ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Los coronavirus, en sentido amplio, son un grupo de virus de ARN de cadena simple con envoltura. A pesar del intenso escrutinio al que han sido sometidos, todavía no está definido por qué solo tres coronavirus -SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV y SARS-CoV-2- han provocado síntomas graves y elevada mortalidad. El objetivo de la presente revisión es incrementar los conocimientos acerca del uso de los exámenes diagnósticos de la COVID-19, por lo que se realizó una búsqueda actualizada sobre los métodos diagnósticos de la infección por SARS-CoV-2, en los principales buscadores, además de la información proveniente de las diferentes directrices publicadas en el país sobre el enfrentamiento a esta pandemia. Los resultados sugieren que ambas pruebas se complementan por su capacidad diagnóstica en función del tiempo de infección. Si se tiene un resultado positivo mediante cualquiera de las dos metodologías, el diagnóstico está definido. Ante la entrada a Cuba de la COVID-19, comenzó el despliegue de la gestión gubernamental, movilizando las más importantes capacidades científicas, tecnológicas y profesionales para enfrentar la pandemia. Así, diferentes institutos y centros de investigación, junto al sistema de salud, han trabajado en la creación de métodos de diagnóstico y manejo de la COVID. La nueva etapa, conocida como poscovid, necesita una valoración y uso adecuados de las pruebas que confirmen la presencia del virus.
ABSTRACT Coronaviruses, in a broad sense, are a group of enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses. Despite the intense scrutiny they have been subjected to, it is not still defined why only three coronaviruses-SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV y SARS-CoV-2-have caused serious symptoms and high mortality. The aim of this review is to increase the knowledge on the use of COVID-19 diagnostic tests, so an updated search was carried out on the diagnostic methods of SARS-CoV-2 infection, in the main searchers, besides the information gathered from the different guidelines published in the country on the confrontation of this pandemic. The results suggest that both tests complement themselves by their diagnostic capacity according to the infection time. If a positive result is obtained using either method, the diagnostic is defined. At the entrance of COVID-19 to Cuba, the organization of government management began, mobilizing the most important scientific, technological and professional capacities to confront the pandemic. Therefore, different research institutes and centers, together with the health system, have worked on the creation of COVID diagnostic methods and management. The new stage, known as post COVID era, needs a proper evaluation and use of the tests that confirm the virus presence.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the characteristics on demographical,spatial distribution and transmission mode of HIV infections among 50-year-old population.Methods Related information on demography,spatial distribution,high risk behavioral and history of HIV infections among 50-year-old population were collected and analyzed.Possible time of infection based on their first CD4 testing results right after the HIV diagnoses,was estimated.Results Since 2008,the number of new HIV/AIDS cases among the over-50-year-olds was reported increasing annually.The number of aged 50 and above in 2014 was 4.2 times than the number in 2008.50-year-old or older population were infected mainly through heterosexual behavior (88.0％).Among these cases,83.9％ self-reported as having histories on extramarital sex intercourse and the number was increasing yearly.Among male cases who admitted as having heterosexual experience,95.1％ of them reported as having histories of extramarital sex intercourse while 53.4％ of the female cases reported as having the same experiences.46.6％ of spouses of the females or with fixed partners were HIV positive.Through estimating the time of infection and the time interval between infection and diagnosis,we found that the proportion was 15.5％,from infection to diagnosis as 3 years among the 50 and older age groups,but the proportion of 8 years from infection to diagnosis was 43.6％.We estimated that 66.5％ of the new HIV cases who were at age 50 and over,were infected when they were at that age span.The average time from infection and being tested was (6.8 ± 2.7) years.Conclusion The increasing number of being diagnosed on HIV among the 50-year-olds population might be related to both high risk exposure and belated diagnoses among this population,calling for the necessity of deriving the sources of HIV infection and tailoring the HIV prevention strategies in this population.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the characteristics on demographical,spatial distribution and transmission mode of HIV infections among 50-year-old population.Methods Related information on demography,spatial distribution,high risk behavioral and history of HIV infections among 50-year-old population were collected and analyzed.Possible time of infection based on their first CD4 testing results right after the HIV diagnoses,was estimated.Results Since 2008,the number of new HIV/AIDS cases among the over-50-year-olds was reported increasing annually.The number of aged 50 and above in 2014 was 4.2 times than the number in 2008.50-year-old or older population were infected mainly through heterosexual behavior (88.0％).Among these cases,83.9％ self-reported as having histories on extramarital sex intercourse and the number was increasing yearly.Among male cases who admitted as having heterosexual experience,95.1％ of them reported as having histories of extramarital sex intercourse while 53.4％ of the female cases reported as having the same experiences.46.6％ of spouses of the females or with fixed partners were HIV positive.Through estimating the time of infection and the time interval between infection and diagnosis,we found that the proportion was 15.5％,from infection to diagnosis as 3 years among the 50 and older age groups,but the proportion of 8 years from infection to diagnosis was 43.6％.We estimated that 66.5％ of the new HIV cases who were at age 50 and over,were infected when they were at that age span.The average time from infection and being tested was (6.8 ± 2.7) years.Conclusion The increasing number of being diagnosed on HIV among the 50-year-olds population might be related to both high risk exposure and belated diagnoses among this population,calling for the necessity of deriving the sources of HIV infection and tailoring the HIV prevention strategies in this population.