aprendizaje estructurado y ordenado, procurando así evitar la carencia de planificación en las actividades.

Introduction: efficient time management is emerging as a core competency for medical students. Acquiring this skill enables them to effectively manage their agendas, thus avoiding the inherent stress in their training and ensuring successful performance. It also improves their ability to balance their academic and personal commitments by improving their decision-making skills, such as effective task prioritization and preventing task-overload situations that may undermine their performance. Methodology: this was a descriptive, observational study of prevalence and cross-association conducted in medical students in Paraguay to assess their time management skills. To measure time management, the Spanish version of the Time Management Behavior Questionnaire for University Students was used. This is a self-administered instrument that includes 34 items related to how students manage their learning and study time. Results: the correlation between quantitative variables showed a relationship between age and the "setting goals and priorities" subscale; (r= -0.208; p=0.038); this association was indirect and weak. In terms of mean differences, a relationship was found between sex and the "time management tools" subscale; (t=-2.37; gl=98; p=0.020), with men (2.61 ± 0.89) having a lower mean than women (3.04 ± 0.74). Conclusions: the aspect that scored the lowest was the tendency towards disorganization. This characteristic, in contrast to the high score seen in goal setting and prioritization, shows a tendency towards a structured and orderly approach to learning, thus avoiding a lack of planning in students' activities.

Manejo del tiempo en estudiantes de medicina paraguayos

Introducción: la gestión eficiente del tiempo se erige como una competencia cardinal entre los estudiantes de Medicina. Esta destreza resulta imperativa, dado que les habilita para administrar sus agendas de forma eficaz, evitando así el estrés inherente a su formación y asegurando un desempeño exitoso, mejorando así el equilibrio entre sus compromisos académicos y personales al adoptar decisiones pertinentes, tales como la priorización efectiva de tareas y la prevención de situaciones de sobrecarga que puedan menoscabar su rendimiento. Metodología: estudio observacional descriptivo, de prevalencia y asociación cruzada, temporalmente prospectivo, realizado en estudiantes de Medicina de Paraguay, con el fin de determinar el manejo de su tiempo. Para medir el manejo del tiempo se usó la versión en español de la Time Management Behavior Questionnaire for University Students que es un instrumento autoadministrado que integra 34 ítems relacionados con la forma en que los estudiantes manejan su tiempo de aprendizaje y estudio. Resultados: la correlación entre las variables cuantitativas demostró relación entre edad y la subescala "establecimiento de objetivos y prioridades" (r= -0,208; p=0,038), siendo esta asociación indirecta y débil. En cuanto a diferencia de medias, se encontró relación entre sexo y la subescala "herramientas de gestión del tiempo" (t=-2,37; gl=98; p=0,020), observándose que los hombres (2,61 ± 0,89) tenían una media menor que las mujeres (3,04 ± 0,74). Conclusiones: el aspecto que obtuvo la puntuación más baja fue la preferencia hacia la desorganización. Esta característica, contrastada con la alta puntuación otorgada al establecimiento de metas y prioridades, señala una tendencia hacia un enfoque de aprendizaje estructurado y ordenado, procurando así evitar la carencia de planificación en las actividades.

Introduction: efficient time management is emerging as a core competency for medical students. Acquiring this skill enables them to effectively manage their agendas, thus avoiding the inherent stress in their training and ensuring successful performance. It also improves their ability to balance their academic and personal commitments by improving their decision-making skills, such as effective task prioritization and preventing task-overload situations that may undermine their performance. Methodology: this was a descriptive, observational study of prevalence and cross-association conducted in medical students in Paraguay to assess their time management skills. To measure time management, the Spanish version of the Time Management Behavior Questionnaire for University Students was used. This is a self-administered instrument that includes 34 items related to how students manage their learning and study time. Results: the correlation between quantitative variables showed a relationship between age and the "setting goals and priorities" subscale; (r= -0.208; p=0.038); this association was indirect and weak. In terms of mean differences, a relationship was found between sex and the "time management tools" subscale; (t=-2.37; gl=98; p=0.020), with men (2.61 ± 0.89) having a lower mean than women (3.04 ± 0.74). Conclusions: the aspect that scored the lowest was the tendency towards disorganization. This characteristic, in contrast to the high score seen in goal setting and prioritization, shows a tendency towards a structured and orderly approach to learning, thus avoiding a lack of planning in students' activities.

Gestão do tempo: percepções de gerenciamento com estudantes de Pós-Graduação / Time management: management perceptions with graduate students / Gestión del tiempo: percepciones de gestión con estudiantes de posgrado

O objetivo desse estudo foi compreender como alunos de Mestrado e Doutorado em Psicologia percebem sua gestão do tempo. Realizou-se uma oficina com seis doutorandos e outra com 12 mestrandos, com idades entre 24 e 55 anos (M = 38,83 DP = 9,59). Os voluntários foram informados dos objetivos e as falas analisadas por meio do software IRAMUTEQ. Os resultados apontaram que os estudantes procuram gerenciar o tempo para serem eficientes no cumprimento das atividades e empenham-se para distinguir o que é inadiável e o que pode ser postergado. O estudo contribuiu para o conhecimento sobre a reflexão crítica do gerenciamento do tempo. Estudos prospectivos podem contar com estudantes de programas de Pós-Graduação de diferentes localidades, além de diferenciar percepções segundo o gênero.

The objective of this study was to understand how Master and PhD students in Psychology perceive their time management. Were held two workshops with six doctoral students and another with 12 master's students, aged between 24 and 55 years (M = 38.83 and SD = 9.59). The volunteers were informed of the objectives and the statements were analyzed using the IRAMUTEQ software. The results showed that students try to manage time to be efficient in carrying out activities and strive to distinguish what is urgent and what can be postponed. The study contributed to the critical reflection of time management. Prospective studies could rely on students from graduate programs in different locations, in addition to differentiating perceptions according to gender.

El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender cómo los estudiantes de Maestría y Doctorado en Psicología perciben su gestión del tiempo. Se realizaron dos talleres con seis estudiantes de doctorado y otro con 12 estudiantes de maestría, con edades entre 24 y 55 años (M = 38,83 y DT = 9,59). Se informó a los voluntarios de los objetivos y se analizaron las declaraciones utilizando el software IRAMUTEQ. Los resultados mostraron que los estudiantes intentan gestionar el tiempo para ser eficientes en la realización de las actividades y se esfuerzan por distinguir qué es urgente y qué se puede postergar. El estudio contribuyó a la reflexión crítica sobre la gestión del tiempo. Los estudios prospectivos podrían apoyarse en estudiantes de programas de posgrado en diferentes ubicaciones, además de diferenciar las percepciones según el género.

