Validity of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Fatigue Scale (FACIT-F) in individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Brazil / Validación de la Escala de Fatiga, Functional Assessment Of Chronic Illness Therapy Fatigue Scale (FACIT-F) en individuos con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en Brasil / Validade da Escala de Fadiga, Functional Assessment Of Chronic Illness Therapy Fatigue Scale (FACIT-F) em indivíduos com Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica no Brasil

ABSTRACT Fatigue is one of the most prevalent symptoms in individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), but it is poorly evaluated. The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Fatigue Scale (FACIT-F) is one of the main instruments used to measure fatigue. However, this instrument has not yet been validated for the Brazilian population with COPD. This study aimed to investigate the validity of the FACIT-F fatigue scale in individuals with COPD. In a cross-sectional study, the impact of symptoms (COPD Assessment Test - CAT), dyspnea (modified Medical Research Council - MRC scale), functional capacity (six-minute step test - 6MST), exertional fatigue (Borg modified scale at the end of 6MST), and the FACIT-F scale to assess multidimensional fatigue were evaluated. Concurrent validity was assessed by associating the FACIT-F with the CAT, and convergent validity by associating it with the number of steps, perceived exertional fatigue, and dyspnea. Discriminant validity was assessed by comparing fatigue with the dyspnea severity strata. In total, 92 participants were studied (69.9±8.8 years, FEV1: 48.4% of predicted). The FACIT-F presented an average of 30.1±10.9 points, strong concurrent validity with the CAT (r=-0.80), strong convergent validity with dyspnea (r=−0.66), and low with exercise capacity (r=0.40) and fatigue on exertion (r=-0.44). FACIT-F was effective in discriminating groups with different intensities of dyspnea. Conclusion: The FACIT-F is a valid tool for assessing fatigue in the Brazilian population with COPD.

RESUMEN La fatiga es uno de los síntomas más frecuentes en los individuos con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), pero su evaluación sigue siendo deficiente. Uno de los principales instrumentos utilizados para medir la fatiga es la Functional assessment of chronic illness therapy fatigue scale (FACIT-F). Sin embargo, este instrumento aún no ha sido validado para la población con EPOC en Brasil. En este contexto, el objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la validez de la escala de fatiga FACIT-F en individuos con EPOC. El estudio transversal evaluó el impacto de los síntomas (COPD Assessment Test -CAT), de la disnea (escala modificada del Consejo de Investigación Médica -MRC), de la capacidad funcional (prueba de pasos de seis minutos -6MST), de la fatiga de esfuerzo (escala modificada de Borg al final de la 6MST) y de la escala FACIT-F para evaluar la fatiga multidimensional. La validez concurrente se evaluó asociando la escala con el CAT, y la validez convergente la asoció con el número de pasos, la fatiga al esfuerzo percibida y la disnea. La validez discriminante se evaluó comparando la fatiga con los estratos de gravedad de la disnea. Se estudió a 92 participantes (69,9±8,8 años, VEF1: 48,4% del predicho). La FACIT-F tuvo una puntuación media de 30,1±10,9, fuerte validez concurrente con el CAT (r=-0,80), fuerte validez convergente con la disnea (r=-0,66) y baja con la capacidad de ejercicio (r=0,40) y con la fatiga de esfuerzo (r=-0,44). La FACIT-F fue eficaz para distinguir grupos con diferentes intensidades de disnea, por lo que muestra ser un instrumento válido para evaluar la fatiga en la población brasileña con EPOC.

RESUMO A fadiga é um dos sintomas mais prevalentes nos indivíduos com Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC), porém, ainda é pouco avaliada. Um dos principais instrumentos utilizados para mensurar a fadiga é a functional assessment of chronic illness therapy fatigue scale (Facit-F). Entretanto, este instrumento ainda não foi validado para a população com DPOC no Brasil. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a validade da escala de fadiga Facit-F em indivíduos com DPOC. Em um estudo transversal, foram avaliados o impacto dos sintomas (COPD Assessment Test - CAT), a dispneia (escala do Medical Research Council - MRC modificada), a capacidade funcional (teste do degrau de seis Minutos - TD6), a fadiga no esforço (escala de Borg modificada ao final do TD6) e a escala Facit-F para avaliar a fadiga multidimensional. A validade concorrente foi avaliada pela associação da escala com o CAT, e a validade convergente pela associação desta com o número de degraus, percepção de fadiga no esforço e a dispneia. A validade discriminante foi avaliada comparando a fadiga com os estratos da gravidade da dispneia. Foram estudados 92 participantes (69,9±8,8 anos, VEF1: 48,4% do previsto). A Facit-F apresentou uma média de 30,1±10,9 pontos, validade concorrente forte com o CAT (r=-0,80), validade convergente forte com a dispneia (r=-0,66) e baixa com a capacidade de exercício (r=0,40) e com a fadiga ao esforço (r=-0,44). A Facit-F foi eficaz em discriminar grupos com diferentes intensidades de dispneia, portanto é um instrumento válido para a avaliação da fadiga na população brasileira com DPOC.

Recuperación de la frecuencia cardíaca en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar intersticial difusa

Introducción: La enfermedad pulmonar intersticial difusa no soporta el ejercicio, debido a la sensación de disnea y fatiga durante el esfuerzo de baja intensidad. La recuperación de la frecuencia cardíaca se relaciona con el desempeño en el test de caminata de los seis minutos. Objetivo: Determinar las diferencias sociodemográficas de la función y la capacidad pulmonar en pacientes con enfermedad intersticial difusa, a partir de la recuperación de la frecuencia cardíaca durante el test de caminata de los seis minutos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se calculó la recuperación de la frecuencia cardíaca a partir de la diferencia entre el final del test y los cinco minutos de la prueba. Se conformaron dos grupos de comparación, anormal versus normal, en variables sociodemográficas de la función pulmonar y la capacidad funcional. Resultados: Se vincularon 38 pacientes en el grupo normal y en el anormal 26. En el primero predominaron la edad de 62,26 ± 15,82 y los hombres (52,6 %); mientras que en el grupo anormal los años promediaron entre 58,77 ± 13,23 y sobresalieron las mujeres (61,5 %). Se presentó un valor p < 0,05 del grupo recuperación de la frecuencia anormal en la distancia recorrida, disnea y fatiga al final, un minuto y a los cinco minutos de culminar el test. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar intersticial difusa con una recuperación de la frecuencia cardíaca anormal presentaron peores resultados en la distancia recorrida, volumen de oxígeno, los equivalentes metabólicos, disnea y fatiga de los miembros inferiores.

