ABSTRACT
Objective@#To analyze the relationship between the toilet design and sanitary condition of primary and secondary schools in Chengdu and the epidemic situation of Norovirus infection, so as to provide scientific references for school toilet design and Norovirus prevention and control.@*Methods@#A total of 78 cases of norovirus epidemics from 2019 to 2020 were included in this study. These epidemics happened in 78 schools and the causes were indicated as human-to-human transmission. The Chi square and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare categorical and continuous data respectively. Unconditional binary Logistic regression was used to examine the multivariate associations.@*Results@#Most epidemics happened from October in 2019 to March in 2020(79.49%, 62 cases), in primary schools (71.79%, 56 cases) and in the center area (52.56%, 41 cases). The median of the case number in each epidemic was 10. Overall, 56 schools (71.79%) were equipped with toilets which were flushed independently, and 22 schools (28.21%) were equipped with toilets which were flushed uniformly. There were 27 schools (34.62%) that did not have enough water taps. Logistic regression analysis found that those with toilets flushed uniformly had a stronger epidemic, compared to the schools with toilets flushed independently( OR=5.53, 95%CI=1.63-18.76, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#In order to prevent intestinal infectious diseases , it is suggested that schools should design or reconstruct independent flushing toilets with adequate faucets.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To understand the sanitary condition of rural school toilets in Laibin City, and to provide scientific basis for the government and education departments to improve the sanitary condition of rural school toilets and to rebuild and build new harmless sanitary toilets.@*Methods@#The sanitary condition of toilets and feces treatment of the rural areas of 6 counties of Laibin City were thoroughly investigated through file review, on-site inspection and interviews.@*Results@#There were 36 schools without toilets, all of which were primary schools. Those schools distributed in Jinxiu County (31), accounting for 35.63% in its primary schools(31/87). Among the 651 schools with toilets, there were 1 559 sanitary toilets and 90 unsanitary toilets (all distributed in primary schools). and the percentage of unsanitary toilets in primary schools was that Jinxiu County 44.64% and Heshan City 31.25%. The proportion of sanitary toilets in teaching buildings, offices or dormitory buildings in primary schools, middle schools and nine-year schools was 77.36%, 94.20% and 30.95%, respectively. Hierarchical analysis found that outdoor toilets accounted for the largest proportion of middle schools in Xiangzhou County (72.46%), followed by nine-year schools in Xingbin District (71.79%). Among sanitary toilets, the proportion of harmless sanitary toilets was 95.51%, which was 100% in middle schools and nine-year schools, and 94.30% in primary schools. Four of the six counties (cities and districts) accounted for 100%, and the proportion of primary schools of Xingbin District was lowest, which accounted for 89.79%.@*Conclusion@#At present, the sanitary condition of toilets in rural schools in Laibin City has been obviously improved, but there are still many schools lack of toilets or sanitary toilets, in some counties (cities, districts), especially in primary schools. Quality of toilet management should be improved while strengthening the construction of harmless sanitary toilets in schools.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To understand the situation of school health staff and the allocation of health equipment in primary and secondary schools in Jinan.@*Methods@#A questionnaire survey was conducted in CDC and public primary and secondary schools to describe the situation of the school health staff and health equipment in primary and secondary schools.@*Results@#There were 23 school health staffs in CDC, among which 26.1% were full time. The total staffing ratio of school doctors was 13.9%, with the compliance rate of 19.8%. The total allocation rate of health care teachers was 74.7%, 92.2% of them were part time. The total staffing ratio of school doctors in boarding schools was 20.0%, with a staffing compliance rate of 12.5%. The total allocation rate of school doctors and health care teachers in boarding schools was 66.7%. 16.8% of public primary and secondary schools and 23.3% of public boarding primary and secondary schools did not have any health staffs. 27.6% of public primary and secondary schools are equipped with infirmary, 70.8% with health rooms, and 10.3% without any. The configuration of necessary equipment in infirmary and health care rooms were less than 100%.@*Conclusion@#There is a serious shortage of school health staffs and health equipment in primary and secondary schools in Jinan. Attention and investment in school health should be strengthened, and resources should be rationally allocated to ensure the health of primary and secondary school students.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To understand current status of drinking water and toilet sanitation in rural schools of Anhui Province, and to provide basic knowledge for environmental sanitation improvement among rural schools in Anhui.@*Methods@#One primary school and one secondary school from each of the 5 villages from 24 counties in Anhui were selected during 2014-2018. Data was collected through information review, on-site inspections and interviews.@*Results@#School water supply methods were mainly based on local water supply from villages and towns, the rate was 58.16%, 58.95%, 65.07%, 62.78%, 67.69% from 2014 to 2018, respectively. Self-supplied water in some schools was initially untreated. The proportion of schools with sanitary toilets was 66.39%, 74.88%，76.26%，82.30%，94.20% during 2014 to 2018, respectively. The proportion of schools with toilets in the teaching building is lower than 30%. Proportions of schools with squatting toilets for girls was highest in 2017 (62.78%). The number of schools with no water faucets and no soap decreased by year, the lowest of 4.02% and 56.70% in 2018.@*Conclusion@#During the past five years, improvement has been observed in drinking water supply in rural schools in Anhui Province, however, the construction of toilets and surrounding environmental facilities still needs to be strengthened. The number of female toilet squats and the number of toilets in the teaching building and in the dormitory are relatively insufficient. While increasing the scale of toilet construction, it is also necessary to strengthen the quality of toilet management, and should pay attention to the relevant health education to teachers and students.