Gerenciamento do tempo entre estudantes de enfermagem: uma revisão integrativa / Administración del tiempo entre estudiantes de enfermería: una revisión integradora / Time Management Among Nursing Students: An Integrative Review

Introdução: o tempo é um dos bens mais valiosos do ser humano, portanto, deve ser utilizado de forma adequada. É impossível ditar o quanto o tempo durará, mas é possível gerenciar o tempo. Para algumas profissões, como a enfermagem, o gerenciamento do tempo pode ser decisivo, pois, cuidar demanda competência, dedicação e tempo. Objetivo: analisar a literatura científica a respeito do gerenciamento do tempo entre estudantes de graduação em enfermagem. Método: revisão integrativa com base em referencial que estipula cinco etapas. Foram recuperados artigos de pesquisa primária através de buscas nas bases de dados Medline, Lilacs, BDENF, Ibecs, PubMed, Scopus e Ulakbim a partir da questão norteadora: O que foi produzido na literatura científica a respeito do gerenciamento do tempo entre estudantes de enfermagem? Resultados: quinze artigos foram incluídos. Determinou-se que apesar de o gerenciamento do tempo ser fundamental para a enfermagem, o mesmo não é ensinado como deveria ser. Estudos identificaram que estudantes de enfermagem que gerenciam bem o tempo são mais motivados e menos ansiosos e estressados. O uso excessivo da Internet é prejudicial para o discente tanto pelo desperdício de tempo como devido ao surgimento de problemas sociais. Conclusão: ao utilizar corretamente o tempo os estudantes aumentam a qualidade de sua vida acadêmica e pessoal.

Introduction: Time is one of the most valuable assets of human beings, therefore, must be used properly. It is impossible to dictate how long the time will last, but it is possible to manage time. For some professions, such as nursing, time management can be decisive, as caring demands competence, dedication, and time. Aim: Analyze the available scientific literature on time management among undergraduate nursing students. Methods: Integrative review based on a framework that stipulates five steps. Original primary research articles were retrieved through searches in the Medline, Lilacs, BDENF, Ibecs, PubMed, Scopus, and Ulakbim databases based on the guiding question: What has been produced in the scientific literature about time management among nursing students? Results: Fifteen articles were included. It was determined that, although time management is essential for nursing, it is not taught as it should be. Studies have identified that nursing students who manage their time well are more motivated and less anxious and stressed. Excessive use of the Internet is harmful to the student, both because of wasting time and because of the emergence of social problems. Conclusion: By using time correctly, students increase the quality of their academic and personal life.

Introducción: el tiempo es uno de los bienes más valiosos del ser humano, por tanto, debe ser utilizado adecuadamente. Es imposible dictar cuánto durará el tiempo, pero es posible administrar el tiempo. Para algunas profesiones, como la enfermería, la gestión del tiempo puede ser decisiva, ya que cuidar exige competencia, dedicación y tiempo. Objetivo: analizar la literatura científica disponible sobre la administración del tiempo entre estudiantes de graduación en enfermería. Método: revisión integradora basada en un marco que estipula cinco pasos. Se recuperaron artículos originales de investigación primaria a través de búsquedas en las bases de datos Medline, Lilacs, BDENF, Ibecs, PubMed, Scopus y Ulakbim a partir de la pregunta orientadora: ¿qué se ha producido en la literatura científica sobre la administración del tiempo entre estudiantes de enfermería? Resultados: se incluyeron 15 artículos. Se determinó que, si bien la administración del tiempo es fundamental para enfermería, no se enseña como se debe. Los estudios han identificado que los estudiantes de enfermería que administran bien su tiempo están más motivados y menos ansiosos y estresados. El uso excesivo de internet es perjudicial para el alumno, tanto por la pérdida de tiempo como por la aparición de problemas sociales. Conclusión: al utilizar correctamente el tiempo, los estudiantes aumentan la calidad de su vida académica y personal.

Study on the relationship among the extracurricular time management ability, self-efficacy and learning effect of medical undergraduates / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To understand the current situation of management ability and self-efficacy of medical undergraduates in Suzhou and their influence on the learning effect.Methods:General data questionnaire, present situation of college students' spare time management ability questionnaire and Chinese general self-efficacy scale were used to collect data from September 2018 to April 2019 in 5 colleges and 5 grades of medicine in a comprehensive university in Suzhou using cluster sampling method. A total of 450 full-time undergraduates completed the questionnaire. SPSS 22.0 was used for t-test, one-way ANOVA and Chi-square test. Multiple Logistics regression analysis was used to analyze the influence of extracurricular time management ability and self-efficacy on academic performance. Results:A total of 450 questionnaires were distributed, and 421 were recovered, with the effective recovery rate of 93.6%. The extracurricular time of full-time medical undergraduates was relatively low, and the management ability of extracurricular time was different in different grades, whether to be a student leader, professional interests, economic status and other aspects. Students of different grades had different levels of self-efficacy. Multivariate Logistics regression analysis was carried out with the dependent variables, with the model fitted χ2=220.488, P=0.002 and the determination coefficient = 0.660. The management ability and self-efficacy in spare time were independent influencing factors of academic performance. Conclusion:Schools should take specific measures to improve the learning effect and educational quality of medical students.

Gerenciamento do tempo no processo de trabalho dos enfermeiros em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva / Time management in the work process of nurses in the intensive care unit / Gestión del tiempo en el proceso de trabajo de enfermeros de la unidad de cuidados intensivos

Objetivo: analisar o gerenciamento do tempo dispensado por enfermeiros em intervenções de cuidados diretos e indiretos, em atividades associadas ao trabalho e atividades pessoais. Método: estudo quantitativo, transversal, realizado em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital universitário no Rio de Janeiro em janeiro de 2017. Foram realizadas observações diretas das atividades realizadas pelos enfermeiros em 18 plantões, totalizando 216 horas. O "Instrumento para mensuração da carga de trabalho" foi utilizado para estruturar a observação. Resultados: os resultados mostraram que 21,5% do tempo dos enfermeiros foram dedicados às intervenções de cuidados diretos 44,7% aos cuidados indiretos, 6,1% às atividades associadas e 27,7% às atividades pessoais. Conclusão: os enfermeiros utilizam maior parte do tempo em atividades não relacionadas ao cuidado direto ao paciente. Os achados podem ser utilizados pelos gestores para revisão e adequação do dimensionamento de profissionais na assistência direta e indireta e do processo de trabalho na Unidade.