Introduction: Diffuse interstitial lung disease does not tolerate exercise, due to the sensation of dyspnea and fatigue during low-intensity exertion. Heart rate recovery is related to performance in the six-minute walk test. Objective: To determine sociodemographic differences in lung function and capacity in patients with diffuse interstitial lung disease, based on heart rate recovery during the 6-minute walk test. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed. Heart rate recovery was calculated from the difference between the end of the test and the five minutes of the test. Two comparison groups were formed, abnormal versus normal, in sociodemographic variables of pulmonary function and functional capacity. Results: 38 patients were included in the normal group and 26 in the abnormal group. In the normal group, age was 62.26 ± 15.82 and men were predominant (52.6 %); while in the abnormal group, age averaged 58.77 ± 13.23 and women were predominant (61.5 %). A p-value < 0.05 of the abnormal frequency recovery group was presented in the distance run, dyspnea at the end, fatigue at the end, 1 minute and at 5 minutes after the culmination of the test. Conclusions: Patients with diffuse interstitial lung disease with abnormal heart rate recovery had worse results in distance run, oxygen volume, metabolic equivalents, dyspnea and lower limb fatigue.

Application progress of mesenchymal stem cells in islet transplantation for type 1 diabetes mellitus / 器官移植

Islet transplantation is considered as one of the most effective approach for type 1 diabetes mellitus, although its efficacy is limited by several factors. Anoxia, stress and rejection occurring during the isolation, culturing and transplantation of islets may have impact on the outcome of the islet transplantation. Due to the biological properties such as anti-inflammation, angiogenetic promotion and immune regulation, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are all the way focused by researchers. Additionally, exosome, a derivative of MSC, also plays an import role in regulating anoxia-induced oxidative stress modulation, angiogenetic promotion, and immune regulation. MSC-based islet transplantation may be a useful therapeutic tool in treating type 1 diabetes. Therefore, in this review, the potential effect of MSC prior and posterior to the operation of the islet transplantation, its clinical application as well as its limitations were reviewed, aiming to offer insights into the future application of islet transplantation in treating type 1 diabetes.

Murciélagos como vectores de enfermedades virales e impacto en la salud humana

Introducción: Los murciélagos se destacan por ser los únicos mamíferos voladores, con alrededor de 1 400 especies que cumplen un rol fundamental como controladores de plagas y polinizadores de plantas nocturnas. Sin embargo, su influencia sobre la salud humana se ha evidenciado cada vez más, en particular después del surgimiento de brotes epidémicos de enfermedades virales asociadas a estos mamíferos. Objetivo: Analizar la influencia de los murciélagos en la salud humana, centrándose en su papel como portadores de enfermedades virales y su potencial como reservorios y vectores de enfermedades. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de la literatura utilizando descriptores MeSH y términos como: Animals, Wild Chiroptera, Virus Diseases, Zoonoses, Disease Vectors, Disease Reservoirs, Public Health, bats, Communicable Disease Control, Disease Outbreaks, Prevention and Control. Se revisaron 1 442 artículos en bases de datos y documentos oficiales, se seleccionaron las fuentes relevantes con Mendeley Desktop 1.19.4. y se obtuvieron al final 47 artículos. Resultados: Existen varias especies de murciélagos que pueden afectar la salud del ser humano y que albergan en especial virus de las familias Filoviridae, Coronaviridae y Paramixoviridae. Los murciélagos se consideran incubadoras óptimas para la propagación de virus debido a su sistema inmune único que lo hace resistente a estos agentes infecciosos. Conclusiones: La vigilancia y monitoreo de los murciélagos, junto con acciones de educación pública y una gestión adecuada de sus hábitats, son fundamentales para la detección temprana y prevención de la transmisión de nuevos virus de estos mamíferos a los humanos.

Introduction: Bats are the only flight mammals, with around 1,400 species playing critical roles as pest controllers and nocturnal plant pollinators. However, its impact on human health has become increasingly evident, especially after the appearance of epidemic outbreaks of viral diseases related to these mammals. Objetive: To analyze the influence of bats on human health, focusing on their role as carriers of viral diseases and their potential as reservoirs and vectors of diseases. Methods: A literature bibliographical review was conducted using MeSH descriptors and keywords such as: Animals, Wild Chiroptera, Virus Diseases, Zoonosis, Disease Vectors, Disease Reservoirs, Public Health, bats, Communicable Disease Control, Disease Outbreaks, Prevention and Control. 1442 articles in databases and official documents were reviewed, selecting the relevant sources with Mendeley Desktop 1.19.4., obtaining 47 articles at the end. Results: There are several species of bats that can affect human health and that mainly harbor viruses from the Filoviridae families, Coronaviridae and Paramyxoviridae. Bats are considered optimal incubators for the spread of the virus due to their unique immune system that makes them particularly resistant to these infectious agents. Conclusions: Surveillance and monitoring of bats, together with public education actions and proper management of their habitats, are essential for early detection and prevention of transmission of new viruses from these mammals to humans.

Avaliação da concordância entre os resultados da genotipagem do polimorfismo C/T-13910 e do teste de tolerância à lactose: um estudo retrospectivo populacional no Brasil / Evaluation of agreement between c/t-13910 polymorphism genotyping results and lactose tolerance test results: a retrospective population-based study in brazil

ABSTRACT Background: Lactose tolerant test (LTT) is the most broadly used diagnostic test for lactose intolerance in Brazil, is an indirect, minimally invasive and a low-cost test that is widely available in primary care and useful in clinical practice. The C/T-13910 polymorphism in lactase persistence has been well characterized in Caucasian populations, but there are no studies evaluating the concordance between C/T-13910 polymorphism genotyping results and LTT results in Brazil, where the population is highly mixed. Objective: We aimed to evaluate agreement between presence of C/T-13910 polymorphism genotyping and malabsorption in LTT results. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of a Brazilian population whose data were collected from a single laboratory database present in several Brazilian states. Results of individuals who underwent both genetic testing for lactose intolerance (C/T-13910 polymorphism genotyping) and an LTT from April 2016 until February 2019 were analysed to evaluate agreement between tests. Groups were classified according to age (<10-year-old (yo), 10-17 yo, ≥18 yo groups) and state of residence (São Paulo or Rio Grande do Sul). Results: Among the 404 patients evaluated, there was agreement between the genotyping and LTT results in 325 (80.4%) patients and discordance in 79 (19.6%) patients (k=0.42 -moderate agreement). Regarding the genotype, 47 patients with genotype C/C (lactase nonpersistence) had normal LTT results, and 32 with genotype C/T or T/T (indicating lactase persistence) had abnormal LTT results. Neither age nor state of residence (Rio Grande do Sul or São Paulo) affected the agreement between test results. Conclusion: Considering the moderate agreement between C/T-13910 polymorphism genotyping and LTT results (κ=0.42) in the Brazilian population, we hypothesize that an analysis of other polymorphisms could be a strategy to improve the agreement between genotyping and established tests and suggest that additional studies should focus on exploring this approach.

