Bioaccumulation and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of heavy metals in selected fish species from South Bay of Laguna Lake

Objective@#The study aimed to determine the concentration of three heavy metals namely, lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) present in head, stomach and muscle parts of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticu) and Blackchin Tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron) collected from different sampling sites in South Bay area of Laguna Lake and evaluate its potential health risk for adult consumers. @*Methods@#Live samples of Nile Tilapia and Blackchin Tilapia were hand-collected from three sites of South Bay of Laguna Lake during wet season. Raw and boiled samples were prepared for analysis. Heavy metal concentrations (mg kg-1) were determined through flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The potential health risk posed by more than one metal was calculated using the Total Hazard Quotient (THQ). @*Results@#The heavy metal detected with the highest concentration was Pb, present in Nile Tilapia. The mean concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Cr in both fish samples were high in the head part. Boiled samples have significantly lower concentrations of heavy metal (p<0.05) compared to raw samples. THQ values for Cd in raw fish samples were higher than the recommended level of exposure (THQ < 1.0). @*Conclusion@#The study revealed that cadmium is of greater concern in terms of possible adverse health effects associated with heavy metal bioaccumulation. However, the presence of other metals may further increase the risk of non-carcinogenic adverse effects. The lower health risk is predicted for boiled fish samples.

Risk and Toxicity Assessments of Heavy Metals in Tympanotonus fuscatus and Sediments from Iko River, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

This study evaluates the physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals in water, sediments and Tympanotonus fuscatus obtained from three sample sites along Iko River in Eastern Obolo LGA, AkwaIbom State. The heavy metal analysis results on Pb, Cd and Ni in sediments and Tympanotonus fuscatus were used to estimate the human health and ecological risk assessment of the study area. The human health risk assessment tools utilized in this study were estimated dietary intake (EDI), total hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) while sediment pollution parameters evaluated were contamination factor (CF), contamination degree (CD), pollution load index (PLI) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo). Results obtained showed that EDI of Cd in periwinkle in the study sites ranged from 0.2 – 6.4 µg/kg-bw/day and exceeded the provisional tolerable dietary intake (PTDI), while EDI for Pb (0.0004 – 2.6 µg/kg-bw/day) and Ni (0.32 – 2 µg/kg-bw/day) was within the limit for all sites, except Ni in site II (34 µg/kg-bw/day) which was higher than the PTDI of 5 µg/kg-bw/day. The THQ of Cd in all sites was greater than 1, while Pb and Ni generally recorded THQ < 1. The hazard index (HI) was as follows: site I (2.36), sites II (24.44) and site III (6.5), highlighting a potential hazardous effect to humans as a result of the consumption of Tympanotonus fuscatus obtained from site II and III. The sediment pollution assessment revealed that the contamination factor (CF) and geoaccumulation index, Igeo of Cd were far above the permissible limits while Pb and Ni were mostly within limits. The estimated contamination degree (CD) and pollution load index (PLI) showed a high degree of pollution, which can be mainly attributed to the high degree of Cd contamination in the sediment. Therefore, the area under investigation is highly polluted and the periwinkle obtained from Iko river in the study area is unfit for human consumption.

Adicional de insalubridade e periculosidade na prática odontológica ­ uma revisão / Additional of insalubrity and hazard in dental practice - a review

A prática clínica do cirurgião-dentista está constantemente permeada por situações e condições de insalubridade e periculosidade, ou seja, uma profissão que coloca aqueles que a exercem em situações de risco. Considerando a importância dos aspectos clínicos e legais sobre os riscos relacionados à prática odontológica, o objetivo deste trabalho foi discutir em que casos o cirurgião-dentista teria direito a receber adicionais de insalubridade e periculosidade na sua rotina laborativa e em qual porcentagem. Os fatores de insalubridade aos quais o cirurgião-dentista está exposto são os riscos físicos, químicos, biológicos e ergonômicos, e os fatores de periculosidade são as fontes de irradiação ionizante. Desde 2003, com a criação da Portaria no 518 do MTE (Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego), a atividade odontológica passou a integrar o quadro de atividades e operações perigosas, e os trabalhadores passaram a ter o direito ao adicional salarial de insalubridade e periculosidade. E, segundo a Constituição Federal do Brasil, em seu artigo 7º, verifica-se que é direito do trabalhador um adicional para as atividades penosas, insalubres ou perigosas. Concluiu-se que os profissionais que trabalham em locais insalubres ou com risco de vida fazem jus ao adicional sobre o seu salário, podendo ser de insalubridade, periculosidade ou ambos. Os critérios para determinação do percentual de reajuste variam entre os empregados públicos e os regidos pela CLT. Além disso o cirurgião-dentista que contribui para com a Previdência Social na condição de segurado do INSS ou que tem regime previdenciário próprio pode requerer a aposentadoria especial.

The dental clinical practice is constantly exposed to insalubrity situations and hazardous work conditions. This profession puts who practice it in situations of risk. Considering the importance of clinical and legal aspects of risks related to dental practice, the aim of this article was to discuss in which cases the dentist would be entitled to receive additional payment for insalubrity and dangerousness in his work routine and in what percentage. The insalubrity factors the dentist are exposed to are: physical, chemical, biological and ergonomic risks, and the peculiarity factors are the sources of ionizing radiation. Since 2003, with the creation of Decree no 518, from the Ministry of Labor and Employment (MTE), dental activity has become part of the framework of dangerous activities and operations. Workers are entitled to the additional salary of insalubrity and hazard, according to article 7o from the Brazilian's Federal Constitution. It was verified that it is the right of the worker an additional to the painful, unhealthy or dangerous activities. It was concluded that professionals who work in unhealthy or life-threatening places are entitled to additional on their salary, which may be insalubrity, hazardous or both. The percentage increased variability between public and private employees, in addition, the dentist who contributes to the Social Security (INSS) or who has a social security regime of his own, may require special retirement.

A patologização do jovem autor de ato infracional e a emergência de novos manicômios judiciários / Pathologization of the youngster author of infractional act and the emergence of new judicial asylums

Este texto aborda os crescentes processos de psiquiatrização dirigidos a jovens autores de ato infracional, especialmente no estado de São Paulo, que culminam com a construção de uma Unidade Experimental de Saúde, num convênio entre as Secretarias da Saúde, Justiça e Administração Penitenciária, destinada a oferecer atendimento para autores de ato infracional portadores de diagnóstico de transtorno de personalidade e/ou de periculosidade, durante o cumprimento de medida sócio-educativa de internação em regime de contenção. Analisam-se algumas das linhas de força que derivam nessa construção, em particular a renovada utilização da noção de periculosidade que passa a adquirir conotações que facilitam a extensão e difusão do seu uso, cada vez mais subordinado às exigências de "defesa social". Sinaliza-se como essa composição do ato infracional com o transtorno mental vem construindo argumentos tanto para modificações no Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA) quanto para a produção de práticas dirigidas ao autor de ato infracional que são frontalmente contrárias aos paradigmas do ECA e às da atual política nacional em Saúde Mental. Finalmente, o texto propõe, na perspectiva da Reforma em Saúde Mental, algumas possibilidades de um pensar e agir diferentemente, problematizando as diretrizes terapêuticas atreladas a uma lógica individualista, sugerindo a necessidade de ampliar o olhar e a ação para a complexa e muitas vezes restrita trama na qual esses jovens se inserem socialmente, apostando no exercício clínico na sua dimensão ética e não como lugar de controle, tutela ou disciplinarização da vida.