Objective: to analyze time management by nurses in direct and indirect care interventions, in work-related and personal activities. Method: this quantitative, cross-sectional study was conducted in the Intensive Care Unit of a university hospital in Rio de Janeiro in January 2017. Direct observations were made of nurses' activities in 18 shifts, totaling 216 hours. Mello's "Workload Measuring Tool" was used to structure the observations. Results: 21.5% of nurses' time was devoted to direct care, 44.7% to indirect care, 6.1% to work-related activities and 27.7% to personal activities. Conclusion: nurses spend most of their time on activities unrelated to direct patient care. These findings can be useful to managers in reviewing and adjusting both staffing in direct and indirect care and the unit's work process.

Objetivo: analizar la gestión del tiempo que brindan los enfermeros en las intervenciones asistenciales directas e indirectas, en actividades asociadas al trabajo y actividades personales. Método: estudio cuantitativo, transversal, realizado en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de un hospital universitario de Rio de Janeiro en enero de 2017. Se realizaron observaciones directas de las actividades realizadas por enfermeras en 18 turnos, totalizando 216 horas. Se utilizó la "Herramienta de medición de la carga de trabajo" para estructurar la observación. Resultados: los resultados mostraron que el 21,5% del tiempo de los enfermeros se dedicó a intervenciones de cuidados directos, el 44,7% a cuidados indirectos, el 6,1% a actividades asociadas y el 27,7% a actividades personales. Conclusión: los enfermeros dedican la mayor parte de su tiempo a actividades no relacionadas con la atención directa al paciente. Los hallazgos pueden ser utilizados por los gestores para revisar y adecuar el dimensionamiento de profesionales en la atención directa e indirecta y el proceso de trabajo en la Unidad.

Gerenciamento do tempo no processo de trabalho dos enfermeiros em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva / Gestión del tiempo en el proceso de trabajo de enfermeros de la unidad de cuidados intensivos / Time management in the work process of nurses in the intensive care unit

RESUMO Objetivo analisar o gerenciamento do tempo dispensado por enfermeiros em intervenções de cuidados diretos e indiretos, em atividades associadas ao trabalho e atividades pessoais. Método estudo quantitativo, transversal, realizado em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital universitário no Rio de Janeiro em janeiro de 2017. Foram realizadas observações diretas das atividades realizadas pelos enfermeiros em 18 plantões, totalizando 216 horas. O "Instrumento para mensuração da carga de trabalho" foi utilizado para estruturar a observação. Resultados os resultados mostraram que 21,5% do tempo dos enfermeiros foram dedicados às intervenções de cuidados diretos 44,7% aos cuidados indiretos, 6,1% às atividades associadas e 27,7% às atividades pessoais. Conclusão os enfermeiros utilizam maior parte do tempo em atividades não relacionadas ao cuidado direto ao paciente. Os achados podem ser utilizados pelos gestores para revisão e adequação do dimensionamento de profissionais na assistência direta e indireta e do processo de trabalho na Unidade.

RESUMEN Objetivo analizar la gestión del tiempo que brindan los enfermeros en las intervenciones asistenciales directas e indirectas, en actividades asociadas al trabajo y actividades personales. Método estudio cuantitativo, transversal, realizado en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de un hospital universitario de Rio de Janeiro en enero de 2017. Se realizaron observaciones directas de las actividades realizadas por enfermeras en 18 turnos, totalizando 216 horas. Se utilizó la "Herramienta de medición de la carga de trabajo" para estructurar la observación. Resultados los resultados mostraron que el 21,5% del tiempo de los enfermeros se dedicó a intervenciones de cuidados directos, el 44,7% a cuidados indirectos, el 6,1% a actividades asociadas y el 27,7% a actividades personales. Conclusión los enfermeros dedican la mayor parte de su tiempo a actividades no relacionadas con la atención directa al paciente. Los hallazgos pueden ser utilizados por los gestores para revisar y adecuar el dimensionamiento de profesionales en la atención directa e indirecta y el proceso de trabajo en la Unidad.

ABSTRACT Objective to analyze time management by nurses in direct and indirect care interventions, in work-related and personal activities. Method this quantitative, cross-sectional study was conducted in the Intensive Care Unit of a university hospital in Rio de Janeiro in January 2017. Direct observations were made of nurses' activities in 18 shifts, totaling 216 hours. Mello's "Workload Measuring Tool" was used to structure the observations. Results 21.5% of nurses' time was devoted to direct care, 44.7% to indirect care, 6.1% to work-related activities and 27.7% to personal activities. Conclusion nurses spend most of their time on activities unrelated to direct patient care. These findings can be useful to managers in reviewing and adjusting both staffing in direct and indirect care and the unit's work process.

Transfer of patients in hospital units: impacts on nursing workload / Traslado de pacientes en unidades hospitalarias: influencia en la carga de trabajo de enfermería / Transferência de pacientes em unidades hospitalares: influência sobre a carga de trabalho em enfermagem