ABSTRACT
Background: Assam, one of the North Eastern States of India contributes significantly to the high national child mortality rates. Hygienic practices are very important for a child’s well-being and influence mortality. Objectives: Our study was conducted with the objectives to assess the sanitary and hygienic practices of under-five children in a rural community of Assam and to analyze the factors influencing the sanitation and hygienic practices of young children. Materials and Methods: It was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted among 360 under-5 children from rural areas of Kamrup district, Assam. The parents of the children were interviewed and sanitation, hygienic practices of the children and caregivers were observed. The data thus collected were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 18. Results: Most children (54.7%) were in the age group of 3–5 years while rest 45.3% were <3 years of age. Regular bathing, handwashing, wearing of clean cloths, and trimming of nails were the common hygiene practices followed by 60% of children. Education of mother and child’s hygiene practice was found to be statistically related (P < 0.001). Statistically significant relationship was found between family type and hygiene practices (P = 0.02). Conclusion: The findings from our study indicate the scopes for betterment of sanitation and hygiene practices of rural children to reduce childhood morbidity and mortality.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To understand rural school toilet sanitation conditions in Chongqing during the year of 2015 to 2017.@*Methods@#One primary school and one secondary school from each village were selected from five villages of each district. A total of 265 rural schools from 10 districts of Chongqing including 144 primary and 121 secondary schools were selected. Data was collected through access to information, field observations and onsite interview.@*Results@#The sanitation coverage rate was 78.45%, 92.99%, 100% from 2015 to 2017, respectively. The coverage rate in teaching building was the lowest(43.02%, 51.65% and 57.95% from 2015 to 2017, respectively). Male toilets in secondary schools showed high quality(92.38%, 92.86%, 100.00% for the year of 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively). However, the quality of female toilets in middle schools was poor(33.33%, 53.06% and 68.00% for the year of 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively). Daily sanitation management enhanced by year(29.07%, 40.66% and 69.32% during 2015 to 2017). Soap provision in school toilets decreased with year (53.49%, 40.66% and 1.14% for the year of 2015 to 2017, respectively).@*Conclusion@#In the past three years, sanitation condition of rural school toilets in Chongqing has significantly improved. However, toilets in the teaching buildings and dormitories are relatively insufficient. More femalefriendly toilet seats and daily sanitation management require further investment.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To understand the current situation of toilet facilities among rural primary schools and toilet-using behavior among primary students,and to provide a reference for improving school environment.@*Methods@#Totally 149 students in 2 rural non-boarding primary schools in northern China were selected. and on-site observation and questionnaire survey were used to obtain the current situation of toilet hygiene, toilet time and toilet behavior, as well as feelings towards school toilet. The results of the survey were statistically analyzed by using SAS 9.4.@*Methods@#Both two schools were deep pit latrine, the number of pit in female toilets is lower than the requirements of the “Code for design of school”, and the urinal trough and the number of pit in male toilet meet the standard requirements. The average total time of toilet-using was (28.46±11.72)s for boys and (42.48±15.52)s for girls, the difference was of significant difference (t=-7.96, P<0.01). The average actual time of toilet-using is (24.27±9.13)s for boys and (24.69±9.40)s for girls, with no statistical difference. The result showed that school 2 was better than school 1 in the behavior of urinating frequency in toilet, queuing when using toilet, and the way to express needs of toilet-using in class(χ2=11.70,27.19,17.74,P<0.05); senior students use less toilets than lower grade students. The main complains for students in school toilet hygiene is its bad smell(χ2=5.28，13.18，P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Primary school students in northern China always take bathroom breaks in the morning, and the average time of toilet-using is different from that of adults. Senior students are more willing to express their toilet needs than lower grade students. Students are not satisfied with the hygiene of school toilets, and the toilet experience is poor.
ABSTRACT
Cancer screening has always focused on screening lone individuals even when sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have been traditionally known to require concurrent treatment of all current sexual partners. This shared responsibility towards the sexual partners cannot be limited only to the prevention and treatment of STDs, especially when human papillomavirus (HPV), which is a STD, has been implicated in the etio-pathogenesis of cervical, penile and anal cancers besides other perineal cancers. Consequently, educating Indian population about our personal perineal hygienic practices is of utmost importance to help curtailing the non-“contagious” spread of cancers.