RESUMO Contexto: O teste de tolerancia à lactose (TTL) é ampliamente utilizado por ser minimamente invasivo e de baixo custo, disponível na atenção primária e muito útil na prática clínica. Está bem estabelecido o polimorfismo C/T-13910 na persistência da lactase em populações caucasianas, mas não há estudos avaliando a concordância entre os resultados da genotipagem do polimorfismo C/T-13910 e do TTL no Brasil, onde a população é altamente miscigenada. Objetivo: Avaliar a concordância entre a presença do polimorfismo C/T-13910 e a má absorção nos resultados do TTL. Métodos: Análise retrospectiva de dados coletados de um laboratorio presente em vários estados brasileiros. Os resultados dos pacientes que realizaram um teste genético para intolerância à lactose (genotipagem do polimorfismo C/T-13910) e um TTL de abril de 2016 a fevereiro de 2019 foram analisados para avaliar a concordância entre os testes. Os grupos foram classificados de acordo com a idade (<10 anos; 10-17 anos, ≥18 anos) e estado de residência (São Paulo ou Rio Grande do Sul). Resultados: Entre os 404 pacientes avaliados, houve concordância entre os resultados de genotipagem e TTL em 325 (80,4%) pacientes e discordância em 79 (19,6%) pacientes (K=0,42 - concordância moderada). Em relação ao genótipo, 47 pacientes com genótipo C/C (não persistência de lactase) apresentaram TTL normal e 32 com genótipo C/T ou T/T (indicando persistência da lactase) apresentaram TTL anormal. A idade e o estado de residência (Rio Grande do Sul ou São Paulo) não afetaram a concordância entre os resultados dos exames. Conclusão: Considerando a concordância moderada entre a genotipagem do polimorfismo C/T-13910 e os resultados de TTL (κ=0,42) na população brasileira, sugerimos que a análise de outros polimorfismos poderia ser uma estratégia para melhorar a concordância entre os testes.

Avaliação Cardiodinâmica Não Invasiva por Cardiografia de Impedância durante o Teste de Caminhada de Seis Minutos em Pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca / Non-Invasive Assessment of Cardiodynamics by Impedance Cardiography during the Six-Minute Walk Test in Patients with Heart Failure

Resumo Fundamento O Teste de Caminhada de seis Minutos (TC6M) é comumente usado para avaliar pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. No entanto, vários fatores clínicos podem influenciar a distância percorrida pelos pacientes no teste. A cardiografia de impedância (CI) na avaliação morfológica é uma ferramenta útil para avaliar a hemodinâmica cardíaca de maneira não invasiva. Objetivo Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar as respostas de aceleração e desaceleração do Débito Cardíaco (DC), da Frequência Cardíaca (FC), e do Volume Sistólico (VS) ao TC6M de indivíduos com insuficiência cardíaca e fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr) com as de controles sadios. Métodos Este é um estudo transversal observacional. O DC, a FC, o VS e o Índice Cardíaco (IC) foram avaliados antes, durante e após o TC6M por CI. O nível de significância adotado na análise estatística foi 5%. Resultados Foram incluídos 27 participantes (13 com ICFEr e 14 controles sadios). A aceleração do DC e da FC foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos (p<0,01 e p=0,039, respectivamente). Encontramos diferenças significativas no VS, no DC e no IC entre os grupos (p<0,01). A regressão linear mostrou uma contribuição deficiente do VS à mudança no DC no grupo com ICFEr (22,9% versus 57,4%). Conclusão O principal resultado deste estudo foi o fato de que indivíduos com ICFEr apresentaram valores mais baixos de aceleração do DC e da FC durante o teste de exercício submáximo em comparação a controles sadios. Isso pode indicar um desequilíbrio na resposta autonômica ao exercício nessa condição.

Abstract Background The six-minute walk test (6MWT) is commonly used to evaluate heart failure (HF) patients. However, several clinical factors can influence the distance walked in the test. Signal-morphology impedance cardiography (SM-ICG) is a useful tool to noninvasively assess hemodynamics. Objective This study aimed to compare cardiac output (CO), heart rate (HR), and stroke volume (SV) acceleration and deceleration responses to 6MWT in individuals with HF and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and healthy controls. Methods This is a cross-sectional observational study. CO, HR, SV and cardiac index (CI) were evaluated before, during, and after the 6MWT assessed by SM-ICG. The level of significance adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%. Results Twenty-seven participants were included (13 HFrEF and 14 healthy controls). CO and HR acceleration significantly differed between groups (p<0.01; p=0.039, respectively). We found significant differences in SV, CO and CI between groups (p<0.01). Linear regression showed an impaired SV contribution to CO change in HFrEF group (22.9% versus 57.4%). Conclusion The main finding of the study was that individuals with HFrEF showed lower CO and HR acceleration values during the submaximal exercise test compared to healthy controls. This may indicate an imbalance in the autonomic response to exercise in this condition.

Enfermedades asociadas e indicadores metabólicos en personas con esquizofrenia / Associated Diseases and Metabolic Indicators in Schizophrenic Individuals

La esquizofrenia es una enfermedad que está caracterizada por su complejidad psicopatológica agravada por una frecuente asociación de enfermedades físicas como la obesidad, la intolerancia a la glucosa, la diabetes y la dislipidemia. Además, indicadores metabólicos como la glucemia, el colesterol y los triglicéridos en sangre, así como la obesidad, tienen relevancia en estos pacientes, según lo planteado en la literatura especializada sobre el tema. Por otra parte, las enfermedades físicas asociadas como los indicadores metabólicos, tienen su impacto en el sistema nervioso central con independencia de la esquizofrenia. La suma de los trastornos mentales y físicos implica la necesidad de atender ambos problemas simultáneamente y se recomienda la intervención interdisciplinaria. El protocolo de actuación para la atención de los pacientes con esquizofrenia y psicosis relacionadas en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras es un ejemplo del abordaje señalado(AU)

Schizophrenia is a disease characterized by a psychopathological complexity, aggravated by frequent association of physical diseases such as obesity, glucose intolerance, diabetes and dyslipidemia. In addition, there are other metabolic indicators such as blood glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides which are relevant in these patients, and the international literature has been suggested so. On the other hand, both associated physical diseases and metabolic indicators have their impact on the central nervous system in addition to schizophrenia. The sum of mental and physical disorders implies the need to address both problems simultaneously, which is why interdisciplinary intervention is recommended. Hermanos Ameijeiras Clinical Surgical Hospital is an example of the action protocol for patients with schizophrenia and psychosis(AU)