ABSTRACT Objective: To measure the average time spent by the nursing team in transferring patients; to compare the activities observed during the performance of this intervention with those described by the Nursing Interventions Classification and to investigate the intensity of its influence on the workload. Method: Observational study using timekeeping software conducted in two hospitals in the northwest region of the State of São Paulo. 200 patient transfers were monitored by the team using two validated instruments. Results: The average time spent by nurses on transfers ranged from 9.3 (standard deviation = 3.5) to 12.2 (standard deviation = 2.5) minutes and by assistants/ technicians between 7.1 (standard deviation = 2,8) and 11.0 (standard deviation = 2.2) minutes. 63 transfers made by nurses and 87 by assistants/technicians were considered qualified (>70% of the score). The team expended 19.3 to 29% of the working day time in this intervention. Conclusion: The transfer of patients has an impact on the workload of the team and needs to be considered in the measurement of nursing activities for the calculation and distribution of personnel to improve the quality and continuity of care.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Medir el tiempo medio empleado por el equipo de enfermeria en el traslado de pacientes, comparar las actividades observadas durante esta intervencion con las descritas por la Clasificacion de Intervenciones de Enfermeria e investigar la intensidad de su influencia en la carga de trabajo. Método: Se trata de un estudio observacional realizado con un software para el registro de los tiempos y llevado a cabo en dos hospitales de la region noroeste del estado de Sao Paulo. El plantel realizo 200 traslados de pacientes, supervisado por dos instrumentos validados. Resultados: El tiempo medio empleado por el personal de enfermeria en los traslados oscilo entre 9,3 (desviacion estandar=3,5) y 12,2 (desviacion estandar=2,5) minutos y el de los auxiliares/tecnicos entre 7,1 (desviacion estandar=2,8) y 11,0 (desviacion estandar=2,2) minutos. Se consideraron cualificados 63 traslados realizados por enfermeros y 87 por auxiliares/tecnicos (≥70% de la puntuacion). El equipo consumio del 19,3 al 29% del tiempo de la jornada laboral en esta intervencion. Conclusión: El traslado de pacientes repercute en la carga de trabajo del plantel de enfermeria y debe tenerse en cuenta en la medicion de las actividades de enfermeria para el dimensionamiento y la distribucion del personal, con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad y la continuidad de los cuidados.

RESUMO Objetivo: Mensurar o tempo medio despendido pela equipe de enfermagem na transferencia de pacientes; comparar as atividades observadas, durante a realizacao desta intervencao, com as descritas pela Classificacao das Intervencoes de Enfermagem e investigar a intensidade de sua influencia sobre a carga de trabalho. Método: Estudo observacional com utilizacao de software para cronometragem de tempo conduzido em dois hospitais da regiao noroeste do Estado de Sao Paulo. Foram acompanhadas 200 transferencias de pacientes realizadas pela equipe mediante uso de dois instrumentos validados. Resultados: O tempo medio dedicado pelos enfermeiros nas transferencias variou de 9,3(desvio padrao=3,5) a 12,2(desvio padrao=2,5) minutos e pelos auxiliares/tecnicos entre 7,1(desvio padrao=2,8) e 11,0(desvio padrao=2,2) minutos. Considerou-se qualificadas (≥70% do escore) 63 transferencias realizadas por enfermeiros e 87 por auxiliares/tecnicos. A equipe consumiu de 19,3 a 29% do tempo da jornada de trabalho nesta intervencao. Conclusão: A transferencia de pacientes gera impacto sobre a carga de trabalho da equipe e precisa ser contemplada na mensuracao das atividades de enfermagem para dimensionamento e distribuicao de pessoal visando melhoraria da qualidade e continuidade do cuidado.

Gerenciamento de tempo em adultos: método, técnicas e aplicações / Time management in adults: method, techniques and applications / Administración del tiempo de adultos: método, técnicas y aplicaciones

O gerenciamento de tempo (GT) se refere à capacidade de estabelecer metas, cumprir prazos e realizar as tarefas de maneira planejada e organizada. Este estudo apresenta uma revisão sistemática sobre intervenções em GT e procrastinação de adultos, publicados nos últimos 20 anos e disponibilizados nas bases de dados PubMed, ERIC, PsycINFO, SciELO e LILACS. Conforme a metodologia PRISMA, a partir dos critérios de inclusão/exclusão foram selecionados e analisados 32 artigos. Os resultados apontaram que o manejo temporal eficiente pode diminuir a procrastinação, a ansiedade e o estresse e melhorar a autoeficácia, a organização e o planejamento. A descrição das tarefas trabalhadas nas intervenções apresentou-se como uma lacuna existente. A estimulação dessa habilidade pode auxiliar o desempenho dos sujeitos na universidade, no trabalho e na vida diária.

Time management (TM) refers to the ability to set goals, meet deadlines, perform tasks in a planned and organized manner. This study presents a systematic review of interventions in adult TM and procrastination published in the last 20 years and made available in the PubMed, ERIC, PsycINFO, SciELO and LILACS databases. According to the PRISMA methodology, from the inclusion / exclusion criteria 32 articles were selected and analyzed. The results showed that efficient temporal management can decrease procrastination, anxiety and stress and improve self-efficacy, organization and planning. The description of the tasks performed in the interventions presented itself as an existing gap. The stimulation of this ability can help the subjects' performance at university, at work and in daily life.

La gestión del tiempo (GT) se refiere a la capacidad de establecer objetivos, cumplir plazos, realizar tareas de manera planificada y organizada. Este estudio presenta una revisión sistemática de las intervenciones en GT y procrastinación de adultos publicada en los últimos 20 años y disponible en las bases de datos PubMed, ERIC, PsycINFO, SciELO y LILACS. De acuerdo con la metodología PRISMA, de los criterios de inclusión / exclusión se seleccionaron y analizaron 32 artículos. Los resultados indicaron que el manejo temporal eficiente puede disminuir la dilación, la ansiedad y el estrés y mejorar la autoeficacia, la organización y la planificación. La descripción de las tareas realizadas en las intervenciones se presentó como una brecha existente. La estimulación de esta capacidad puede ayudar al rendimiento de los sujetos en la universidad, en el trabajo y en la vida diaria.

