ABSTRACT
Insecticide plants are an important tool among the new alternatives for pest control in IPM systems because they reduce the use of synthetic insecticides, preserving human health and the environment. We investigated the effects of aqueous extracts of Melia azedarach leaves and Azadirachta indica seeds and three tomato genotypes, 'Santa Clara', 'IPA-5' - Solanum lycopersicum (= Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), and LA444-1 - S. peruvianum (= L. peruvianum), on the development, reproduction and longevity of the tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), under laboratory conditions. The trials were set up in a completely randomized design, with nine treatments [three genotypes x two extracts (M. azedarach and A. indica) and control]. The replication consisted on five tubes, each with three newly hatched larvae, totalizing 90 individuals per treatment. The larvae were fed with tomato leaves treated with aqueous extracts at 0.1 percent concentration or distilled water (control) and daily observed until adults' emergence. Larval and pupal development and mortality, pupal weight, longevity and fecundity were evaluated. The accession LA444-1 negatively affected the development and reproduction of T. absoluta; the tomato pinworm had similar development and reproduction on 'IPA-5' and 'Santa Clara' (the susceptible control). The association of resistant tomato genotypes and extracts of M. azedarach leaves and neem seeds did not result in synergistic or antagonistic effects on T. absoluta.
Subject(s)
Animals , Azadirachta , Lepidoptera/drug effects , Solanum lycopersicum/genetics , Melia azedarach , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Genotype , Lepidoptera/growth & development , Plant Leaves , Seeds , WaterABSTRACT
The effect of aqueous extracts of Melia azedarach L. on the development of the tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) was investigated under laboratory conditions. After hatching, the larvae were fed on tomato leaves (Lycopersicon esculentum, cv. Santa Clara) treated with chinaberry's extracts. The larval and pupal development and mortality and pupal weight were evaluated. Firstly, the trials were carried out with three different concentrations of leaf extracts (0.1, 1.0 e 5.0 percent), in order to determine the most appropriate one for bioactivity studies. Later, the aqueous extracts of different parts of M. azedarach were compared using the selected concentration (0.1 percent). The leaf extract was the most effective for tomato pinworm bioactivity studies, followed by raw fruits, branches and ripe fruits.
Determinou-se, em condições de laboratório, o efeito de extratos aquosos de Melia azedarach L. sobre o desenvolvimento da traça-do-tomateiro Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). Para isso, as lagartas foram alimentadas, desde a eclosão, com folhas de tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum, cv. Santa Clara), tratadas com extratos dessa meliácea, avaliando-se a duração e viabilidade das fases larval e pupal e o peso de pupas. Inicialmente, foram testadas três concentrações (0,1; 1 e 5 por cento) do extrato de folhas, visando determinar a concentração adequada para estudos de bioatividade dessa planta. Posteriormente, utilizando-se a concentração selecionada (0,1 por cento), foi comparada a bioatividade dos extratos de diferentes estruturas de M. azedarach, constatando-se que as folhas foram a estrutura vegetal com maior bioatividade sobre a traça, vindo a seguir os frutos verdes, ramos e frutos maduros.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to survey the possible alterations on the development of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) larvae fed on leaves of Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum, PI 134417 - resistant to this insect and L. esculentum, 'Santa Clara' - susceptible, treated with formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk). In order to obtain larvae in the different instars used in these experiments, neonate larvae were reared on the tested Lycopersicon plants until the desired instar. For each larval ages (unfed neonate, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instars), were made a separate bioassays in which larvae fed on tomato leaves of the two genotypes + Btk. Larval developmental time was delayed and larval survival was reduced by both resistant tomato and Btk treatment. There was a significant interaction between these treatments for larval development time when 3rd instar larvae fed on Btk-treated leaves and for larval survival, when 4th instar larvae fed on Btk-treated leaves. The pupal weight was affected more drastically by the genotype that for the pathogen. The application of Btk on tomato genotypes insect resistant/susceptible increased the efficiency of the control of T. absoluta wich depended on the age of larvae and was larger in the first two instares.
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as possíveis alterações no desenvolvimento de Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) alimentada com folhas de Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum, PI 134417 - resistente ao inseto e L. esculentum, 'Santa Clara' - suscetível, tratadas com formulação de Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk). Para se obter insetos nos diferentes ínstares testados, lagartas recém-eclodidas foram criadas nas plantas de Lycopersicon testadas até o ínstar desejado. Para cada uma das idades larvais (lagartas recém-eclodidas (não alimentadas), 1°, 2°, 3° e 4° ínstares) foram realizados experimentos nos quais as lagartas foram alimentadas com folhas dos dois genótipos + Btk. A duração da fase larval foi alongada e a sobrevivência reduzida, tanto pelo genótipo resistente como pelo patógeno. Ocorreu interação entre os tratamentos para duração, quando lagartas no 3° ínstar foram alimentadas com folhas tratadas com Btk e para a sobrevivência, quando lagartas no 4° ínstar se alimentaram com folhas tratadas. O peso de pupas foi afetado mais drasticamente pelo genótipo que pelo entomopatógeno. A aplicação de Btk em genótipos de tomateiro resistentes/suscetíveis aumentou a eficiência de controle de T. absoluta, que foi dependente da idade das lagartas e maior nos dois primeiros ínstares.