Fatores correlacionados a intolerância ao exercício na alta de pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 / Factors correlated to exercise intolerance upon discharge in patients hospitalized for COVID-19

Objetivo: Verificar a prevalência da intolerância ao exercício e a correlação com o perfil sociodemográfico, clínico, de hospitalização e função física na alta de pacientes hospitalizados pela COVID-19. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 52 pacientes internados por COVID-19 no Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória, Espírito Santo. Coletou-se informações no momento da alta quanto ao perfil sociodemográfico, clínico, de hospitalização e função física, através de questionário semiestruturado, prontuário eletrônico, escalas e testes. Utilizou-se o Medical Research Council Modificado (mMRC) para graduar a dispneia, o Medical Research Council (MRC) para avaliar força muscular periférica, a manovacuometria, através das pressões inspiratória e expiratória máximas, para mensurar força muscular respiratória e a Medida de Independência Funcional (MIF) para funcionalidade. A variável desfecho, tolerância ao exercício, foi medida pelo Teste de Sentar e Levantar de 1 minuto. Resultados: Todos participantes apresentaram intolerância ao exercício no momento da alta hospitalar. O desempenho no teste de sentar e levantar foi inversamente correlacionado com o grau de dispneia e diretamente com a força muscular inspiratória, pontuação total da Medida de Independência Funcional, domínios de autocuidado, locomoção, mobilidade (p 0,019), e controle de esfíncter Conclusão: A prevalência da intolerância ao exercício na alta por COVID-19 foi de 100%, e estava correlacionada com o grau de dispneia, força muscular inspiratória e funcionalidade para autocuidado, locomoção, mobilidade e controle de esfíncter. Destaca-se a avaliação da tolerância ao exercício como importante preditor de sequelas pós-COVID-19, capaz de avaliar a interação entre diversos sistemas orgânicos.

Objective: To verify the prevalence of exercise intolerance and the correlation with the sociodemographic, clinical, hospitalization and physical function profile at discharge of patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 52 patients hospitalized for COVID-19 at Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia in Vitória, Espírito Santo. Information was collected at discharge regarding the sociodemographic, clinical, hospitalization and physical function profile, through a semi-structured questionnaire, electronic medical record, scales and tests. The Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) was used to grade dyspnea, the Medical Research Council (MRC) was used to assess peripheral muscle strength, manovacuometry, through maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures, to measure respiratory muscle strength and the Independence Measure Functional (MIF) for functionality. The outcome variable, exercise tolerance, was measured by the 1-minute Sit and Stand Test. Results: All participants presented exercise intolerance at discharge. Performance in the 1-minute Sit and Stand Test was inversely correlated with the degree of dyspnea and directly with inspiratory muscle strength, total score on the Independence Measure Functional, self-care domains, locomotion, mobility and sphincter control. Conclusion: The prevalence of exercise intolerance at discharge due to COVID-19 was 100%, and was correlated with the degree of dyspnea, inspiratory muscle strength and functionality for self-care, locomotion, mobility and sphincter control. The assessment of exercise tolerance stands out as an important predictor of sequelae after COVID-19, capable of assessing the interaction between different

Lower expression of NOTCH components in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant patients

ABSTRACT Introduction: Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD) not only remains the main cause of late mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant, but also has the capacity of causing severe organ impairment in those who survive. The Notch, a highly conserved ligand-receptor pathway, is involved in many immunological processes, including inflammatory and regulatory responses. Recently, mouse models have shown that the blockage of canonical Notch signaling prevents GvHD. Objective and Method: Due to the lack of data on the Notch pathway in human chronic GvHD, we sought to study the expression of NOTCH components in primary samples of patients who received allo-HCT and presented active cGvHD or a long-term clinical tolerance to cGvHD. Results: Our results showed a significantly lower expression of NOTCH components in both groups that received allo-HCT, independently of their cGvHD status, when compared to healthy controls. Conclusion: Moreover, there were no differences in gene expression levels between the active cGvHD and clinically tolerant groups. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies performed in human primary samples and our data indicate that much remains to be learned regarding NOTCH signaling as a new regulator of GvHD.

COVID-19 en las embarazadas. Riesgo de las complicaciones durante el embarazo y en el neonato / COVID-19 in pregnant women. Risk of complications during pregnancy and in the newborn

Sobre el tema COVID-19 se han publicado múltiples estudios que reflejan su elevada incidencia, transmisibilidad, morbilidad y mortalidad, con gran repercusión y severidad en los grupos poblacionales de riesgo. El embarazo no escapa a ello, y la inmunosupresión fisiológica que se presenta en esta condición, hace a la gestante y al neonato, ser más susceptibles a las enfermedades infecciosas. El objetivo de esta comunicación es profundizar en la fisiopatología y la repercusión de la enfermedad COVID-19 en las gestantes y el neonato, para mejorar el conocimiento relacionado con el tema, el cual repercutirá en un mejor manejo de estos pacientes. Para ello, se realizó una revisión de investigaciones publicadas en el período comprendido entre enero y diciembre de 2021, en las bases de datos: SciELO, SCOPUS, Medline, Dialnet, Cumed y Lilacs. De los 44 artículos obtenidos inicialmente, 33 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión.

Several studies on COVID-19 have been published reflecting its high incidence, transmissibility, morbidity and mortality, with great repercussions and severity in population groups at risk. Pregnancy does not escape from this, and the physiological immunosuppression that occurs in this condition makes the pregnant woman and the newborn more susceptible to infectious diseases. The objective of this communication is to deepen the pathophysiology and the repercussion of the COVID-19 disease in pregnant women and the newborn in order to improve knowledge related to the subject, which will have an impact on better management of these patients. For this, a review of research published between January and December 2021 was carried out in the databases such as SciELO, SCOPUS, Medline, Dialnet, Cumed and Lilacs. A number of 33 articles met the inclusion criteria from 44 initially obtained.

USPSTF and ISPAD Guidelines on Screening for Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents

The rising trends of obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes in adults are worrisome globally. The majority of antecedents to adult noncommunicable diseases begin in childhood. Type 2 diabetes is recognized as one of the major diseases that contribute to the NCD burden in childhood. Recently, the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) and the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) released their guidelines on diagnosis and management of prediabetes and diabetes in children targeted screening for youth-onset type 2 diabetes is suggested in at-risk children (obese, positive family history of type 2 diabetes, etc.), while the role of screening asymptomatic children is not substantiated. Obesity and insulin resistance are important risk factors for type 2 diabetes. The cutoffs of fasting plasma glucose for the diagnosis of prediabetes and diabetes are >100 to 125 and ?126 mg/dL, respectively. This update briefly summarizes the recommendations on screening for youth-onset prediabetes and type 2 diabetes.