Efficacy of early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the treatment of acute calculous cholecystitis combined with abnormal liver function / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the efficacy of early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in the treatment of acute calculous cholecystitis complicated by abnormal liver function. Methods:A total of 106 patients with acute calculous cholecystitis complicated by abnormal liver function who received LC in Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, China between February 2018 and February 2020 were included in this study. They were assigned to receive laparoscopic cholecystectomy either within 72 hours after disease onset (early group, n = 51) or 72 hours after disease onset (delayed group, n = 51). Perioperative indexes, complications, immune function and liver function were compared between the two groups. Results:Intraoperative blood loss in the early group was less than that in the delayed group [(63.11 ± 8.18) mL vs. (92.39 ± 7.23) mL, t = 19.558, P < 0.001]. Operative time, time to anal exhaust and length of hospital stay in the early group were (49.53 ± 6.33) minutes, (23.24 ± 4.65) hours and (6.38 ± 1.23) days in the early group were significantly shorter than those in the delayed group [(63.24 ± 5.42) minutes, (32.88 ± 5.78) hours, (8.34 ± 1.54) days, t = 12.004, 9.415, 7.204, all P < 0.001]. There was no significant difference in the rate of conversion to open cholecystectomy during LC between the two groups ( χ2 = 0.877, P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between early and delayed groups [11.76% (6/51) vs. 7.27% (4/55), χ2 = 0.625, P > 0.05]. On day 3 after surgery, the proportion of CD 3+ cells and the ratio of CD 4+/CD 8+ cells in the early group were (37.81 ± 4.29) % and (1.32 ± 0.29), respectively, which were significantly higher than those in the delayed group [(32.56 ± 5.26) %, 1.21 ± 0.23, t = 5.605, 6.379, both P < 0.001]. Total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels in the early group were (21.05 ± 5.16) μmol/L, (71.58 ± 9.36) U/L and (175.73 ± 19.64) U/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the delayed group [(27.81 ± 5.14) μmol/L, (82.54 ± 12.35) U/L, (214.62 ± 20.58) U/L, t = 6.921, 7.893, 9.865, all P < 0.001]. On day 5 after surgery, total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels in the early group were (14.63 ± 4.58) μmol/L, (42.13 ± 8.24) U/L, (137.72 ± 17.62) U/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the delayed group [(18.67 ± 6.45) μmol/L, (59.64 ± 11.29) U/L, (162.76 ± 18.39) U/L, t = 3.692, 8.265, 7.462, all P < 0.001]. Conclusion:Early LC for treatment of acute calculous cholecystitis complicated by abnormal liver function can effectively promote the recovery of liver function, mitigate immune injury, improve perioperative indicators, and dose not increase the incidence of complications.

Investigation on time management and self-regulated learning of nursing students / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To investigate the status of time management and self-regulated learning of undergraduate nursing students, and to explore the correlation and influencing factors between them.Methods:In March, 2020, 873 undergraduate nursing students from a nursing college of a medical university in Chongqing were investigated with General Information Questionnaire, Adolescent Time Management Disposition Questionnaire and Self-regulated Learning Status Questionnaire. SPSS 22.0 was used for data analysis. Independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, pearson correlation analysis and multiple stepwise regression analysis were used for further analysis. Results:Total scores of time management disposition and self-regulated learning status were separately (153.58±18.62) points and (81.73±14.11) points. Scores of both items were influenced by different grades, whether or not they were student cadres, whether they voluntarily applied for nursing profession and whether they would like to take the postgraduate entrance examination. Correlation study showed that the score of time management disposition was significantly positively correlated with the score of self-regulated learning ( P < 0.01). And multiple stepwise regression study showed that time value, time monitoring and time efficacy entered the regression equation ( R2 = 0.353, adjusted R2 = 0.351, F = 153.073, P < 0.01). Conclusion:The undergraduate nursing students' time management disposition and self-regulated learning are at a moderate to good level. Each dimension of the time management disposition somewhat forecasts the self-regulated learning learning situation of the students. The self-regulated learning status of the nursing students can be enhanced by fostering their time management abilities.

Relationships between general self-efficacy and mobile game addiction among middle school students： mediating effect of time management disposition / 四川精神卫生

ObjectiveTo discuss the relationship between general self-efficacy and mobile game addiction among middle school students， and to analyse the mediating role of time management disposition. MethodsFrom November 2020 to February 2021， a sample of 667 students were recruited from three middle schools in Jiangxi and Sichuan provinces using cluster sampling method. All selected students were assessed using General Self-Efficacy Scale （GSES）， Mobile Game Addiction Scale and Adolescence Time Management Disposition Inventory （ATMD）. Further， Bootstrap method was used to test the mediating effect. Results①The total score of Mobile Game Addiction Scale was negatively correlated with the total scores of GSES and ATMD （r=-0.122， -0.333， P<0.01）. The total score of ATMD was positively correlated with the total score of GSES （r=0.536， P<0.01）. ②General self-efficacy and time management disposition could predict the mobile game addiction negatively （β=-0.333， -0.122， P<0.01）， and general self-efficacy could predict the time management disposition positively （β=0.536， P<0.01）. ③Time management disposition played a full mediating role between general self-efficacy and mobile game addiction， with a mediating effect size of -0.159 （95% CI： -0.213~-0.112， P<0.01）， accounting for 70.38% of the total effect. ConclusionGeneral self-efficacy indirectly affects mobile game addiction via time management disposition.

Guia de técnicas para a gestão do tempo de estudos: relato da construção / Guide of techniques for study time management: report of construction / Guía de técnicas para la gestión del tiempo de estudios: relato de la construcción

Resumo Uma das dificuldades com as quais os universitários deparam ao iniciar o curso superior é a forma de administrar o tempo, interferindo nos estudos e na vida de modo geral. Em função disso, considera-se importante que o profissional que irá auxiliá-lo em sua gestão de tempo consiga compreender como ocorre o processo de orientação em relação a esse tema. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em descrever a criação e a utilização do Guia de técnicas para gestão do tempo de estudos na universidade, que visa auxiliar os profissionais na prática de atendimento a universitários que apresentem dificuldades na administração do tempo de estudos. Esse material, desenvolvido nos anos de 2017 e 2018, proporciona sugestões de dezesseis técnicas apresentando em cada uma seu objetivo, os materiais necessários e a descrição da aplicação. As técnicas estão subdivididas de acordo com quatro etapas: a) diagnóstico do uso do tempo; b) desenvolvimento de estratégias para lidar com as dificuldades; c) estabelecimento de objetivos e metas; e d) implementação e avaliação das mudanças. Observou-se que as intervenções, apoiadas pela utilização do guia têm auxiliado os alunos com dificuldades na gestão do tempo que frequentam um serviço de apoio aos estudantes universitários. (AU)

Abstract One of the difficulties that college students face when they start college is how to manage time, what interferes in the studies and life in general. Due to this situation, it is important that the professional who will assist the student in his time management can understand how the orientation process occurs in relation to this topic. The aim of this work is to describe the creation and use of the Guide to Techniques for Time Management of Studies in the University. It intends to assist professionals in the practice of attending university students who have difficulties in the management of study time. This material, developed in the years 2017 and 2018, presents an intervention composed of sixteen techniques, (the purposes of each technique, necessary materials and the application guidelines). The techniques should be applied in four stages: a) diagnosis of the use of time; b) development of coping strategies; c) setting goals and targets; and d) implementation and evaluation of changes. It was noted that the interventions, supported by the use of the guide, have helped the students that attend a service of support to university students in their difficulties with the management of their time. (AU)

Resumen Una de las dificultades que los universitarios enfrentan al iniciar un curso superior es la manera de administrar el tiempo, interfiriendo en los estudios y en la vida en general. Por eso, se considera importante que el profesional que les asista con la gestión del tiempo consiga comprender cómo ocurre el proceso de orientación en relación a ese tema. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en describir la creación y la utilización de la Guia de Técnicas para Gestão do Tempo de Estudos na Universidade (Guía de Técnicas para la Gestión del Tiempo de Estudio en la Universidad) que tiene como fin auxiliar a los profesionales en la práctica de atención a universitarios que presenten dificultades en la administración del tiempo. Este material, desarrollado en 2017 y 2018, presenta una intervención con dieciséis técnicas (objetivo de cada una, materiales necesarios y orientaciones para la aplicación). Se propone que las mismas se apliquen en cuatro etapas: a) diagnóstico del uso del tiempo; b) desarrollo de estrategias para enfrentar las dificultades; c) establecimiento de objetivos y metas; y d) implementación y evaluación de los cambios. Se observó que las intervenciones, apoyadas por la utilización de la guía, han ayudado a los alumnos que asisten a un servicio de apoyo a estudiantes universitarios en sus dificultades en la gestión del tiempo. (AU)

Time and quality of admissions: nursing workload / Tiempo y calidad de las admisiones: carga de trabajo en enfermería / Tempo e qualidade das admissões: carga de trabalho em enfermagem

ABSTRACT Objectives: to measure the average time spent by the nursing staff during patient admission and investigate their compliance with the activities described by the Nursing Interventions Classification; evaluate the degree of interference in the workload of the team. Methods: observational with time measurement through software. We followed 199 admissions made by the nursing staff in seven units, using two validated instruments. Total scores ≥ 70% and 50% validated the process. Results: the average time of nurses ranged from 5.5 (standard deviation = 2.3) to 13 (standard deviation = 1.1) minutes; and the auxiliary / technician, between 4.7 (standard deviation = 2.1) and 6.8 (standard deviation = 2.0) minutes (p ≤ 0.01). We qualified six admissions made by nurses and 33 by assistants/technicians. The intervention spent 16.3% to 31.5% of the working hours of the team. Conclusions: admission impacts nursing workload and needs to be considered both in the measurement of activities and in the sizing of the nursing staff.

RESUMEN Objetivos: mensurar el tiempo medio ha gastado por el equipo de enfermería durante la admisión de pacientes e investigar su conformidad en relación a las actividades descriptas por la Clasificación de las Intervenciones de Enfermería; evaluar el grado de interferencia sobre la carga de trabajo del equipo. Métodos: observacional con cronometraje de tiempo por medio de un software. Se acompañaron 199 admisiones realizadas por el equipo de enfermería en siete unidades utilizándose dos instrumentos validados. Apuntalados el total ≥ 70% y 50% calificaban el proceso. Resultados: el tiempo medio de los enfermeros varió de 5,5 (desviación típica = 2,3) a 13 (desviación típica = 1,1) minutos; y de los auxiliares/técnicos, entre 4,7 (desviación típica = 2,1) y 6,8 (desviación típica = 2,0) minutos (p ≤ 0,01). Seis admisiones realizadas por enfermeros y 33 por auxiliares/técnicos se mostraron calificadas. La intervención ha gastado de 16,3% a 31,5% del tiempo de la jornada de trabajo del equipo. Conclusiones: la admisión impacta sobre la carga de trabajo y precisa ser considerada tanto en la medición de las actividades como en el dimensionamiento del equipo de enfermería.

RESUMO Objetivos: mensurar o tempo médio despendido pela equipe de enfermagem durante a admissão de pacientes e investigar sua conformidade em relação às atividades descritas pela Classificação das Intervenções de Enfermagem; avaliar o grau de interferência sobre a carga de trabalho da equipe. Métodos: observacional com cronometragem de tempo por meio de um software. Acompanharam-se 199 admissões realizadas pela equipe de enfermagem em sete unidades utilizando-se dois instrumentos validados. Escores total ≥ 70% e 50% qualificavam o processo. Resultados: o tempo médio dos enfermeiros variou de 5,5 (desvio padrão = 2,3) a 13 (desvio padrão = 1,1) minutos; e dos auxiliares/técnicos, entre 4,7 (desvio padrão = 2,1) e 6,8 (desvio padrão = 2,0) minutos (p ≤ 0,01). Seis admissões realizadas por enfermeiros e 33 por auxiliares/técnicos mostraram-se qualificadas. A intervenção despendeu de 16,3% a 31,5% do tempo da jornada de trabalho da equipe. Conclusões: a admissão impacta a carga de trabalho e precisa ser considerada tanto na mensuração das atividades como no dimensionamento da equipe de enfermagem.