La prueba cardiopulmonar de ejercicio contribuye a determinar con precisión el riesgo en pacientes con hipertensión pulmonar de bajo riesgo / Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Contributes to Accurate Risk Assessment in Patients with Low-risk Pulmonary Hypertension

RESUMEN Introducción : Las guías europeas de hipertensión arterial pulmonar (HAP) estratifican el riesgo valiéndose de características clínicas y estudios complementarios entre los cuales está la prueba cardiopulmonar de ejercicio (PCPE), de la cual toma en cuenta 3 parámetros: el consumo de O2 (VO2) pico, su porcentaje respecto del predicho y la pendiente ventilación minuto/ producción de dióxido de carbono (VE/VCO2). Sin embargo, ninguno de los modelos que validaron esta forma de estratificar el riesgo incluyeron la PCPE entre sus variables. Objetivos : Determinar qué proporción de pacientes con HAP del grupo I considerados de bajo riesgo y que caminan >440 metros en la prueba de caminata de 6 minutos (PC6M) tienen en la PCPE parámetros considerados de riesgo moderado o alto. Material y métodos : Se incluyeron pacientes >18 años con diagnóstico de HAP del grupo I considerados de bajo riesgo con una PC6M >400 metros a los que se les realizó una PCPE en la que se registró el VO2 pico, su porcentaje respecto del VO2 predicho y la pendiente VE/VCO2. Se determinó qué proporción de pacientes presentaban estos parámetros en un estrato de riesgo mayor a bajo riesgo (VO2 pico <15 ml/kg/min, su porcentaje respecto del predicho <65% y la pendiente VE/VCO2 >36). Resultados : Se incluyeron 18 pacientes. A pesar de ser pacientes de bajo riesgo y con buena clase funcional todos presentaron un VO2 pico menor al 85% del predicho, lo cual determina un deterioro al menos leve de la capacidad funcional. Un único paciente (6%) presentó los tres parámetros evaluados en bajo riesgo, 8 pacientes (44%) tuvieron al menos un parámetro alterado, 7 pacientes (39%) presentaron 2 parámetros alterados y en 2 pacientes (11%) todos los parámetros estuvieron alterados. Los parámetros que más frecuentemente se vieron alterados fueron el porcentaje respecto del VO2 predicho y la pendiente VE/VCO2, en el 67% de los casos. Solo 4 pacientes presentaron un VO2 pico <15 ml/k/m. Ningún paciente presentó valores de VO2 pico o porcentaje respecto del predicho en la categoría de alto riesgo. Sin embargo, 6 pacientes (33%) presentaron una pendiente VE/VCO2 considerada de alto riesgo. Conclusión : El 94% de los pacientes considerados de bajo riesgo presentaron al menos una variable en la PCPE que no corresponde a un perfil de riesgo bajo. La pendiente VE/VCO2 y el porcentaje de VO2 pico respecto del predicho fueron las variables más frecuentemente alteradas. La pendiente VE/VCO2 fue la única que mostró valores considerados de alto riesgo. La PCPE podría tener un lugar en la estratificación de precisión de pacientes de bajo riesgo. El valor de este hallazgo deberá ser evaluado en estudios prospectivos, al tiempo que genera las bases para el planteo de hipótesis respecto de la estratificación de riesgo y la intensidad del tratamiento en pacientes que aparentan estar en bajo riesgo.

ABSTRACT Background : European guidelines for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) stratify the risk using clinical characteristics and complementary studies, including the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). This takes into account 3 parameters: peak O2 consumption (peak VO2), its percentage with respect to the predicted VO2, and the minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO2) slope. However, none of the models that validated this way of stratifying risk included PCPE among their variables. Objectives : To determine what proportion of patients with group I PAH considered to be at low risk and who walk >440 meters in the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) have parameters considered to be of moderate or high risk in the PCPE. Methods : Patients >18 years of age, diagnosed with group I PAH at low risk of events, who walked >440 meters in the 6MWT and had NT-proBNP value <300 pg/dL were included. A CPET was performed in which the peak VO2, its percentage with respect to the predicted VO2, and the VE/VCO2 slope were recorded. It was determined what proportion of patients presented these parameters in a higher than low risk stratum (peak VO2 consumption ≤15 ml/min/Kg, its percentage with respect to the predicted VO2 ≤65% and the VE/VCO2 slope ≥36). Results : Eighteen patients were included. Despite being low-risk patients with a good functional class, all patients presented a peak VO2 less than 85% of predicted, which determines a deterioration of functional capacity. A single patient (6%) presented the three parameters evaluated at low risk, 8 patients (44%) had at least one altered parameter, 7 patients (39%) presented 2 altered parameters and in 2 patients (11%) all parameters were altered. The parameters that were most frequently altered were the percentage of predicted peak VO2 and the VE/VCO2 slope in 67% of the cases. Only 4 patients presented a peak VO2 <15 ml/kg/m. No patient presented peak VO2 values or percentage of predicted VO2 in the high-risk category. However, 6 patients (33%) presented a high-risk VE/VCO2 slope. Conclusion : Majority (92%) of the patients considered low risk and who walk more than 440 meters in 6 minutes presented at least one altered variable in the CPET. The VE/VCO2 slope and the percentage of predicted peak VO2 consumption were the most frequently altered variables. The VE/VCO2 slope was the only one that showed values considered high risk. CPET could have a place in the precision stratification of low-risk patients. The value of this finding should be evaluated in prospective studies.