Reducing overcrowding in an emergency department: a pilot study

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE Exploring the use of forecasting models and simulation tools to estimate demand and reduce the waiting time of patients in Emergency Departments (EDs). METHODS The analysis was based on data collected in May 2013 in the ED of Recanto das Emas, Federal District, Brasil, which uses a Manchester Triage System. A total of 100 consecutive patients were included: 70 yellow (70%) and 30 green (30%). Flow patterns, observed waiting time, and inter-arrival times of patients were collected. Process maps, demand, and capacity data were used to build a simulation, which was calibrated against the observed flow times. What-if analysis was conducted to reduce waiting times. RESULTS Green and yellow patient arrival-time patterns were similar, but inter-arrival times were 5 and 38 minutes, respectively. Wait-time was 14 minutes for yellow patients, and 4 hours for green patients. The physician staff comprised four doctors per shift. A simulation predicted that allocating one more doctor per shift would reduce wait-time to 2.5 hours for green patients, with a small impact in yellow patients' wait-time. Maintaining four doctors and allocating one doctor exclusively for green patients would reduce the waiting time to 1.5 hours for green patients and increase it in 15 minutes for yellow patients. The best simulation scenario employed five doctors per shift, with two doctors exclusively for green patients. CONCLUSION Waiting times can be reduced by balancing the allocation of doctors to green and yellow patients and matching the availability of doctors to forecasted demand patterns. Simulations of EDs' can be used to generate and test solutions to decrease overcrowding.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Explorar o uso de modelos de previsão e ferramentas de simulação para estimar a demanda e reduzir o tempo de espera dos pacientes em Departamentos de Emergência (DE). METODOLOGIA A análise foi baseada em dados coletados em maio de 2013, no DE do Recanto das Emas, Distrito Federal, Brasil, que utiliza o Protocolo de Manchester como sistema de triagem. Um total de 100 pacientes consecutivos foram incluídos: 70 amarelos (70%) e 30 verdes (30%). Padrões de fluxo, tempo de espera observado e tempos entre as chegadas dos pacientes foram registrados. Mapas de processo, demanda e dados de capacidade foram utilizados na construção de uma simulação que foi calibrada de acordo com o fluxo observado. Uma análise do tipo "e se..." foi conduzida para reduzir os tempos de espera. RESULTADOS Os padrões de tempo de chegada para pacientes verdes e amarelos foram semelhantes, mas os tempos entre chegadas foram 5 e 38 minutos, respectivamente. O tempo de espera foi de 14 minutos para pacientes amarelos e 4 horas para pacientes verdes. A equipe médica era composta por quatro médicos por turno. Uma simulação previu que a inclusão de mais um médico por turno reduziria o tempo de espera para 2,5 horas para pacientes verdes, com um impacto pequeno no tempo de espera dos pacientes amarelos. A manutenção de quatro médicos e a inclusão de um médico exclusivamente para pacientes verdes reduziria o tempo de espera para 1,5 horas para pacientes verdes e aumentaria em 15 minutos para os pacientes amarelos. O melhor cenário simulado utilizou cinco médicos por plantão, com dois médicos exclusivos para pacientes verdes. CONCLUSÃO Os tempos de espera podem ser reduzidos equilibrando a distribuição de médicos para pacientes verdes e amarelos e relacionando a disponibilidade dos médicos aos padrões de demanda previstos. Simulações de DE podem ser utilizadas para gerar e testar soluções para diminuir a superlotação.

An analysis on the study habits among undergraduate medical students

Introduction: Study habits is one important factor which influences the academic performance of students. The learning strategies of high achievers are likely to be more effective. The study was aimed to analyse the study habits among undergraduate medical students and compare the study habits of high, average and low achieving undergraduate medical students. Application of effective learning strategies may be helpful in achieving better academic outcomes. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted as a cross sectional, observational study with 118 Final year MBBS students as study participants using Dennis Congos Study Skills Inventory Questionnaire consisting of 51 study habits questions classified according to domains of Text Book reading, Notes taking, Memory, Test Preparation, Concentration, Time management. Results: The percentage of students scoring above the cut off levels in each domain were: Memory: 61/118 (51.69%), Concentration: 67/118 (56.77%), Notes taking: 7/118 (5.93%), Time management: 17/118 (14.40%), Test preparation: 31/118 (26.27%), Text book reading: 35/118 (29.66%). The only Study habit that showed significant difference across the high, medium and low achievers was: Ability to pay attention in the class (p: 0.006). Conclusion: Though the students are talented and fare better in Memory and Concentration skills, there is glaring lack of attitudinal skills like Notes taking, Time management, Test preparation and Textbook reading skills. Paying attention in the class seems to be one most important distinguishing learning strategy determining the academic performance. Teaching– Learning methodologies need to be made more interesting so as to actively engage the attention of low achievers also.

Identifying the dimensions of occupational stress by factor analysis among policemen in Tamil Nadu

Background: Stress can be defined as a physiological response to physical and mental demands. These stresses can negatively influence the performance and wellbeing of the employees. Police officers are a part of unique occupational population who are exposed various stressful conditions daily. This study attempts to explore factors influencing occupational stress faced by Policemen.Methods: The study was a cross sectional conducted among the policemen under three subdivisions of Villupuram, Tamilnadu. Operational police stress questionnaire was used to assess the stress levels with 20 statements which were then extracted into four dimensions by factor analysis.Results: By factor analysis stress was categorized into four factors or dimensions namely social and health related stress, time management stress, emotional stress and work-related stress.Conclusions: This study highlights that the major dimensions causing occupational stress among policemen which will form a framework for planning programs for stress management.

Time management of Internal Medicine medicalresidents, São Paulo, Brasil

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Medical Residency is a recognized form of professional qualification, but there are criticisms regarding the overload of work activities. Given the length of the daily and weekly workdays, residents develop practices that enable them to reconcile the Residency with their personal life. AIM To describe time management strategies in the daily routine of Internal Medicine Medical Residents of a university hospital in São Paulo, Brasil. METHODS Eight interviews were conducted with resident physicians of the second year, addressing aspects of personal and family life, theoretical study, practical activities, and work bonds. Content analysis was carried out using the MaxQDA software. RESULTS Six thematic categories emerged from the reports: work organization at the Medical Residency; learning and/or professional activities; housing, financial planning, and household activities; time for leisure and interpersonal relationship; family planning/children; rest/sleep. DISCUSSION Several strategies are adopted for time management: residing near the hospital, domestic activities helped by housekeepers, postponement of maternity leave, and social support centered on interacting with other residents. There are paid activities not associated with the Residency, which lead to reduced time for rest, study, and leisure, with a greater loss during work at night shifts. CONCLUSIONS Residents experience a period of intense learning, which requires a high workload and complex work. The evaluation of the work organization of medical residents should include not only time for rest but also time management strategies for daily activities, which can reduce the negative outcomes associated with long working hours.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO A Residência Médica é uma forma reconhecida de capacitação profissional, mas há críticas em relação à sobrecarga de trabalho. Dada a extensão das jornadas de trabalho diária e semanal, os residentes desenvolvem práticas para poder conciliar a Residência com sua vida pessoal. OBJETIVOS Descrever estratégias de gestão do tempo no cotidiano de médicos residentes de Clínica Médica em hospital universitário de São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODOS Realizadas oito entrevistas com médicos residentes do 2o ano, abordando aspectos da vida pessoal, familiar, estudo teórico, atividades práticas e vínculos de trabalho. Realizada análise de conteúdo com auxílio do programa MaxQDA. RESULTADOS Seis categorias temáticas emergiram dos relatos: organização do trabalho na Residência Médica; atividade para aprendizado ou atividade profissional?; moradia, planejamento financeiro e atividades domésticas; tempo para lazer e relacionamentos interpessoais; planejamento familiar∕filhos; repouso∕sono. DISCUSSÃO Diversas estratégias são adotadas para gestão do tempo: residir próximo ao hospital, auxílio das atividades domésticas por diaristas, adiamento da maternidade e apoio social centrado no convívio com outros residentes. Há realização de atividades remuneradas não vinculadas à Residência, o que leva à redução do tempo previsto para repouso, estudo e lazer, com maior prejuízo nos períodos de plantões noturnos. CONCLUSÕES Os residentes vivenciam um período de aprendizado intenso, mas que exige uma carga horária elevada e trabalho complexo. A avaliação da organização do trabalho de médicos residentes deve incluir não somente tempo para repouso, mas também estratégias de gestão do tempo para atividades cotidianas. Estas podem reduzir o prejuízo associado às longas jornadas de trabalho.