Prevalence of Undiagnosed Diabetes and Impaired Glucose Tolerance in a Semi-urban Population from Calicut City

Though the prevalence of Diabetes is increasing worldwide, a thorough knowledge of the prevalence of undiagnosed Diabetes a pre-diabetes is lacking. This study from India is to evaluate the prevalence of asymptomatic diabetes among adults with comorbidities and without any history of Diabetes. Prevalence of asymptomatic individuals with Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerancewas 3% and 15%, respectively. The high prevalence found in the study raises concern over the health care indices and the need for urgent public health action to control the pandemic. Regular screening for Diabetes in adults is required to prevent complications of long-term diabetes

Tolérance et efficacité de la ligature des varices œsophagiennes au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Andrainjato, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar / Tolerance and efficacy of esophageal varices ligation at the Andrainjato teaching hospital, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar

Introduction: La ligature des varices œsophagiennes constitue un des piliers de la prise en charge de l'hémorragie digestive par rupture des varices œsophagiennes. Cette étude a pour objectif d'analyser la tolérance et l'efficacité de la ligature des varices œsophagiennes dans un échantillon de patients au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Andrainjato Fianarantsoa, Madagascar. Méthodes: Une étude prospective, observationnelle longitudinale sur une période de 21 mois (mois de janvier 2018 au mois d'août 2019) a été réalisée. Le test de Khi carré a été utilisé pour déterminer les corrélations (SPSS® v22). Résultats : Trente-et-un patients à prédominance masculine (sex ratio 1,5), âgés de 43,0 ± 9,0 ans, ont été retenus et 67 séances de ligatures de varices œsophagiennes ont été effectuées. La prophylaxie secondaire était l'indication de la ligature dans 96,8 % (n = 30) des cas. Les varices œsophagiennes étaient de grade III dans 64,4 % (n = 20) des cas. Toutes les ligatures ont été réalisées sous anesthésie générale. Le nombre de bandes élastiques utilisées était de 3,4 ± 1,1. La bonne tolérance de la ligature élastique était de 97,0 % (n = 65) lors de la procédure et de 58,0 % (n = 39) en post-procédure. La douleur thoracique post-procédure était observée dans 65,7 % (n = 44) des cas. L'éradication était obtenue après 3 séances dans 6,45 % (n = 2) des cas et 58,1 % (n = 18) étaient en cours d'éradication après 1,7 ± 0,9 séances. Conclusion : Cette étude a pu déterminer que la ligature des varices œsophagiennes est une technique bien tolérée et efficace dans la prévention de l'hémorragie digestive par rupture des varices œsophagiennes malgré certains inconvénients postopératoires

Inspiratory muscle training in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a systematic review / Entrenamiento de los músculos inspiratorios en personas con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC): una revisión sistemática / Treinamento muscular inspiratório em pessoas com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC): uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT This systematic review aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), analyzing the effects of IMT on inspiratory muscle strength and endurance, exercise tolerance and reduction of dyspnea. A systematic search was carried out in the PubMed, Cochrane and Lilacs databases, from August 2021 to February 2023, searching for studies published from 2016. The descriptors used for the search followed the description of the MeSH/DeCS terms, namely: "Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive," "Breathing Exercises," "Exercise Tolerance," "Dyspnea," and "Muscle strength," with the languages: English and Portuguese, using the Boolean operators "AND" and "OR." Ten studies met the inclusion criteria, including 733 patients. In all examined studies, there was a significant increase in inspiratory muscle strength and endurance compared to the control group; of the ten studies analyzed, four showed advances in reducing dyspnea and exercise tolerance. Notably, inspiratory muscle training is effective in improving dyspnea, exercise tolerance, and in increasing inspiratory muscle strength and endurance in people with moderate to severe COPD.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue evaluar la efectividad del entrenamiento muscular inspiratorio (EMI) en personas con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), analizando los efectos del EMI en la fuerza y resistencia muscular inspiratoria, en la tolerancia al ejercicio y en la reducción de la disnea. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las bases de datos PubMed, Cochrane y LILACS, en el período de agosto de 2021 a febrero de 2023, en los estudios publicados desde 2016. Los descriptores utilizados en la búsqueda siguieron la descripción de los Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)/Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud (DeCS), a saber: "pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive", "breathing exercises", "exercise tolerance", "dyspnea" y "muscle strength", en los idiomas inglés y portugués, y con los operadores booleanos "AND" y "OR". Diez estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, en los cuales participaron 733 pacientes. En todos los estudios en análisis, se observó un significativo incremento de la fuerza muscular inspiratoria y de la resistencia en comparación con el grupo control. De los 10 estudios analizados, cuatro mostraron progreso en la reducción de la disnea y en la tolerancia al ejercicio. Cabe destacar que el entrenamiento muscular inspiratorio mostró ser eficaz en la mejora de la disnea, en la tolerancia al ejercicio y en el aumento de la fuerza y la resistencia muscular inspiratoria en personas con EPOC de moderada a grave.

RESUMO O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi evidenciar a eficácia do treinamento muscular inspiratório (TMI) em pessoas com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC), analisando os efeitos do TMI na força e resistência muscular inspiratória; na tolerância ao exercício; e na redução da dispneia. Realizou-se uma busca de forma sistemática nas bases de dados PubMed, Cochrane e LILACS, no período de agosto de 2021 a fevereiro 2023, por estudos publicados a partir de 2016. Os descritores utilizados para a busca seguiram a descrição dos Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)/Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS), sendo eles: "pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive", "breathing exercises", "exercise tolerance", "dyspnea" e "muscle strength", com o filtro dos idiomas inglês e português e os operadores booleanos "AND" e "OR". Dez estudos cumpriram os critérios de inclusão, envolvendo 733 pacientes. Em todos os estudos examinados, houve um aumento expressivo da força e da resistência muscular inspiratória em comparação ao grupo-controle. Ainda, dos 10 estudos analisados, quatro apresentaram progressos na diminuição da dispneia e na tolerância ao exercício. Ressalta-se que o treinamento muscular inspiratório é eficaz na melhora da dispneia, da tolerância ao exercício e do aumento da força e da resistência muscular inspiratória em pessoas com DPOC em estágios moderado a grave.

Effects of resistance training on exercise tolerance in marathon runners / Efeitos do treinamento de resistência sobre a tolerância ao exercício em corredores de maratona / Efectos del entrenamiento de resistencia sobre la tolerancia al ejercicio en corredores de maratón

ABSTRACT Introduction: A high index of exercise tolerance is fundamental for marathon runners, indicating a good capacity to perform the exercises considering their maximum duration and workload. Objective: Evaluate the effects of resistance training with different loads on exercise tolerance of marathon runners. Methods: 120 professional long-distance runners were selected as volunteers for the experiment. Divided into experimental groups A, B and Control, the intervention had a 9-week period. The experimental groups A and B received resistance training with different loads, while the Control group did not undergo training intervention. Results: Upper limb muscle mass increased from 3.38 ± 0.18 to 3.75 ± 0.37 in group A; from 3.40 ± 0.15 to 3.66 ± 0.31 in group B; peak biceps brachii moment increased from 53.60 ± 6.27 to 62.97 ± 8.87 in group A; from 53.67 ± 5.68 to 58.48 ± 6.16 in group B; from 5. 37 ± 2.16 to 5.73 ± 2.67 in group A; from 7.21 ± 2.62 to 6.76 ± 4.36 in group B; and from 154.86 ± 19.69 to 108.30 ± 31.75 in group A; group B presented a reduction from 156.97 ± 46.13 to 116.45 ± 39.09, and the data from the control group did not change significantly. Conclusion: Resistance training with different loads in daily training can effectively improve the endurance of long-distance runners. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: Um índice elevado de tolerância ao exercício é fundamental para corredores de maratona, sinalizando uma boa capacidade para a realização dos exercícios considerando sua duração máxima e carga de trabalho. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos do treinamento de resistência com distintas cargas sobre a tolerância ao exercício dos corredores de maratona. Métodos: Foram selecionados 120 corredores profissionais de longa distância como voluntários para o experimento. Divididos em grupo experimental A, B e Controle, a intervenção teve um período de 9 semanas. Os grupos experimentais A e B receberam treinamento de resistência com cargas diferentes, enquanto o grupo Controle não sofreu intervenção de treinamento. Resultados: A massa muscular dos membros superiores elevou-se de 3,38 ± 0,18 para 3,75 ± 0,37 no grupo A; de 3,40 ± 0,15 para 3,66 ± 0,31 no grupo B; o momento de pico do bíceps braquial aumentou de 53,60 ± 6,27 para 62,97 ± 8,87 no grupo A; de 53,67 ± 5,68 para 58,48 ± 6,16 no grupo B; de 5. 37 ± 2,16 para 5,73 ± 2,67 no grupo A; de 7,21 ± 2,62 para 6,76 ± 4,36 no grupo B; e de 154,86 ± 19,69 para 108,30 ± 31,75 no grupo A; o grupo B apresentou redução de 156,97 ± 46,13 para 116,45 ± 39,09, e os dados do grupo de controle não sofreram alterações significativas. Conclusão: O treinamento de resistência com diferentes cargas no treinamento diário pode efetivamente melhorar a resistência dos corredores de longa distância. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Un alto índice de tolerancia al ejercicio es fundamental para los corredores de maratón, indicando una buena capacidad para realizar los ejercicios, considerando su máxima duración y carga de trabajo. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos del entrenamiento de resistencia con diferentes cargas sobre la tolerancia al ejercicio de corredores de maratón. Métodos: 120 corredores profesionales de larga distancia fueron seleccionados como voluntarios para el experimento. Divididos en los grupos experimentales A, B y Control, la intervención tuvo una duración de 9 semanas. Los grupos experimentales A y B recibieron entrenamiento de resistencia con diferentes cargas, mientras que el grupo Control no se sometió a intervención de entrenamiento. Resultados: La masa muscular del miembro superior aumentó de 3,38 ± 0,18 a 3,75 ± 0,37 en el grupo A; de 3,40 ± 0,15 a 3,66 ± 0,31 en el grupo B; el momento máximo del bíceps braquial aumentó de 53,60 ± 6,27 a 62,97 ± 8,87 en el grupo A; de 53,67 ± 5,68 a 58,48 ± 6,16 en el grupo B; de 5. 37 ± 2,16 a 5,73 ± 2,67 en el grupo A; de 7,21 ± 2,62 a 6,76 ± 4,36 en el grupo B; y de 154,86 ± 19,69 a 108,30 ± 31,75 en el grupo A; el grupo B presentó una reducción de 156,97 ± 46,13 a 116,45 ± 39,09, y los datos del grupo control no sufrieron cambios significativos. Conclusión: El entrenamiento de resistencia con diferentes cargas en el entrenamiento diario puede mejorar eficazmente la resistencia de los corredores de fondo. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 according to body adiposity and glucose homeostasis

ABSTRACT Objective: We investigated the biological behavior of ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) after a standard liquid meal according to body adiposity and glucose homeostasis. Subjects and methods: This cross-sectional study included 41 individuals (92.7% women; aged 38.3 ± 7.8 years; BMI 32.2 ± 5.5 kg/m²) allocated into three groups according to body adiposity and glucose homeostasis, as follows: normoglycemic eutrophic controls (CON, n = 11), normoglycemic with obesity (NOB, n = 15), and dysglycemic with obesity (DOB, n = 15). They were tested at fasting and 30 and 60 min after the ingestion of a standard liquid meal in which we measured active ghrelin, active GLP-1, insulin, and plasma glucose levels. Results: As expected, DOB exhibited the worst metabolic status (glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, HbA1c) and an inflammatory status (TNF-α) at fasting, besides a more significant increase in glucose than postprandial NOB (p ≤ 0.05). At fasting, no differences between groups were detected in lipid profile, ghrelin, and GLP-1 (p ≥ 0.06). After the standard meal, all groups exhibited a reduction in ghrelin levels between fasting vs. 60 min (p ≤ 0.02). Additionally, we noticed that GLP-1 and insulin increased equally in all groups after the standard meal (fasting vs. 30 and 60 min). Although glucose levels increased in all groups after meal intake, these changes were significantly more significant in DOB vs. CON and NOB at 30 and 60 min post-meal (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: Time course of ghrelin and GLP-1 levels during the postprandial period was not influenced by body adiposity or glucose homeostasis. Similar behaviors occurred in controls and patients with obesity, independently of glucose homeostasis.

Do Dipteryx alata Vogel seedlings recover the quality and the photosynthetic and antioxidant responses in the post-flooding? / Mudas de Dipteryx alata Vogel recuperam a qualidade e as respostas fotossintéticas e antioxidantes no pós-alagamento?

Abstract Dipteryx alata Vogel is a tree species widely found in Cerrado, settling preferentially in well drained soils. Studies related to ecophysiology of D. alata may contribute to the decision making about using seedlings of this species in projects aimed at the recovery of degraded areas where seasonal flooding happens. This study aimed to assess the effects of flooding on photosynthetic and antioxidant metabolism and quality of D. alata seedlings cultivated or not under flooding during four assessment periods (0, 20, 40, and 60 days), followed by 100 days after the end of each assessment period (0+100, 20+100, 40+100, and 60+100 days), allowing verifying the potential for post-flooding recovery. Flooded plants showed lower photosynthetic efficiency than non-flooded plants, regardless of the periods of exposure. However, this efficiency was recovered in the post-flooding, with values similar to that of the non-flooded seedlings. Moreover, the damage to FV/FM was evidenced by an increase in the period of exposure to flooding, but recovery was also observed at this stage of the photosynthetic metabolism. Seedling quality decreased under flooding, not varying between periods of exposure, but remained lower although the increase observed in the post-flooding period, with no recovery after flooding. The occurrence of hypertrophied lenticels associated with physiological changes and an efficient antioxidant enzyme system might have contributed to the survival and recovery of these seedlings. Thus, this species is sensitive to flooding stress but capable of adjusting and recovering metabolic characteristics at 100 days after the suspension of the water stress, but with no recovery in seedling quality. Thus, we suggested plasticity under the cultivation condition and determined that the time of 100 days is not enough for the complete resumption of growth.