Interruptions and nursing workload during medication administration process / Interrupciones y carga de trabajo de enfermería durante la administración de medicamentos / Interrupções e carga de trabalho de enfermagem durante a administração de medicamentos

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the sources and causes of interruptions during the medication administration process performed by a nursing team and measure its frequency, duration and impact on the team's workload. Métodos: This is an observational study that timed 121 medication rounds (preparation, administration and documentation) performed by 15 nurses and nine nursing technicians in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in the countryside of the state of São Paulo. Resultados: 63 (52.1%) interruptions were observed. In each round, the number of interruptions that happened ranged from 1-7, for 127 in total; these occurred mainly during the preparation phase, 97 (76.4%). The main interruption sources were: nursing staff - 48 (37.8%) − and self-interruptions - 29 (22.8%). The main causes were: information exchanges - 54 (42.5%) − and parallel conversations - 28 (22%). The increase in the mean time ranged from 53.7 to 64.3% (preparation) and from 18.3 to 19.2% (administration) - p≤0.05. Conclusão: Interruptions in the medication process are frequent, interfere in the workload of the nursing team and may reflect on the safety of care.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Examinar las fuentes y las causas de interrupciones durante el proceso de administración de medicamentos realizado por el personal de enfermería y también medir su frecuencia, duración e impacto sobre la carga de trabajo de estos. Métodos: Estudio observacional con tiempos cronometrados durante 121 rondas de medicación (preparación, administración y documentación) realizadas por 15 enfermeros y 9 técnicos de enfermería en una Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal en el interior de São Paulo. Resultados: Se observaron 63 (52,1%) interrupciones. En cada ronda, ocurrieron de 1-7, totalizando 127, principalmente en la fase de preparación, 97 (76,4%). Las principales fuentes fueron: el personal de enfermería -48 (37,8%)-, y las autointerrupciones -29 (22,8%)-. Ya las principales causas fueron: el intercambio de información -54 (42,5%)- y la conversación paralela -28 (22%)-. El incremento del promedio del tiempo varió del 53,7% al 64,3% (preparación) y del 18,3% al 19,2% (administración) p≤0,05. Conclusión: Las interrupciones en el proceso medicamentoso son frecuentes, interfieren en la carga de trabajo de la enfermería y pueden comprometer la seguridad del cuidado.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar fontes e causas das interrupções durante o processo de administração de medicamentos realizado pela equipe de enfermagem e mensurar sua frequência, duração e impacto sobre a carga de trabalho. Métodos: Observacional com tempos cronometrados durante 121 rodadas de medicação (preparo, administração e documentação) realizadas por 15 enfermeiros e nove técnicos de enfermagem em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal no interior de São Paulo. Resultados: Foram observadas 63 (52,1%) interrupções. Em cada rodada, ocorreram de 1-7totalizando 127, principalmente na fase de preparo, 97 (76,4%). As principais fontes constituíram-se em: equipe de enfermagem − 48 (37,8%) − e autointerrupções − 29(22,8%). Já as principais causas: troca de informações - 54 (42,5%) − e conversa paralela - 28 (22%). O aumento do tempo médio variou de 53,7 a 64,3% (preparo) e de 18,3 a 19,2% (administração) p≤0,05. Conclusão: Interrupções no processo medicamentoso são frequentes, interferem na carga de trabalho da enfermagem e podem refletir na segurança do cuidado.

Study on optimizing rapid acquisition time of CZT-SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging using different injection doses / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Objective@#To explore the optimal and rapid imaging acquisition time and clinical applicability when using high- and low-dose one day rest/stress myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with cadmium-zinc-telluride heart dedicated SPECT (CZT-SPECT).@*Methods@#The MPI data with high-dose rest/stress protocol in 51 patients (22 males, 29 females, age: (55.4±8.5) years) between November 2017 and December 2017 and those with low-dose protocol in 50 patients (27 males, 23 females, age: (59.1±12.8) years) between July 2018 and October 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The MPI was performed with CZT-SPECT. Each patient received 296-370 MBq rest dose of 99Tcm-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (MIBI) for high-dose protocol, 111-222 MBq rest dose of 99Tcm-MIBI for low-dose protocol. Stress dose was 3 times of the corresponding rest dose. Rest and stress scans were acquired 6 min and 4 min for high-dose protocol, while 8 min and 6 min for low-dose protocol in total. All rest or stress imaging data were reconstructed from list-mode raw data to obtain scan durations of 1 min, 2 min, etc, up to the maximum of acquisition time. Image quality at different acquisition times were evaluated, and myocardial perfusion and function parameters were compared. Paired t test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, Pearson correlation and Bland-Altman analyses were used for data analysis.@*Results@#The image quality was rated as excellent/good in all patients (100%, 51/51) when acquisition time ≥3 min and ≥2 min respectively for rest and stress imaging with high-dose protocol, the similar results was obtained (100%, 50/50) when acquisition time ≥4 min and ≥3 min respectively for rest and stress imaging with low-dose protocol. The quantitative perfusion parameters(summed rest scores, summed stress scores, total perfusion deficit) and left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) at shorter acquisition times (3 min/2 min, 4 min/3 min) were not significantly different from the results at the longer acquisition times (6 min/4 min, 8 min/6 min; t values: from -1.196 to 1.597, z values: from -1.963 to 1.945, all P>0.05). Those parameters at shorter and longer acquisition times showed strong correlations (all r>0.700, all P<0.001), and Bland-Altman analysis revealed good agreement between them.@*Conclusion@#The optimal acquisition time is 3 min/2 min for high-dose one-day rest/stress CZT-SPECT MPI, and 4 min/3 min for low-dose protocol, which can significantly shorten the MPI acquisition time, then reliable perfusion parameters and LVEF can be obtained under the premise of ensuring image quality, making it the better clinical applicability.