Resumo Dipteryx alata Vogel é uma arbórea de ampla ocorrência no Cerrado, se estabelecendo preferencialmente em solos bem drenados. Estudos referentes à ecofisiologia de D. alata em podem contribuir para a tomada de decisão sobre o uso de mudas dessa espécie em programas de recuperação de áreas degradadas sujeitas a alagamento temporário. Objetivamos com essa pesquisa avaliar os efeitos do alagamento no metabolismo fotossintético e antioxidante, além da qualidade de mudas dessa espécie, cultivadas ou não sob alagamento durante quatro períodos de avaliação (0, 20, 40 e 60 dias) seguidos de 100 dias após o término de cada período (0+100, 20+100, 40+100, 60+100 dias), possibilitando verificar o potencial de recuperação pós-alagamento. Observamos que as plantas alagadas apresentaram menor eficiência fotossintética e danos em FV/FM entretanto houve recuperação dessas características no pós alagamento. A qualidade das mudas reduziu sob alagamento não variando entre os períodos de exposição e embora tenha aumentado no pós-alagamento manteve-se menor não se recuperando. A ocorrência de lenticelas hipertrofiadas associadas a alterações fisiológicas e um eficiente sistema enzimático antioxidante devem ter contribuído para a sobrevivência e recuperação metabólica dessas mudas. Diante disso, sugerimos que a espécie é sensível ao estresse por alagamento, mas capaz de se ajustar e recuperar as características metabólicas 100 dias após a suspensão deste estresse hídrico, no entanto a qualidade da mudas não apresentou recuperação, assim, sugerimos plasticidade diante da condição de cultivo e ressaltamos que o tempo de 100 dias não é suficiente para a completa retomada do crescimento.

Research and application progress in adoptive re-transfusion of regulatory cells in organ transplantation / 器官移植

Rejection and adverse reactions caused by long-term use of immunosuppressants severely affect the survival rate and quality of life of organ transplant recipients. Immune tolerance induction plays a key role in improving the survival rate and quality of life of organ transplant recipients. In recent years, tremendous progress has been achieved in adoptive re-transfusion of regulatory cells. In this article, research progress in regulatory T cell (Treg), myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) and regulatory B cell (Breg) in animal experiment and clinical application was reviewed, and the main clinical problems of adoptive re-transfusion of regulatory cells, the application of chimeric antigen receptor Treg and the concept of cell therapy in immune evaluation were summarized, aiming to deepen the understanding of regulatory cell therapy, promote the application of regulatory cells in immune tolerance of organ transplantation, and improve clinical efficacy of organ transplantation and the quality of life of recipients.

Effect of apatinib combined with fluzoparib on proliferation ability of human ovarian cancer cisplatin-resistant cells / 肿瘤研究与临床

Objective:To investigate the effect of apatinib and fluzoparib on the proliferation ability of cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cells.Methods:Human ovarian cancer cells SKOV3 and cisplatin-resistant SKOV3/DDP cells of human ovarian cancer were treated with different concentrations of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64,128 μg/ml cisplatin at different times; CCK-8 method was used to detect the proliferation rate and half-inhibitory concentration ( IC50) of SKOV3 and SKOV3/DDP cells, and the drug-resistance fold of SKOV3/DDP cell was also calculated. SKOV3/DDP cells were treated with different concentrations of apatinib (4, 8, 16, 32, 64 μmol/L) and fluzoparib (148.15, 222.22, 333.33, 500.00, 750.00 μmol/L) for 24 h, 48 h and 72 h, respectively; the cell proliferation rate was determined by using CCK-8 method and IC50 was calculated. SKOV3/DDP cells were divided into the blank control group (cells untreated with drugs), cisplatin group, cisplatin + apatinib group, cisplatin + fluzoparib group, cisplatin + fluzoparib + apatinib group, and drug intervention was given in each group; the inhibition rate of cells in each group was detected by using CCK8 method. Results:The proliferation rate of SKOV3 cells treated with the same concentration of cisplatin for the same time was lower than that of SKOV3/DDP cells, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). The IC50 of SKOV3/DDP cells treated with 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 μmol/L apatinib was 742.1μmol/L at 24 h, 156.8 μmol/L at 48 h, and 77.5 μmol/L at 72 h. Compared with the control group, the proliferation rate of SKOV3/DDP cells treated with apatinib at an effective concentration greater than 32 μmol/L was significantly decreased, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). The IC50 of SKOV3/DDP cells treated with 148.15, 222.22, 333.33, 500.00, 750.00 μmol/L fluzoparib was 878.5 μmol/L at 24 h, 406.7 μmol/L at 48 h, and 283.3μmol/L at 72 h. When the effective concentration of fluzoparib was more than 333.33 μmol/L for 24 h, the proliferation rate of SKOV3/DDP cells was lower than that of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the proliferation rate of SKOV3/DDP cells was decreased when the effective concentration was more than 148.15 μmol/L at 48 h and 72 h, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). The cell proliferation rate of 5 μg/ml cisplatin + 64 μmol/L apatinib group was lower than that of 5 μg/ml cisplatin group [(40.4±1.4)% vs. (62.7±1.4)%, t = 20.22, P < 0.001]. The cell proliferation rate of 5 μg/ml cisplatin + 290 μmol/L fluzoparib group was lower than that of 5 μg/ml cisplatin group [(5.2±0.4)% vs. (62.7±1.4)%, t = 52.04, P < 0.001]. The cell proliferation rate of 5 μg/ml cisplatin + 64 μmol/L apatinib + 290 μmol/L fluzoparib group was lower than that of 5 μg/ml cisplatin group [(0.3±0.8)% vs. (62.7±1.4)%, t = 53.98, P < 0.001]. The 5 μg/ml cisplatin + 64 μmol/L apatinib + 290 μmol/L fluzoparib group had the lowest proliferation rate of SKOV3/DDP cells, which was lower than that of 5μg/ml cisplatin + 64 μmol/L apatinib group and 5 μg/ml cisplatin + 290 μmol/L fluzoparib group (all P < 0.001). Conclusions:Apatinib and fluzoparib can enhance the sensitivity of human ovarian cancer cisplatin-resistant cells SKOV3/DDP to cisplatin, and the combination of drugs can produce the stronger inhibitory effects and reverse cisplatin resistance of ovarian cancer.